Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron,calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model

AIM： To test the effect of the dephytinization of three different commercial infant cereals on iron, calcium, and zinc bioavailability by estimating the uptake, retention, and transport by Caco-2 cells. METHODS： Both dephytinized （by adding an exogenous phytase） and non-dephytinized infant cereals were digested using an in vitro digestion protocol adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 too. Mineral cell retention, transport, and uptake from infant cereals were measured using the soluble fraction of the simulated digestion and the Caco-2 cells. RESULTS： Dephytinization of infant cereals significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） the cell uptake efficiency （from 0.66%-6.05% to 3.93%-13%）, retention （from 6.04%-16.68% to 14.75%-20.14%） and transport efficiency （from 0.14%-2.21% to 1.47%-6.02%）, of iron, and the uptake efficiency （from 5.0%-35.4% to 7.3%-41.6%） and retention （from 4.05%-20.53% to 14.45%-61.3%） of zinc, whereas calcium only cell uptake showed a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） after removing phytate from most of the samples analyzed. A positive relationship （P 〈 0.05） between mineral solubility and the cell uptake and transport efficiencies was observed. CONCLUSION： Removing phytate from infant cereals had a beneficial effect on iron and zinc bioavailability when infant cereals were reconstituted with water. Since in developing countries cereal-based complementary foods for infants are usually consumed mixed with water, exogenous phytase additions could improve the nutritional value of this weaning food.

Physicochemical Characterisation of Flours from Local Cereals and Powder from Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaves Varieties Cultivated in the Northern-Cameroon in Order to Supplement Infant Flours

The aim of the present study was to investigate on the inventory and determination of the nutritional value of cereals flour and cassava leaves powder in order to analyse their use in the production of infant flour. In this paper, a A survey to identify the cereals used in the preparation of infant porridge in the Northern Cameroon was done by using 447 mothers having children between 06 and 59 months from areas (Gbakoungue, Sassa-Mbersi, Sanguere-Ngal and Kotkong-Wouldata) with high rate on malnourished children. Flour was prepared from the most preponderant cereals and Cassava leaves powder from varieties identified by the Regional Centre of Agricultural Research (CRRA) of Wakwa and local population. Flour and powder samples obtained were subjected to chemical composition analysis. Parameters analysed were crude proteins, total carbohydrates, ash, total fats, total phenols, total tannins, total carotenoids, vitamin C or cyanide. Also Iron, calcium and zinc were determined. The results revealed that white maize (62%) was the main cereal used in the preparation of infant porridge followed respectively by red sorghum, white rice and muskwari. Ten cassava varieties were identified: three (03) by CRRA (TME, 96/1/14 and IRAD 4115) and seven (south, gambada, sweet, Benin, six months, M. glaziovii and grouna) by local population. Amongst cereals flour, those from white maize indicated high protein (10.09%), carbohydrates (84.46%) and total fat (7.46%) contents. The powder from 96/14/14 cassava variety showed high amount of iron (11.98 mg/100g), calcium (751.02 g/100g) and low cyanide content (1.21 ppm) amongst all the cassava leaves powder samples. The supplementation of white maize flour by cassava leaves powder from 96/14/14 variety could therefore be recommended for the preparation of infant flours.

Measurement of Arsenic Species in Infant Rice Cereals by Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Infant rice cereals were analyzed for total arsenic, inorganic arsenic (i-As) and the organic arsenic species monomethylarsonoic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) using liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). Total arsenic concentrations in the samples ranged from 110 ng/gup to 420 ng/g. The i-As in the rice cereals accounted for 33% to 77% of the total arsenic. The observed variability between infant rice cereals makes a dietary survey approach to accessing arsenic exposures difficult.

Comparison of bioavailability and transporters gene expression of four iron fortificants added to infant cereals

Iron deficiency is one of the most important nutritional disorders around the world. To reduce this health problem in infants, most countries have developed different iron fortification programs as a long-term strategy. However, it is necessary to select the best iron source to get the highest bioavailability with the lowest impact on the organoleptic properties of the foods. The aim of this research was to assess the in vitro bioavailability and intestinal cellular transport of four iron sources (electrolytic iron: EI, ferrous fumarate: FF, a micronized and dispersible ferric pyrophosphate: MDFP, and ferrous sulphate heptahydrated: FSH) used to fortify infant cereals. Fortified cereals were in vitro digested and soluble fractions were then incubated in Caco-2 cells to study iron retention, transport and uptake. Moreover, mRNA expression of iron transporters and ferritin formation were also measured in cells incubated with the iron standard salts. Iron solubility, uptake percentage, transport and uptake efficiencies by the Caco-2 cells were significantly higher in cereals fortified with FSH than with EI, obtaining intermediate values for the other two iron fortificants. MDFP induced higher expression of iron transporters Zip-14 and HEPH than other iron sources. FSH promoted the highest iron storage protein ferritin, followed by FF and MDFP, while EI presented the lowest in vitro bioavailability due to its low solubility. This work demonstrated that iron absorption, storage, and gene expression of transporters depend on the source of iron. These are important challenges to be taken into consideration when assessing the potential of iron fortificants.

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定

由于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中含有淀粉类物质,导致其在前处理阶段的样液浑浊而影响亚硝酸盐的准确测定。本文通过优化酶解过程和方法学验证建立一种能准确测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品亚硝酸盐含量的方法。结果表明,选择α-淀粉酶,在70℃酶解14 min,可有效解决样品滤液浑浊问题。亚硝酸盐含量在0~12.5μg线性关系良好,回归方程y=0.0142x-0.0001,相关系数r=0.9998,加标回收率为91.0%~98.2%。该方法操作简单,结果准确,可用于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定。

荧光光度法测定婴幼儿米粉中的亚硝酸盐

目的:建立一种荧光光度法测定婴幼儿米粉中的亚硝酸盐。方法:米粉样品经60℃超声萃取,同时酶解米粉样品中的淀粉,用饱和氯化钠溶液去除样品中的脂肪和沉淀蛋白质,加入活性炭吸附消除样品浊度或色度干扰,过滤后取上清液加入2,3-二氨基萘生成2,3-萘三唑。采用荧光光度计进行检测,激发波长365 nm,发射波长450 nm。结果:亚硝酸盐在0~0.10 mg·L^(-1)具有良好线性,相关系数为0.9996,检出限和定量限分别为0.028 mg·kg^(-1)和0.085 mg·kg^(-1),回收率在94.0%~97.7%,相对标准偏差在0.17%~0.84%。结论:本研究建立了一种简单、灵敏、准确的荧光光度法,可用于测定婴幼儿米粉中的亚硝酸盐含量。

我国婴幼儿米粉发展现状、存在问题及发展对策

近年来,婴幼儿米粉行业发展迅速,产品种类和产量不断增加,但同时存在产品质量及营养卫生等方面的诸多问题。本文综述了我国婴幼儿米粉的发展现状,并与国外米粉的发展现状进行了对比分析,从而获得了国内外米粉行业存在的共性问题,进一步分析了我国婴幼儿米粉产品存在卫生及营养成分不达标等主要问题,剖析了存在上述问题的主要原因,并从技术等方面提出了婴幼儿米粉的发展对策,为婴幼儿米粉行业的发展提供了有益的参考。

离子色谱法测定婴幼儿营养米粉中的碘含量

采用离子色谱分离和脉冲安培检测婴幼儿营养米粉中添加的碘化钾或碘酸钾含量。考察了蛋白质去除的方法和试剂用量，优化了超声提取净化方案，研究了碘酸钾转化成碘化钾的最佳还原剂用量，进行了淋洗液浓度和检测器波形等仪器条件的选择。在优化实验条件下，碘化钾和碘酸钾的线性范围均为1～100μg/L，相关系数分别为0．9991和0．9999，定量下限分别为5．2、9．0ng／g。碘化钾和碘酸钾的加标回收率分别为74％～100％和75％～100％，相应的相对标准偏差分别为4．4％～6．7％和5．0％～6．9％。

酶制剂在婴儿营养米粉生产中的应用研究

采用酶解技术将组成婴儿米粉的主要成分—淀粉部分水解成糊精和低聚糖、麦芽糖等,从而成功地解决了传统米粉生产工艺中存在的缺陷,对婴儿营养米粉的生产具有参考价值。

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿米粉中的铜和镉

研究建立了微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定婴幼儿米粉中痕量铜和镉的方法。对影响测定的因素进行了研究,确立了GFAAS测定Cu和Cd的最优条件。本法对Cu和Cd的检出限分别为0.51和0.14 ng/mL,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.3%和3.2%(n=7,ρCu=25 ng/mL;ρCd=2.0 ng/mL)。应用于标准参考物(GBW10010)以及实际样品(婴幼儿米粉)中痕量Cu和Cd的测定,获得了满意的结果。

婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及其毒素基因检测

目的:了解婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染及其毒素基因的携带情况。方法:采集陕西省18个地区不同品牌的婴幼儿奶粉143份和米粉224份,按国标法和PCR方法进行金黄色葡萄球菌分离鉴定;采用PCR方法检测ses基因、ets基因、tsst-1基因和pvl基因。结果:367份样品中检测出30个金黄色葡萄球菌污染样品,检出率为8.17%,其中奶粉11.19%(16/143)、米粉6.25%(14/224),分别从中分离鉴定出29株和25株金黄色葡萄球菌;从54株金黄色葡萄球菌中共检测到有64.8%(35/54)的菌株携带有毒素基因,其中奶粉72.4%(21/29)、米粉56.0%(14/25);奶粉分离株中检测到的毒素基因型有pvl、sea、seb、sed、seg、sea+pvl、seb+seg、seb+sed+seg、sec+pvl、sec+seg+pvl和seg+pvl,其检出率分别为10.3%(3/29)、3.4%(1/29)、3.4%(1/29)、3.4%(1/29)、6.9%(2/29)、6.9%(2/29)、6.9%(2/29)、3.4%(1/29)、3.4%(1/29)、13.8%(4/29)和10.3%(3/29);米粉分离株中检测到的毒素基因型有pvl、sed、seg、sea+seg+pvl、sec+pvl、sec+seg、sec+see+seg、sec+see+seg+pvl、see+pvl和seg+pvl,其检出率分别为8%(2/25)、4%(1/25)、4%(1/25)、4%(1/25)、4%(1/25)、8%(2/25)、4%(1/25)、4%(1/25)、4%(1/25)和12%(3/25)。奶粉和米粉中都没有检测到ets、tsst-1和seh、sei、sej基因。结论:婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中均存在一定程度的金黄色葡萄球菌的污染,且多数菌株都携带一定的毒素基因,这对消费这些产品的婴幼儿身体健康构成潜在的危险。

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿营养米粉中的铁和锌

采用低温消化、乳化法处理婴幼儿营养米粉样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其铁、锌的含量,铁的回收率为92.7%～96.6%,锌的回收率为93.3%～98.2%,测定结果准确可靠。本法处理样品的耗酸量少,仅需传统消化法耗酸量的五分之一左右、微波消化法耗酸量的五分之二左右,大大减少了对环境的污染。

柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿谷类辅食中的甲醛

目的建立柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿谷类辅食中甲醛含量的分析方法。方法样品中的甲醛经柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液和含有2,4-二硝基苯肼的乙腈混合体系衍生提取,生成的甲醛-2,4-二硝基苯腙经色谱柱Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm, 2.7μm)以乙腈-水(70:30, V:V)等度洗脱分离,柱温30℃,流速为0.5 mL/min,检测波长为355 nm,外标法定量分析。结果甲醛在0.025~2.00 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好且相关系数(r2)大于0.995,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.03 mg/kg和0.10 mg/kg,在3个加标水平(1.00、5.00和10.0 mg/kg)的平均加标回收率为86.8%~89.0%,相对标准偏差为0.7%~2.1%。结论该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于婴幼儿谷类辅食中甲醛含量的测定。

HACCP在婴儿米粉生产中的应用

将HACCP体系应用于婴儿米粉的生产中,对婴儿米粉加工工艺过程中各工序的生物、化学和物理危害进行了一系列的评估。通过对潜在风险的分析,确定了关键控制点、纠偏措施和验证方法,并建立了HACCP计划表。通过对婴儿米粉的生产全过程实施有效控制,使婴儿米粉的产品质量有了可靠保障。

荧光猝灭法测定婴幼儿米粉中的铁

根据铁对二氨基顺丁烯二腈的荧光具有猝灭的特性，建立了一种测定痕量铁的新方法。体系的最大激发波长为226nm，最大发射波长为406nm。线性范围为0．01～0．48mg／L，相关性系数为0．9962，检出限为1．5μg／L。对10份合有0．16mg／L的铁标准溶液进行精密度检测，其相对标准偏差为0．17％。用该方法测定了婴幼儿米粉中的铁，结果令人满意。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿谷物食品中11种苯氧羧酸类除草剂

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)同时检测婴幼儿谷物食品中11种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的分析方法。试样采用含2%甲酸的乙腈溶液提取,以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和无水硫酸镁(MgSO4)净化后,经ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(4. 6 mm×50 mm,1. 8μm)分离,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)负离子,多反应监测(MRM)模式进行检测,外标法定量。11种苯氧羧酸类除草剂在0. 5～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)均大于0. 999,在3个加标水平下的平均回收率为77. 4%～99. 9%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为1. 5%～8. 0%,方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0. 1～2. 4μg/kg,定量下限(S/N=10)为0. 4～8. 1μg/kg。该方法操作简便、准确度高、灵敏度好,适用于婴幼儿谷物食品中11种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的快速同时检测。

酶在婴儿米粉生产中的应用及研究

本文中采用酶解技术将组成婴儿米粉的主要成分—淀粉部分水解成糊精和低聚糖、麦芽糖等,从而成功地解决了传统水粉生产工艺中存在的缺陷,对婴儿营养米粉的生产具有重大参考价值。

婴幼儿乳粉和米粉中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的耐受性研究

以婴幼儿乳粉和米粉中分离到的15株不同基因型的阪崎克罗诺杆菌为材料,研究其对不同温度、酸碱度和微波的耐受性以及对枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒(商品名:妈咪爱)和产乳酸菌素乳酸菌的敏感程度。采用平板计数法检测阪崎克罗诺杆菌在不同处理后的存活率,衡量菌株的耐受性;采用皿内抑菌法检测妈咪爱和产乳酸菌素乳酸菌对阪崎杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明:70℃处理20min后,15株阪崎克罗诺杆菌的存活率均低于0.11%,对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的致死作用明显高于50℃和60℃(P<0.01)。阪崎克罗诺杆菌经pH4.0、pH6.0和pH8.0条件处理20min后,部分菌株被致死,pH4.0时的存活率明显低于其它2组(P<0.01)。微波处理2min后,大部分供试菌株的死亡率超过99%,菌株间存活率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。产乳酸菌素乳酸菌和妈咪爱对供试菌株均有一定的抑制作用,部分菌株对其的敏感程度具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:阪崎克罗诺杆菌的耐受性和敏感程度存在差异,采用适当的条件处理能有效防止阪崎克罗诺杆菌对婴幼儿食品的污染。

婴幼儿谷物辅助食品紫色谷薯糊工艺及配方研究

以大米、紫米、紫薯、山药为主要原料,研究一种婴幼儿谷物辅助食品——紫色谷薯糊,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定了其主要工艺参数和最佳配方.结果表明,山药先微波后化学护色的最佳工艺参数为:微波输出功率1 200 W,时间60 s,护色液配方为维生素C 0.5%,氯化钠1.0%,柠檬酸0.6%,护色时间5 min;紫米、紫薯最佳熟化工艺:紫米常压水煮20 min,紫薯于100℃汽蒸10 min.紫色谷薯糊的主要配方:大米、紫米、山药生料质量比为5∶2∶2.以原料湿基质量总和100计,紫薯、牛奶、蔗糖、食盐的添加量分别为30%,30%,6%,0.2%,DHA藻油添加量为2.0 mg/g.制成品适合8个月以上的婴幼儿食用.

2018年广东省乳制品食品安全状况结果分析

目的了解2018年广东省乳制品的食品安全状况。方法在广东省内抽检612批次不同样品类别的乳制品,根据相应的食品安全国家标准或法律法规对检验结果进行判定。结果 2018年广东省乳制品的合格率为98.53%;不同抽样环节的不合格率无显著差异(χ^2=0.517,P=0.472);共检出含乳冷冻饮品,婴幼儿谷类辅助食品,含乳糖果、巧克力及巧克力制品,含乳糕点和含乳饮料5个样品类别存在不合格情况,其他样品类别未检出不合格,含乳冷冻饮品的不合格率较高;不合格项目为菌落总数和大肠菌群;婴幼儿谷类辅助食品的镉项目风险监测,问题发现率24.24%。结论广东省乳制品食品安全状况总体较好,主要存在微生物污染问题,冷冻饮品的质量安全控制仍需加强。