Restored intestinal integrity,nutrients transporters,energy metabolism,antioxidative capacity and decreased harmful microbiota were associated with IUGR piglet's catch-up growth before weanling

Background:Intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth(CUG)before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence.But there was limited knowledge about the underlying mechanism of CUG occurrence.Methods:Eighty litters of newborn piglets were divided into normal birth weight(NBW)and IUGR groups according to birth weight.At 26 d,those piglets with IUGR but over average body weight of eighty litters of weaned piglets were considered as CUG,and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered as NCUG.This study was conducted to systemically compare the intestinal difference among NBW,CUG and NCUG weaned piglets considering the crucial role of the intestine for piglet growth.Results:The results indicated that the m RNA expression of nutrients(amino acids,glucose,and fatty acids)transporters,and mitochondrial electron transport chain(ETC)I were upregulated in CUG piglets'gut with improved morphology compared with those NCUG,as well as the ratio of P-AMPK/AMPK protein expression which is the indicator of energy metabolism.Meanwhile,CUG piglet's gut showed higher antioxidative capacity with increased SOD and GSHPx activity,decreased MDA levels,as well as higher m RNA expressions of Nrf2,Keap1,SOD,and GSH-Px.Furthermore,inflammatory parameters including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-12 factors,and the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were significantly elevated in the NCUG intestine,while the protein expression of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 was reduced.The alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was higher in CUG piglets in contrast with NCUG piglets,and the increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria was also observed in CUG piglets.Conclusions:CUG piglet's intestine showed comprehensive restoration including higher nutrients transport,energy metabolism,antioxidant capacity,and intestinal physical barrier,while lower oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and pathogenic microbiota.

产业转型升级、城乡收入差距与居民消费

居民消费是畅通国内大循环的关键环节和重要引擎,产业转型升级优化了消费供给。本文实证分析了产业转型升级对居民消费的直接影响,以及通过城乡收入差距所产生的间接影响。研究发现,经济高质量发展期间,产业转型升级显著促进居民消费;城乡收入差距在产业转型升级和居民消费间的中介效应显著,产业转型升级会通过缩小城乡收入差距间接促进居民消费;产业转型升级对居民消费的影响以及城乡收入差距的中介效应均存在区域异质性,西部地区的直接影响和中介影响均强于中部和东部地区。因此,应该通过供给侧为居民提供丰富、高质量的商品,满足人民日益增长的消费需求;通过产业转型升级带动就业,提高劳动力收入,缩小城乡收入差距,同时积极防范部分地区在实施产业转型升级政策时出现扩大城乡收入差距等问题。

A Proposal on the Novel Method to Estimate Optimal Sleep Duration Based on Self-Reported Survey Data

Background: Many adolescents have a sleep debt. Individuals sleeping for their optimal sleep duration are expected to experience no sleepiness. Then, it is important to recognize one’s optimal sleep duration to reduce sleep debt. However, there is no simple method to determine this value. Since body mass index and sleep duration exhibit a U-shaped association, it is expected that a person taking optimal sleep duration would show no marked deviation from the mean body mass index value for the population evaluated. By using self-reported sleepiness and standardized body mass index, this study aimed to estimate individual optimal sleep duration. Methods: Data from 2540 grade 5 - 11 students were used. Students who declared no sleepiness during class and also had a gender- and grade-standardized body mass index of ±1.5 were termed ideal students. The average sleep durations of ideal students were compared with those of non-ideal students. The differences of sleep duration between ideal and no-ideal students were added to habitual sleep duration of each non-ideal student to obtain assumed optimal sleep duration. A multiple regression line to predict assumed optimal sleep duration was calculated using the least squares method. Results: The mean sleep duration of 666 ideal students exceeded the lower limit of daily sleep duration proposed as “may be appropriate” for children aged 6 - 17 years by National Sleep Foundation of the USA, being longer than those of non-ideal students. Significant regression formula for assumed optimal sleep duration was obtained (adjusted R2 = 0.996, p Conclusions: No contradiction was identified in the sleep duration obtained from ideal students as with optimal sleep duration. Although further studies to confirm the current estimation are needed, a simple formula to estimate individual optimal sleep duration through easily obtainable parameters was proposed.

Scientific Catch-Up in Asian Economies: A Case Study for Solar Cell

A significant structural change in the pattern of economic development in Asian economies has been observed in recent years. We have seen many cases in which the Asian economies became the center of the world-wide production in an extremely short period of time after a new product entered the market. Also in the science, the number of papers written by Asian researchers has been increasing dramatically. In this situation, the existing studies cannot sufficiently explain the driving force and the mechanism of catch-up or economic growth. Therefore, it is now required to model this new type of economic development. In this paper we analyzed their scientific catch-up status using scientific papers on solar cells to clarify the structural change. After mid 1990s, knowledge creation has been accelerated in the field of solar cell. Now more than three thousand papers are published annually. We found as a result that the catch-up process in Asian economies had progressed rapidly, that some economies had a larger share of scientific papers in the frontier field of advanced science than in the matured fields, and that the strategy largely changed from area to area. A “parallel-running-type growth model” has thus been emerging in Asia. Responding to the significant changes in development model, we have to re-design the framework of economic cooperation. There is a need for further horizontal collaboration among major Asian economies and developed economies. We also showed that bibliometrics is an effective method for presuming a detailed national strategy that is not known to the outside.

A Solow-Swan Model with Technological Overflow and Catch-up

By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a two-dimensional dynamical system. It is proved that the model has a unique equilibrium which is a sink and the solution of the equation is globally asymptotically stable. And the classical Solow-Swan model is a special case of the model given here. The economic growth patterns are discussed by phase portrait analysis at the end of this paper.

Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis Markers B in Secondary School in Abidjan: Advocacy for a Catch-Up Vaccination

Aim: To determine the prevalence of HBs antigen in secondary schools, to appreciate the vaccination coverage of viral hepatitis B and to propose a vaccine catch-up strategy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over a two-month period from April 24 to June 24, 2006 among students aged 10 - 15, in two schools (one public and the other private) of the city of Abidjan selected at random. The assay of serum markers of viral hepatitis B of the samples collected after 5 ml peripheral venous sampling was carried out in the viral serology and bacteriology unit of the Pasteur institute of Ivory Coast using the ELISA technique (Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbant-Assay). The ELISA technique is an enzyme immunoassay technique that can detect an antigen or an antibody by highlighting the antigen-antibody reaction. Results: Of the 282 students who participated in our study, 5.3% of students (n = 15) were infected with the hepatitis B virus. The majority of students (79.1%, n = 223) did not have no contact with the hepatitis B virus. Only 7.8% (n = 22) of the students were vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization.

Distortions, Growth Catch-up, and Sustainable Growth

A distortion is a departure from the allocation of economic resources from the state in which each agent maximizes his/her own welfare. Distortions can be divided into endogenous distortion(i.e. market imperfections) and policy-imposed distortion. The relationship between distortion and development is complex, thus favorable distortion would only be possible under certain conditions, where, as argued in this paper, four crucial mechanisms may play roles — advantage of backwardness, second-best principle, coordination failure and political economy perspective. Empirically, both international experience and evidence from China suggest that distortions have a positive effect on total factor productivity(TFP) in the early stages of development, but with increasing income levels this role gradually diminishes. Especially in the phases of middle and high income, the negative effects of distortions are significant and become an important factor leading to the middle-income trap. Therefore, reducing and correcting distortions is the key to achieving sustainable growth. Regarding China, it is necessary to eliminate the distortions in a clear way and let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation. Otherwise, in the name of "growth catch-up," the policy-imposed distortion will occur frequently, and the direction of market-oriented reform will become blurred and swing. Mitigating unfavorable distortions is largely a process of exploring the favorable borderline of government and market, which constitutes a major challenge for all economies.

An Evolutionary Catch-up Strategy of Innovation： Knowledge Transfer of Chinese Hi-t：ech Multinationals Through Firm-University Cooperation

Chinese hi-tech multinationals strengthen their technological competitiveness in their internationalization process. Their strategic emphasis on cooperation with academic institutes to develop professional knowledge is an important yet underexplored issue in the extant literature. Based on the comparison between a pair of hi-tech companies--HUAWEI from China and CISCO from the US, this study analyzes the process of technological evolution of the former during 1998-2014, which ihas already become one of strategic solutions for Chinese multinationals （CMNE） to catch up with traditional counterparts in technological field. This study contributes to the present theory of CMNE by disclosing the Firm-University Cooperation （FUC） strategy, as well as its significance and implications for later-corner＇s catch-up trajectory in international business.

China, From Catch-up Growth to Innovation-Driven Economy

Chinese financial system and capital allocation to strategic sectors dominated by state banks made important contributions to the country＇s high economic growth rates during the catch-up stage of the last three decades. High household saving rates, fixed exchange rate regime, and extensive capital controls helped this stage as well. While the structural changes in the labor market conditions by moving from primary sectors to more capital intensive heavy industry, construction, commerce, and other service sectors have been contributed to the economic growth, competition, and productivity, due to the direct state governance or intensive interventions, competition and productivity have been curtailed on certain large industries. Aiming to eliminate this unproductive economic activity, enterprise sector reforms of China targeted restructuring the state enterprise＇s capital, organization, and management system. Besides, the reforms on science and technology system seek to participate in global production and R＆D networks by improving high-tech sectors through creating strong complementarity and collaboration between skilled human capital and educational interferences.

Identification of Technology Catch-up Path from the Perspective of Technology Leapfrogging

Objective To propose a method to identify the shortest catch-up path by using patent data based on the perspective of technology leapfrogging so as to provide a reference for the catch-up strategy formulation by the governments of the developing countries.Methods Firstly,the international patent classification(IPC)co-occurrence network was used to screen key technologies,and the TOP 5 countries and China were located from the aspects of technology life cycle and technological innovation capabilities.Next,the technology development path based on the ordered clustering algorithm and the main IPC number was set up.Finally,the Dijkstra algorithm was applied to identify the shortest catch-up path.Results and Conclusion Applying this method to the current biopharmaceutical industry with the most potential for development,the shortest catch-up paths are found in the selected C12N15,C07K14 and C12Q1 technology fields,proving the feasibility of the method.

LRP6 Bidirectionally Regulates Insulin Sensitivity through Insulin Receptor and S6K Signaling in Rats with CG-IUGR

Objective Intrauterine growth restriction followed by postnatal catch-up growth(CG-IUGR)increases the risk of insulin resistance-related diseases.Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6(LRP6)plays a substantial role in glucose metabolism.However,whether LRP6 is involved in the insulin resistance of CG-IUGR is unclear.This study aimed to explore the role of LRP6 in insulin signaling in response to CG-IUGR.Methods The CG-IUGR rat model was established via a maternal gestational nutritional restriction followed by postnatal litter size reduction.The mRNA and protein expression of the components in the insulin pathway,LRP6/β-catenin and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/S6 kinase(S6K)signaling,was determined.Liver tissues were immunostained for the expression of LRP6 andβ-catenin.LRP6 was overexpressed or silenced in primary hepatocytes to explore its role in insulin signaling.Results Compared with the control rats,CG-IUGR rats showed higher homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)index and fasting insulin level,decreased insulin signaling,reduced mTOR/S6K/insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1)serine307 activity,and decreased LRP6/β-catenin in the liver tissue.The knockdown of LRP6 in hepatocytes from appropriate-for-gestational-age(AGA)rats led to reductions in insulin receptor(IR)signaling and mTOR/S6K/IRS-1 serine307 activity.In contrast,LRP6 overexpression in hepatocytes of CG-IUGR rats resulted in elevated IR signaling and mTOR/S6K/IRS-1 serine307 activity.Conclusion LRP6 regulated the insulin signaling in the CG-IUGR rats via two distinct pathways,IR and mTOR-S6K signaling.LRP6 may be a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance in CG-IUGR individuals.

吉林省产业结构演变城市化响应的地域类型及调控模式

本文提出了产业结构演变城市化响应地域类型的概念,依据城市与区域发展的要素、结构特点及发展机制的空间差异性,将吉林省划分出大城市地域、资源-工矿型地域、传统农业地域、边境口岸地域和环境脆弱地域五种类型地域。研究了不同地域类型城市化与产业结构演变相互作用的特点及变化趋势。并强调,大城市地域产业结构升级与职能扩散,资源-工矿型地域产业与城镇空间重构,传统农业地域城镇化的空间集聚,边境口岸地域产业与城市的地缘整合,环境脆弱地域产业与城市发展的生态化,是未来吉林省产业结构演变城市化响应地域类型的主要调控模式。

微电子产业追赶模式研究综述

系统归纳和整理了关于日本、韩国、中国台湾地区以及欧美地区的微电子产业追赶的研究文献,总结了微电子产业追赶的模式,即技术创新演进模式、路径模式、政策模式和组织模式,并提出了未来微电子产业追赶研究的方向。

冶炼工业废气中SO_2的脱除研究

研究用软锰矿的水悬浮液脱除冶炼工业废气中SO_2的工艺可行性,提出抑制副产物MnS_2O_6生成的途径。

健全农村科技服务体系促进“三农”问题解决

"三农"问题的解决,是一系统工程,"三农"问题还需"三化"互动来解决。农村科技服务对"三农"问题的解决起着举足轻重的作用。文章对其动力机理进行详解并提出了建立健全农村科技服务体系的对策。

系数随机的多元线性回归模型的参数估计

对一般系数随机的带有相关因子的多元线性回归模型的参数进行估计。估计值是用EM算法给出的极大似然估计或约束的极大似然估计。给出了EM算法的具体公式,并利用bootstrap方法估算出这些估计值的精确度。最后通过一判别儿童总体中是否存在Catch-Up生长的例子以解释给出的方法。

西南某化工园区周边区域环境空气中苯系物和卤代烃的污染特征及健康风险研究

于2020年8月和11月,在中国西南某化工园区周边6个采样点采集环境空气样品,对5种典型苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间/对二甲苯)和7种典型卤代烃(三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷)进行研究,明确了区域典型苯系物和卤代烃(BSHs)的污染特征,并评估其对人体的健康风险。结果表明:化工园区周边环境空气中苯系物检出率均>60%,卤代烃中除三溴甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷外,检出率均>50%。苯系物和卤代烃的平均质量浓度分别为4.14~11.19μg/m^(3)和0.30~10.86μg/m^(3)。BSHs的浓度夏季低于冬季,这可能与人为的季节性燃烧源有关。苯、四氯化碳和四氯乙烯超过国际WELL建筑标准v2,全年超标率分别为3.33%,8.33%和11.67%。BSHs的非致癌和致癌风险均为成人>儿童,成人和儿童的非致癌总风险分别为1.87×10^(-2)和1.26×10^(-2),处于可接受水平;成人和儿童的致癌风险分别为1.76×10^(-3)和1.19×10^(-3),处于不可接受水平。

Epidemiological Characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis in Guizhou Province,China,1971-2009

Objective The aim of the study was to establish the contemporary epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis （JE） in Guizhou Province. Methods A retrospective study of National Notifiable Disease Reporting System （NNDRS） data from 2971 through 2009, was conducted to ascertain the geographical, seasonal, and age distributions of JE incidence in Guizhou Province, China. Results A total of 68 425 JE cases were reported in Guizhou from 1971-2009. The JE cases occurred sporadically in all 9 prefectures of Guizhou, mostly among residents of rural areas. Seasonal distribution of JE remained consistent over the period from 1971-2009 with the main transmission season starting from June to September and peaking in August. JE occurred mainly in children under the age of 15 years with peak incidence in the 0-6-year age group. Pearson＇s correlation analysis showed that JE vaccine distribution had a negative correlation with JE incidence rates during 1971-2009 （coefficient of correlation=-0.475, P〈O.01）. Conclusion Over the period of 1971-2009, the JE incidence rate had declined dramatically in terms of geographical and age distributions due to JE vaccination to children at risk.

Technology Progress Path and Catchup Strategy for Late-Moving Large Countries

Based on the endogenous technology progress framework for late-moving large countries,this paper simulates the effects of market size on technology progress path and technology catch-up,and finds that under the strategy of combining innovation with imitation,the increase of market size will restrain the convergence of economies towards technology frontier and deepen their reliance on imitation.Under the strategy of replacing imitation with innovation,there is a non-uniform U-shaped threshold effect for market size to influence technology progress path and catch-up,and the threshold for the shift of technology progress path lags behind that for technology catch-up.Hence,we should follow technology catch-up as the benchmark and timely adjust our innovation strategy to unleash the advantages of economies of scale for innovation.The innovation-driven development strategy is a choice compatible with China’s changing market size.However,since China remains in a transition from a super-large economy to a super-strong one,the contribution of innovation will decrease at first before increasing afterwards.

The Driving Force and Direction of China’’s Industrial Transformation:A Perspective Based on New Structuralism

According to New Structural Economics, the ultimate direction of industrial transformation is determined by factor endowment structure and the relative price system of factors. In today＇s China, the predominant factor in its labor endowment is shifting from population size to the regional movement of population and population quality, and its land endowment is changing from cheap, massive supply to expensive, limited supply, and the economy has potential of technological catch-up. Because of these three fundamental realities and the special situation that China is vast in territory and has a continuous industrial spectrum, its industrial transformation will be featured with ＂three unique regions within one country＂ and that the eastern region enters a new stage which focuses on the development of services, the six central provinces and the western triangle zone take over industries transferred from the east and the resource-rich western region becomes the ＂home front＂ as a major supplier of resources. However, this ＂three region differentiation＂ will not be automatically developed. Only in a competitive factor market, a flexible financial market and an elastic labor market can the persistent changes in endowment structure drive China＇s industrial structure towards its optimal form. To achieve this, we need to launch a series of necessary structural reforms.