Analysis of free fall and acceleration of the mass on the Earth shows that using abstract entities such as absolute space or inertial space to explain mass dynamics leads to the violation of the principle of action an...Analysis of free fall and acceleration of the mass on the Earth shows that using abstract entities such as absolute space or inertial space to explain mass dynamics leads to the violation of the principle of action and reaction. Many scientists including Newton, Mach, and Einstein recognized that inertial force has no reaction that originates on mass. Einstein calls the lack of reaction to the inertial force a serious criticism of the space-time continuum concept. Presented is the hypothesis that the inertial force develops in an interaction of two masses via the force field. The inertial force created by such a field has reaction force. The dynamic gravitational field predicted is strong enough to be detected in the laboratory. This article describes the laboratory experiment which can prove or disprove the hypothesis of the dynamic gravitational field. The inertial force, calculated using the equation for the dynamic gravitational field, agrees with the behavior of inertial force observed in the experiments on the Earth. The movement of the planets in our solar system calculated using that equation is the same as that calculated using Newton’s method. The space properties calculated by the candidate equation explain the aberration of light and the results of light propagation experiments. The dynamic gravitational field can explain the discrepancy between the observed velocity of stars in the galaxy and those predicted by Newton’s theory of gravitation without the need for the dark matter hypothesis.展开更多
The principal moments of inertia(PMIs)with the principal axes are usually taken as the dynamic figure parameters of Mars;they can be deduced from satellite-observed degree-two gravitational potentials in recent global...The principal moments of inertia(PMIs)with the principal axes are usually taken as the dynamic figure parameters of Mars;they can be deduced from satellite-observed degree-two gravitational potentials in recent global gravity models and from the dynamic ellipticities resulting from precession observations.These PMIs are natural and significant for the geodetic,geophysical,and geodynamic problems of Mars,which are functions of internal density distributions.In this study,a closed and concise formula for determining the PMIs of the entire planet and its core was developed based on the second invariants of gravity and a multipole expansion.We deduced the polar oblateness J^(2)and the equatorial ellipticity J_(22)of Mars to be 1.9566×10^(−3)and 6.3106×10^(−5),respectively.The preferred principal moments of inertia of Mars are A=2.66589×1036 kg·m^(2),B=2.66775×10^(36)kg·m^(2),and C=2.68125×10^(36)kg·m^(2).These values indicate that Mar is slightly triaxial.The equatorial principal moment of inertia of the Martian core is 1.46008×10^(35)kg·m^(2),accounting for~5.47%of the planet’s PMI;this result is critical for investigating the density and size of the core of Mars,and the planet’s free core nutation.展开更多
Problem—Contemporary physics offers no underlying reason for the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Approach—The equivalence is examined from the new physics provided by the cordus theory, being a non-l...Problem—Contemporary physics offers no underlying reason for the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Approach—The equivalence is examined from the new physics provided by the cordus theory, being a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory. Mathematical formalisms are derived for masses and observers in different fabric densities. Findings—A disjointed equivalence is predicted, whereby inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent in any one situation, but a different equivalence holds when the fabric densities change. Consequently this theory predicts that the gravitational constant G varies with fabric density, and hence would be different across the universe and across time. Not only is the gravitational constant non-constant, but the formulation of gravitation changes with fabric density. Specifically, the theory predicts gravity is stronger at genesis (and the end of the universe) such that orbit velocity v<sub>B</sub> ∝ (where r<sub>B</sub> is orbit radius), compared to weaker gravitation at middle life epochs with r<sub>B</sub><sub> </sub>∝ . The current Earth location and epoch correspond to the latter case, i.e. Newtonian gravitation is recovered. The findings disfavour the existence of both dark energy and dark matter, and instead attribute these effects to differences in the fabric density. Originality—The work makes the contribution of deriving a mass equivalence relationship that includes fabric density, identifying a disjointed mass equivalence, and showing that the gravitation formulation itself changes with relative fabric densities.展开更多
The single-particle Schrödinger fluid model is designed mainly to calculate the moments of inertia of the axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that each nucleon in the nucleus is moving in a single-parti...The single-particle Schrödinger fluid model is designed mainly to calculate the moments of inertia of the axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that each nucleon in the nucleus is moving in a single-particle potential which is deformed with time t, through its parametric dependence on a classical shape variable α(t). Also, the Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the single-particle energy levels, the magnetic dipole moments, and the electric quadrupole moments of axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that all the nucleons are moving in the field of an anisotropic oscillator potential. On the other hand, the nuclear superfluidity model is designed for the calculations of the nuclear moments of inertia and the electric quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by assuming that the nucleons are moving in a quadruple deformed potential. Furthermore, the cranked Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the total nuclear energy and the quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by modifying the Nilsson potential to include second and fourth order oscillations. Accordingly, to investigate whether the six p-shell isotopes <sup>6</sup>Li, <sup>7</sup>Li, <sup>8</sup>Li, <sup>9</sup>Li, <sup>10</sup>Li, and <sup>11</sup>Li have axes of symmetry or not, we applied the four mentioned models to each nucleus by calculating their moments of inertia, their magnetic dipole moments, and their electric quadrupole moments by varying the deformation parameter β and the non-axiality parameter γ in wide ranges of values for this reason. Hence for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have axes of symmetry, we applied the single-particle Schrödinger fluid model and the Nilsson model. On the other hand, for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have no axes of symmetry, we applied the cranked Nilsson model and the nuclear super fluidity model. As a result of our calculations, we can conclude that the nucleus <sup>6</sup>Li may be assumed to be deformed and has an axis of symmetry.展开更多
已有关于系统惯性时空分布(spatial-temporal distribution of system inertia,SDSI)的研究大多聚焦于惯量估计,而对其概念的表征并不统一,也缺乏对其性质的深入剖析与相关概念的系统梳理与辨析。该文试图探索大扰动下系统惯性时空分布...已有关于系统惯性时空分布(spatial-temporal distribution of system inertia,SDSI)的研究大多聚焦于惯量估计,而对其概念的表征并不统一,也缺乏对其性质的深入剖析与相关概念的系统梳理与辨析。该文试图探索大扰动下系统惯性时空分布特性的表征形式。基于频率动态过程分析剖析了惯性时空分布特性,提出系统节点惯量概念并给出该参量的性质描述参量,基于惯性物理机理提出了这些参量的量化分析方法并推导了相关系数的差分计算公式。仿真算例验证了对系统惯性时空分布特性所做的分析与判断,利用所提出的表征形式可全面而规范地表征系统惯性时空分布特征。研究可为电力系统惯性时空分布特性表征体系的构建提供参考。展开更多
若风电机组参与调频时采用步进惯量控制(stepwise inertial control,SIC)策略,其退出调频时有功快速下降可能会引发系统频率二次跌落(frequency second drop,FSD)问题。已有文献中一类改进的SIC策略通过减小风电机组退出调频后有功下降...若风电机组参与调频时采用步进惯量控制(stepwise inertial control,SIC)策略,其退出调频时有功快速下降可能会引发系统频率二次跌落(frequency second drop,FSD)问题。已有文献中一类改进的SIC策略通过减小风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率来应对FSD问题,然而该类改进的SIC策略使得风电机组在退出调频后其有功需要一段时间才会小于风能捕获,在此期间转子转速会继续下降并有可能低于转速下限,危及风电机组运行安全。文章对这一类改进的SIC策略做了进一步完善,提出了一种风电机组自适应SIC策略,根据风电机组退出调频时的转子转速自适应设置风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率,在确保风电机组退出调频后转子转速不会低于转速下限的前提下,最小化FSD的幅度。展开更多
文摘Analysis of free fall and acceleration of the mass on the Earth shows that using abstract entities such as absolute space or inertial space to explain mass dynamics leads to the violation of the principle of action and reaction. Many scientists including Newton, Mach, and Einstein recognized that inertial force has no reaction that originates on mass. Einstein calls the lack of reaction to the inertial force a serious criticism of the space-time continuum concept. Presented is the hypothesis that the inertial force develops in an interaction of two masses via the force field. The inertial force created by such a field has reaction force. The dynamic gravitational field predicted is strong enough to be detected in the laboratory. This article describes the laboratory experiment which can prove or disprove the hypothesis of the dynamic gravitational field. The inertial force, calculated using the equation for the dynamic gravitational field, agrees with the behavior of inertial force observed in the experiments on the Earth. The movement of the planets in our solar system calculated using that equation is the same as that calculated using Newton’s method. The space properties calculated by the candidate equation explain the aberration of light and the results of light propagation experiments. The dynamic gravitational field can explain the discrepancy between the observed velocity of stars in the galaxy and those predicted by Newton’s theory of gravitation without the need for the dark matter hypothesis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFF0503200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42274114)the Key Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS-202102)
文摘The principal moments of inertia(PMIs)with the principal axes are usually taken as the dynamic figure parameters of Mars;they can be deduced from satellite-observed degree-two gravitational potentials in recent global gravity models and from the dynamic ellipticities resulting from precession observations.These PMIs are natural and significant for the geodetic,geophysical,and geodynamic problems of Mars,which are functions of internal density distributions.In this study,a closed and concise formula for determining the PMIs of the entire planet and its core was developed based on the second invariants of gravity and a multipole expansion.We deduced the polar oblateness J^(2)and the equatorial ellipticity J_(22)of Mars to be 1.9566×10^(−3)and 6.3106×10^(−5),respectively.The preferred principal moments of inertia of Mars are A=2.66589×1036 kg·m^(2),B=2.66775×10^(36)kg·m^(2),and C=2.68125×10^(36)kg·m^(2).These values indicate that Mar is slightly triaxial.The equatorial principal moment of inertia of the Martian core is 1.46008×10^(35)kg·m^(2),accounting for~5.47%of the planet’s PMI;this result is critical for investigating the density and size of the core of Mars,and the planet’s free core nutation.
文摘Problem—Contemporary physics offers no underlying reason for the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Approach—The equivalence is examined from the new physics provided by the cordus theory, being a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory. Mathematical formalisms are derived for masses and observers in different fabric densities. Findings—A disjointed equivalence is predicted, whereby inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent in any one situation, but a different equivalence holds when the fabric densities change. Consequently this theory predicts that the gravitational constant G varies with fabric density, and hence would be different across the universe and across time. Not only is the gravitational constant non-constant, but the formulation of gravitation changes with fabric density. Specifically, the theory predicts gravity is stronger at genesis (and the end of the universe) such that orbit velocity v<sub>B</sub> ∝ (where r<sub>B</sub> is orbit radius), compared to weaker gravitation at middle life epochs with r<sub>B</sub><sub> </sub>∝ . The current Earth location and epoch correspond to the latter case, i.e. Newtonian gravitation is recovered. The findings disfavour the existence of both dark energy and dark matter, and instead attribute these effects to differences in the fabric density. Originality—The work makes the contribution of deriving a mass equivalence relationship that includes fabric density, identifying a disjointed mass equivalence, and showing that the gravitation formulation itself changes with relative fabric densities.
文摘The single-particle Schrödinger fluid model is designed mainly to calculate the moments of inertia of the axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that each nucleon in the nucleus is moving in a single-particle potential which is deformed with time t, through its parametric dependence on a classical shape variable α(t). Also, the Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the single-particle energy levels, the magnetic dipole moments, and the electric quadrupole moments of axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that all the nucleons are moving in the field of an anisotropic oscillator potential. On the other hand, the nuclear superfluidity model is designed for the calculations of the nuclear moments of inertia and the electric quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by assuming that the nucleons are moving in a quadruple deformed potential. Furthermore, the cranked Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the total nuclear energy and the quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by modifying the Nilsson potential to include second and fourth order oscillations. Accordingly, to investigate whether the six p-shell isotopes <sup>6</sup>Li, <sup>7</sup>Li, <sup>8</sup>Li, <sup>9</sup>Li, <sup>10</sup>Li, and <sup>11</sup>Li have axes of symmetry or not, we applied the four mentioned models to each nucleus by calculating their moments of inertia, their magnetic dipole moments, and their electric quadrupole moments by varying the deformation parameter β and the non-axiality parameter γ in wide ranges of values for this reason. Hence for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have axes of symmetry, we applied the single-particle Schrödinger fluid model and the Nilsson model. On the other hand, for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have no axes of symmetry, we applied the cranked Nilsson model and the nuclear super fluidity model. As a result of our calculations, we can conclude that the nucleus <sup>6</sup>Li may be assumed to be deformed and has an axis of symmetry.
文摘已有关于系统惯性时空分布(spatial-temporal distribution of system inertia,SDSI)的研究大多聚焦于惯量估计,而对其概念的表征并不统一,也缺乏对其性质的深入剖析与相关概念的系统梳理与辨析。该文试图探索大扰动下系统惯性时空分布特性的表征形式。基于频率动态过程分析剖析了惯性时空分布特性,提出系统节点惯量概念并给出该参量的性质描述参量,基于惯性物理机理提出了这些参量的量化分析方法并推导了相关系数的差分计算公式。仿真算例验证了对系统惯性时空分布特性所做的分析与判断,利用所提出的表征形式可全面而规范地表征系统惯性时空分布特征。研究可为电力系统惯性时空分布特性表征体系的构建提供参考。
文摘若风电机组参与调频时采用步进惯量控制(stepwise inertial control,SIC)策略,其退出调频时有功快速下降可能会引发系统频率二次跌落(frequency second drop,FSD)问题。已有文献中一类改进的SIC策略通过减小风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率来应对FSD问题,然而该类改进的SIC策略使得风电机组在退出调频后其有功需要一段时间才会小于风能捕获,在此期间转子转速会继续下降并有可能低于转速下限,危及风电机组运行安全。文章对这一类改进的SIC策略做了进一步完善,提出了一种风电机组自适应SIC策略,根据风电机组退出调频时的转子转速自适应设置风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率,在确保风电机组退出调频后转子转速不会低于转速下限的前提下,最小化FSD的幅度。