The Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,naturally distributing along the coast of northwest Pacific,is one of the most important bivalve species due to its high economic value and fecundity.In China,we have initiated a s...The Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,naturally distributing along the coast of northwest Pacific,is one of the most important bivalve species due to its high economic value and fecundity.In China,we have initiated a selective breeding program on both shell color and growth rate of C.gigas since 2010.A black shell line was obtained through four-generation family selection.In this study,mass selection for growth improvement was conducted in the sixth generation and seventh generation of black shell lines.To assess the progress of potential genetic improvement,the progeny of two generations of black shell lines were selected to evaluate their shell heights via a 450-day farming experiment.As the results,after growing for 450 days,the sixth generation and seventh generation of selected lines were 9.03% and 11.42% larger than the control lines,respectively.During the grow-out stage,the genetic gain of two generations was 8.82%±0.18% and 11.54%±0.43%,respectively;and the corresponding realized heritability was 0.45±0.04 and 0.41±0.04,respectively.These results indicated that the mass selection for shell height achieved steady progress in the two generations of C.gigas.展开更多
Mass selection for fast growth was conducted in three Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stocks from China, Japan and Korea using previously established lines (CS1, JS1, and KS1). To determine whether continuous progr...Mass selection for fast growth was conducted in three Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stocks from China, Japan and Korea using previously established lines (CS1, JS1, and KS1). To determine whether continuous progress can be achieved by selection for growth, the progeny of three second-generation Pacific oyster lines was selected for shell height and evaluated via a 400-day farming experiment. When harvested at the end of the experiment, the selected crosses of CS2, JS2, and KS2 lines grew by 9.2%, 10.2% and 9.6% larger than the control crosses, respectively. During grow-out stage, the genetic gain of three selected lines was (10.2 ± 1.4)%, (10.4 ± 0.3)%, and (8.4 ± 1.6)%, respectively; and the corresponding realized heritability was 0.457 ± 0.143, 0.312 ± 0.071 and 0.332 ± 0.009, respectively. These results indicated that the selection for fast growth achieved steady progress in the second generation of oyster. Our work provides supportive evidence for the continuity of the Pacific oyster selective breeding program.展开更多
Glycogen,amino acids,fatty acids,and other nutrient components affect the flavor and nutritional quality of oysters.Methods based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)were developed to rapidly and proximatel...Glycogen,amino acids,fatty acids,and other nutrient components affect the flavor and nutritional quality of oysters.Methods based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)were developed to rapidly and proximately determine the nutrient content of the Pacific oyster Crassostreagigas.Samples of C.gigas from 19 costal sites were freeze-dried,ground,and scanned for spectral data collection using a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer(Thermo Fisher Scientific).NIRS models of glycogen and other nutrients were established using partial least squares,multiplication scattering correction first-order derivation,and Norris smoothing.The R_(C) values of the glycogen,fatty acids,amino acids,and taurine NIRS models were 0.9678,0.9312,0.9132,and 0.8928,respectively,and the residual prediction deviation(RPD)values of these components were 3.15,2.16,3.11,and 1.59,respectively,indicating a high correlation between the predicted and observed values,and that the models can be used in practice.The models were used to evaluate the nutrient compositions of 1278 oyster samples.Glycogen content was found to be positively correlated with fatty acids and negatively correlated with amino acids.The glycogen,amino acid,and taurine levels of C.gigas cultured in the subtidal and intertidal zones were also significantly different.This study suggests that C.gigas NIRS models can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods for the rapid and proximate analysis of various slaughter traits and may also contribute to future genetic and breeding-related studies in Pacific oysters.展开更多
通过感官评价、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographmass spectrometer,SPME-GC/MS)以及计算相对气味活度值(ralative odour active value,ROAV)的方法分析太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea g...通过感官评价、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographmass spectrometer,SPME-GC/MS)以及计算相对气味活度值(ralative odour active value,ROAV)的方法分析太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)酶解前后挥发性成分的变化情况,探讨姜汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用和改善牡蛎酶解产物风味的效果。结果表明:与新鲜牡蛎相比,酶解液中脂质氧化产物,如异戊醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛和3,5-辛二烯酮含量分别增加至5.09%、1.6%、1.3%、0.5%,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出较重的腥味与哈喇味,说明牡蛎风味的劣变与酶解过程中发生的脂质氧化有关。牡蛎酶解过程中添加姜汁,脂肪氧化产生的不愉快成分如(E)-2-戊烯醛、(Z)-4-庚烯醛、壬醛、2,3-辛二酮等未被检测到;异戊醛、己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛等物质的相对含量分别减少了81.02%、33.28%、54.39%。姜汁中挥发性成分如香叶醇、香茅醇、对伞花烃和芳樟醇等成为其新的主体呈味成分,并贡献出花香、柠檬香等愉快气味。因此,姜汁对改善牡蛎酶解液的风味有显著效果。展开更多
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA)is an effective method for sustainable aquaculture as species from different trophic levels could reduce negative effects from fed species in the environment.A proper proporti...Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA)is an effective method for sustainable aquaculture as species from different trophic levels could reduce negative effects from fed species in the environment.A proper proportion of different trophic species in an IMTA system could improve the aquaculture production and environmental sustainability.At present,research on the proper proportions for farming species is scarce.We investigated the effects of IMTA modes of oyster(Crassostrea gigas)and kelp(Saccharina japonica)in different weight ratios on water quality and carbonate system in a closed enclosure experiment for three days in the Sanggou Bay in Shandong Province,China,in December 2017.Nine collocation modes in oyster:kelp weight ratio were tested showing as 24:3,24:2,24:1,16:3,16:2,16:1,8:3,8:2,and 8:1.The water parameters were determined at 17:00 on Day 1(D1),and 6:00 and 17:00 on Days 2(D2)and 3(D3).As two-way ANOVA showed,all increased parameters(dissolved oxygen(DO),pH,chl a,the carbonate system and pCO2)were significantly related to oyster-kelp modes,and interaction between modes and time were also significant(P<0.05).On the 3th day,the 8:3 mode was the highest in DO,pH,chl a,CO32-(P<0.05),and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),HCO3-,CO2,and pCO2 were the lowest(P<0.05).According to previous references and the results of this study,the appropriate oyster:kelp proportion at the beginning of winter is from 8:2 to 8:3.The results of this study may help government to optimize the aquaculture structure of Sanggou Bay.展开更多
Microsatellites are a ubiquitous component of the eukaryote genome and constitute one of the most popular sources of molecular markers for genetic studies. However, no data are currently available regarding microsatel...Microsatellites are a ubiquitous component of the eukaryote genome and constitute one of the most popular sources of molecular markers for genetic studies. However, no data are currently available regarding microsatellites across the entire genome in oysters, despite their importance to the aquaculture industry. We present the fi rst genome-wide investigation of microsatellites in the Pacifi c oyster Crassostrea gigas by analysis of the complete genome, resequencing, and expression data. The Pacifi c oyster genome is rich in microsatellites. A total of 604 653 repeats were identifi ed, in average of one locus per 815 base pairs(bp). A total of 12 836 genes had coding repeats, and 7 332 were expressed normally, including genes with a wide range of molecular functions. Compared with 20 different species of animals, microsatellites in the oyster genome typically exhibited 1) an intermediate overall frequency; 2) relatively uniform contents of(A)n and(C)n repeats and abundant long(C)n repeats(≥24 bp); 3) large average length of(AG)n repeats; and 4) scarcity of trinucleotide repeats. The microsatellite-fl anking regions exhibited a high degree of polymorphism with a heterozygosity rate of around 2.0%, but there was no correlation between heterozygosity and microsatellite abundance. A total of 19 462 polymorphic microsatellites were discovered, and dinucleotide repeats were the most active, with over 26% of loci found to harbor allelic variations. In all, 7 451 loci with high potential for marker development were identifi ed. Better knowledge of the microsatellites in the oyster genome will provide information for the future design of a wide range of molecular markers and contribute to further advancements in the fi eld of oyster genetics, particularly for molecular-based selection and breeding.展开更多
Fibrinogen-related proteins(FREPs) are lectins with at least a fibrinogen-like domain.They are widespread in Mollusca and play an important role as immune pattern-recognition receptors.These diverse molecules provide ...Fibrinogen-related proteins(FREPs) are lectins with at least a fibrinogen-like domain.They are widespread in Mollusca and play an important role as immune pattern-recognition receptors.These diverse molecules provide interesting models for the study of the evolution of innate immunity.Although oysters are among the most studied mollusks,there have been few investigations of this gene family in oysters.This paper reports the cloning of the first oyster FREP,named CgFREP,from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.Five types of FREP(CgFREP-1 to CgFREP-5) were obtained based on a single pair of primers,confirming their high diversity.The proteins deduced from these FREPs contained 253-363 amino acids and were divided into three subfamilies based on sequence identities(cutoff point <86%).The topological structure of the phylogenetic tree showed the five CgFREPs clustered together and were completely separated from the subgroup of FREPs obtained from Biomphalaria glabrata(BgFREPs).This implies that FREP diversity evolved before the BgFREPs branched off.An interesting aspect of the CgFREPs was their individual hypermutation.Ninety-three SNPs and five indels were characterized among CgFREPs.Some mutations(e.g.an insertion in CgFREP-5) could cause premature translation termination.Multiple alignments suggest recombination events might have occurred during exchanges between alleles,or by somatic diversification,or both.Individual sequence variability parallels the extraordinary complexity of the innate immune system,suggesting a potential capacity to recognize and eliminate many kinds of pathogens,even in a primitive system.The diversity of immune pattern-recognition receptors may offer an alternative strategy that functions in the absence of highly specific immune globulins,which only emerged in vertebrates.展开更多
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 3177 2843, 31741122)the Earmarked Fund for Agriculture Seed Improvement Project of Shandong Province (No. 2017LZGC009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 201762014)
文摘The Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,naturally distributing along the coast of northwest Pacific,is one of the most important bivalve species due to its high economic value and fecundity.In China,we have initiated a selective breeding program on both shell color and growth rate of C.gigas since 2010.A black shell line was obtained through four-generation family selection.In this study,mass selection for growth improvement was conducted in the sixth generation and seventh generation of black shell lines.To assess the progress of potential genetic improvement,the progeny of two generations of black shell lines were selected to evaluate their shell heights via a 450-day farming experiment.As the results,after growing for 450 days,the sixth generation and seventh generation of selected lines were 9.03% and 11.42% larger than the control lines,respectively.During the grow-out stage,the genetic gain of two generations was 8.82%±0.18% and 11.54%±0.43%,respectively;and the corresponding realized heritability was 0.45±0.04 and 0.41±0.04,respectively.These results indicated that the mass selection for shell height achieved steady progress in the two generations of C.gigas.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (2006AA10A409)the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB126406)
文摘Mass selection for fast growth was conducted in three Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stocks from China, Japan and Korea using previously established lines (CS1, JS1, and KS1). To determine whether continuous progress can be achieved by selection for growth, the progeny of three second-generation Pacific oyster lines was selected for shell height and evaluated via a 400-day farming experiment. When harvested at the end of the experiment, the selected crosses of CS2, JS2, and KS2 lines grew by 9.2%, 10.2% and 9.6% larger than the control crosses, respectively. During grow-out stage, the genetic gain of three selected lines was (10.2 ± 1.4)%, (10.4 ± 0.3)%, and (8.4 ± 1.6)%, respectively; and the corresponding realized heritability was 0.457 ± 0.143, 0.312 ± 0.071 and 0.332 ± 0.009, respectively. These results indicated that the selection for fast growth achieved steady progress in the second generation of oyster. Our work provides supportive evidence for the continuity of the Pacific oyster selective breeding program.
基金Supported by the Shandong Province Key R&D Program Project(No.2021LZGC029)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(No.2019JZZY010813)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA24030105)the Qingdao Key Technology and Industrialization Demonstration Project(No.22-3-3-hygg-2-hy)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-49)。
文摘Glycogen,amino acids,fatty acids,and other nutrient components affect the flavor and nutritional quality of oysters.Methods based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)were developed to rapidly and proximately determine the nutrient content of the Pacific oyster Crassostreagigas.Samples of C.gigas from 19 costal sites were freeze-dried,ground,and scanned for spectral data collection using a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer(Thermo Fisher Scientific).NIRS models of glycogen and other nutrients were established using partial least squares,multiplication scattering correction first-order derivation,and Norris smoothing.The R_(C) values of the glycogen,fatty acids,amino acids,and taurine NIRS models were 0.9678,0.9312,0.9132,and 0.8928,respectively,and the residual prediction deviation(RPD)values of these components were 3.15,2.16,3.11,and 1.59,respectively,indicating a high correlation between the predicted and observed values,and that the models can be used in practice.The models were used to evaluate the nutrient compositions of 1278 oyster samples.Glycogen content was found to be positively correlated with fatty acids and negatively correlated with amino acids.The glycogen,amino acid,and taurine levels of C.gigas cultured in the subtidal and intertidal zones were also significantly different.This study suggests that C.gigas NIRS models can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods for the rapid and proximate analysis of various slaughter traits and may also contribute to future genetic and breeding-related studies in Pacific oysters.
文摘通过感官评价、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographmass spectrometer,SPME-GC/MS)以及计算相对气味活度值(ralative odour active value,ROAV)的方法分析太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)酶解前后挥发性成分的变化情况,探讨姜汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用和改善牡蛎酶解产物风味的效果。结果表明:与新鲜牡蛎相比,酶解液中脂质氧化产物,如异戊醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛和3,5-辛二烯酮含量分别增加至5.09%、1.6%、1.3%、0.5%,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出较重的腥味与哈喇味,说明牡蛎风味的劣变与酶解过程中发生的脂质氧化有关。牡蛎酶解过程中添加姜汁,脂肪氧化产生的不愉快成分如(E)-2-戊烯醛、(Z)-4-庚烯醛、壬醛、2,3-辛二酮等未被检测到;异戊醛、己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛等物质的相对含量分别减少了81.02%、33.28%、54.39%。姜汁中挥发性成分如香叶醇、香茅醇、对伞花烃和芳樟醇等成为其新的主体呈味成分,并贡献出花香、柠檬香等愉快气味。因此,姜汁对改善牡蛎酶解液的风味有显著效果。
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFD0900803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41876185)+2 种基金the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.2018SDKJ0502)the Youth Talent Program Supported by Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.2018-MFS-T13)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-49)。
文摘Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA)is an effective method for sustainable aquaculture as species from different trophic levels could reduce negative effects from fed species in the environment.A proper proportion of different trophic species in an IMTA system could improve the aquaculture production and environmental sustainability.At present,research on the proper proportions for farming species is scarce.We investigated the effects of IMTA modes of oyster(Crassostrea gigas)and kelp(Saccharina japonica)in different weight ratios on water quality and carbonate system in a closed enclosure experiment for three days in the Sanggou Bay in Shandong Province,China,in December 2017.Nine collocation modes in oyster:kelp weight ratio were tested showing as 24:3,24:2,24:1,16:3,16:2,16:1,8:3,8:2,and 8:1.The water parameters were determined at 17:00 on Day 1(D1),and 6:00 and 17:00 on Days 2(D2)and 3(D3).As two-way ANOVA showed,all increased parameters(dissolved oxygen(DO),pH,chl a,the carbonate system and pCO2)were significantly related to oyster-kelp modes,and interaction between modes and time were also significant(P<0.05).On the 3th day,the 8:3 mode was the highest in DO,pH,chl a,CO32-(P<0.05),and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),HCO3-,CO2,and pCO2 were the lowest(P<0.05).According to previous references and the results of this study,the appropriate oyster:kelp proportion at the beginning of winter is from 8:2 to 8:3.The results of this study may help government to optimize the aquaculture structure of Sanggou Bay.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2010CB126402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41206149,40730845)+3 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A405)the Mollusc Research and Development Center,CARSthe Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Provincethe Taishan Scholars Climbing Program of Shandong Province of China
文摘Microsatellites are a ubiquitous component of the eukaryote genome and constitute one of the most popular sources of molecular markers for genetic studies. However, no data are currently available regarding microsatellites across the entire genome in oysters, despite their importance to the aquaculture industry. We present the fi rst genome-wide investigation of microsatellites in the Pacifi c oyster Crassostrea gigas by analysis of the complete genome, resequencing, and expression data. The Pacifi c oyster genome is rich in microsatellites. A total of 604 653 repeats were identifi ed, in average of one locus per 815 base pairs(bp). A total of 12 836 genes had coding repeats, and 7 332 were expressed normally, including genes with a wide range of molecular functions. Compared with 20 different species of animals, microsatellites in the oyster genome typically exhibited 1) an intermediate overall frequency; 2) relatively uniform contents of(A)n and(C)n repeats and abundant long(C)n repeats(≥24 bp); 3) large average length of(AG)n repeats; and 4) scarcity of trinucleotide repeats. The microsatellite-fl anking regions exhibited a high degree of polymorphism with a heterozygosity rate of around 2.0%, but there was no correlation between heterozygosity and microsatellite abundance. A total of 19 462 polymorphic microsatellites were discovered, and dinucleotide repeats were the most active, with over 26% of loci found to harbor allelic variations. In all, 7 451 loci with high potential for marker development were identifi ed. Better knowledge of the microsatellites in the oyster genome will provide information for the future design of a wide range of molecular markers and contribute to further advancements in the fi eld of oyster genetics, particularly for molecular-based selection and breeding.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB126401)National Natural Science Foundation of China (40730845)+3 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2012AA10A410)the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research Systemthe Taishan Scholar Program of ShandongTaishan Scholars Climb Program of Shandong
文摘Fibrinogen-related proteins(FREPs) are lectins with at least a fibrinogen-like domain.They are widespread in Mollusca and play an important role as immune pattern-recognition receptors.These diverse molecules provide interesting models for the study of the evolution of innate immunity.Although oysters are among the most studied mollusks,there have been few investigations of this gene family in oysters.This paper reports the cloning of the first oyster FREP,named CgFREP,from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.Five types of FREP(CgFREP-1 to CgFREP-5) were obtained based on a single pair of primers,confirming their high diversity.The proteins deduced from these FREPs contained 253-363 amino acids and were divided into three subfamilies based on sequence identities(cutoff point <86%).The topological structure of the phylogenetic tree showed the five CgFREPs clustered together and were completely separated from the subgroup of FREPs obtained from Biomphalaria glabrata(BgFREPs).This implies that FREP diversity evolved before the BgFREPs branched off.An interesting aspect of the CgFREPs was their individual hypermutation.Ninety-three SNPs and five indels were characterized among CgFREPs.Some mutations(e.g.an insertion in CgFREP-5) could cause premature translation termination.Multiple alignments suggest recombination events might have occurred during exchanges between alleles,or by somatic diversification,or both.Individual sequence variability parallels the extraordinary complexity of the innate immune system,suggesting a potential capacity to recognize and eliminate many kinds of pathogens,even in a primitive system.The diversity of immune pattern-recognition receptors may offer an alternative strategy that functions in the absence of highly specific immune globulins,which only emerged in vertebrates.
