Modeled response of talik development under thermokarst lakes to permafrost thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Permafrost thickness under identical climates in cold regions can vary significantly because it is severely affected by climate change, topography, soil physical and thermal properties, and geothermal conditions. This study numerically in- vestigates the response of ground thermal regime and talik development processes to permafrost with different thicknesses under a thermokarst lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On the basis of observed data and information from a representative monitored lake in the Beiluhe Basin, we used a heat transfer model with phase change under a cylindrical coordinate system to conduct three simulation cases with permafrost thicknesses of 45 m, 60 m, and 75 m, respectively. The simulated results indicate that increases in permafrost thickness not only strongly retarded the open talik formation time, but also delayed the permafrost lateral thaw process after the formation of open talik. Increasing the permafrost thickness by 33.3% and 66.7% led to open talik formation time increases of 83.66% and 207.43%, respectively, and resulted in increases in the lateral thaw duration of permafrost under the modeled thermokarst lake by 28.86% and 46.54%, respectively, after the formation of the open taliks.

The Use of Geophysical Methods to Discriminate between Brine Layers and Freshwater Taliks in Permafrost Regions

Direct current resistivity and ground penetrating radar surveys were employed to obtain the value of the resistivity and dielectric constant in the brine near the Barrow, Alaska. The geophysical surveys were undertaken together with the permafrost drilling program for the measuring of the ground temperature regime and for the core sampling. The sampled cores were measured for their physical and chemical properties in the laboratory under different temperature conditions ((-60) to (20) ℃). Laboratory results support field observations and led to the development of a technique for distinguishing freshwater taliks and brine layers in permafrost. These methods were also employed in freshwater taliks near Council, Alaska. The electrical resistivity is a powerful and sensitive parameter for brine detection. However, the resistivity is a less sensitive indicator of the soil type or water content under highly saline conditions. High frequency dielectric constant is an ideal second parameter for the indication of the soil type, liquid water content and other physical properties. The imaginary part of the dielectric constant and resistivity have a significant dependence upon salinity, i.e. upon freezing temperature. The ground temperature regime and the freezing point of the brine layer are important parameters for studying the electric properties of permafrost terrain.

Composite technology of earthwork construction on taliks in cryolithic zones

This paper reviews construction and technological solutions for roadbeds in talik areas of permafrost soil, and proposes an integrated technology for prevention and elimination of taliks during construction periods. It also summarizes the expe- rience of process regulation scheduling and soil conditions monitoring during construction.

基于温度示踪的高寒地区河水与地下水相互作用:以黑河上游流域为例

高寒地区是世界众多大型河流的源区,了解区内河水与地下水的相互作用对流域水资源科学管理具有重要意义。因广泛发育多年冻土,高寒地区河床底部局部融区的形成和动态变化控制着河水与地下水的转换,导致两者间水力关系的复杂性和特殊性。受观测条件限制,目前高寒地区河水与地下水相互作用的研究极少,少量已有研究也多采用同位素和水化学示踪方法,成本高且精度低。采用观测成本更低但精度与密度更高的温度信号作为示踪剂,以量化河水和地下水之间的交换;利用垂向一维瞬态热运移解析模型,定量计算不同深度处河水与地下水的交换流速;利用分布式测温光纤系统的观测结果,分析河水与地下水相互作用的时空动态变化特征。研究结果表明:高寒地区河水与地下水的交换存在强烈的时空差异,季节与气候的转换对河水与地下水的交换量起着控制作用,甚至能够改变河水与地下水的交换方向,河水与地下水的交换量随着冻土活动层加深而增加。温度示踪方法适用于高寒冻土区河水与地下水相互作用研究,2种温度示踪方法的联合使用可有效提高研究精度与准确性,为缺乏基础水文地质数据的高寒地区提供一种可行的研究思路。

Degradation of warm permafrost and talik formation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2006-2021

Permafrost is degrading globally,particularly those with low thermal stability on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,owing to climate change.However,the inadequacy of direct research on permafrost degradation based on in-situ monitoring limits the prediction of permafrost degradation and engineering practices.This study explored the processes and modes of permafrost degradation into talik by analyzing ground temperature data from five points in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2006 to 2021.The results showed that the degradation of the warm permafrost layer with a geothermal gradient of zero occurred simultaneously in the top and bottom directions.The rate of permafrost degradation from the top down and bottom up increase during the degradation process,but the increase of the former is more drastic after the formation of thawed interlayer.Additionally,the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway changed the degradation modes of the permafrost in adjacent natural sites through horizontal heat transfer,particularly after through talik formation under the embankment.The findings suggest that taking countermeasures before or immediately after forming thawed interlayer is more effective.When evaluating the thermal impact of projects in warm permafrost regions,special attention should be given to the horizontal heat transfer process that may result from the formation of a through talik.

Assessment of the thermal effect of large industrial buildings on permafrost foundation soils in Yakutsk

The results of monitoring studies of the ground thermal state beneath the Yakutsk Combined Heat and Power Plant buildings are presented in order to determine their structural stability and the possibility of further troublefree operation of the entire complex of the structures.The main causes for the formation of water-bearing taliks under and adjacent to the buildings are presented,and the factors influencing the existing geocryological situation are discussed.The continuing stable state of the buildings demonstrates the possibility of using two construction principles on permafrost at one site,including preserving permafrost and accommodating permafrost thawing.

青藏公路沿线不冻泉地区构造控水机理研究

地处多年片状冻土(岩)区的不冻泉补给源为北部昆仑山主脊南坡现代冰川底部的冰雪覆盖融区水、冰雪消融水、大气降水和地表水。补给源水进入不冻泉NE向张扭性活动断裂(F2)构造—地热融区导水通道,运移至不冻泉NWW向压扭性活动断裂(F1)时受阻,于F1和F2断裂交汇部位的共用上盘近断裂破碎带旁侧富集,并上涌至地表,形成上升泉,这是不冻泉地区构造控水的主要机理和不冻泉天然上升泉形成的主因。为解决当地冬季缺水问题,宜在F1与F2断裂交汇部位NW侧共用上盘适当部位布置供水水文地质钻孔,可找到水量丰富、水质良好的地下水。

塔里木盆地北缘塔里克铀矿点矿化成因及其找矿方向

分析了塔里克铀矿点区域地质背景、矿点地质概况、含矿岩系和铀矿化特征及其成因类型,认为铀矿化成因属于层间氧化带型,"倒卷状"铀矿化为构造隆升前形成的"古矿化"。通过分析铀矿化带走向延伸特征和地貌特征,指出了找矿远景地段。

青藏高原热融湖横向扩张速率对湖下融区发展影响的数值模拟

热融湖是高纬度和高海拔富冰多年冻土区重要的自然景观。这些湖由于富冰多年冻土或地下冰的融化而形成,由于湖水向周边多年冻土传递热量而持续扩张。以青藏高原北麓河地区一个热融湖的信息和冻土监测资料为基础,运用柱坐标系下伴有相变的热传导模型模拟了以不同的横向扩张速率演化的热融湖湖下融区的发展过程。结果表明:在青藏高原多年冻土厚度为75 m的北麓河盆地,分别以横向扩张速率0.10 m·a^(-1)、0.15 m·a^(-1)、0.20 m·a^(-1)和0.25 m·a^(-1)演化的热融湖,在湖形成分别达760 a、703 a、671 a和652 a时,湖下形成贯通融区,相应的多年冻土从上向下融化的平均速率分别为8.22 cm·a^(-1),8.89 cm·a^(-1),9.31 cm·a^(-1)和9.74 cm·a^(-1)。热融湖的横向扩张速率对湖下的融区发展和土壤热状况有重要的影响,在现场调查资料的基础上选取正确的热融湖横向扩张速率是热融湖对多年冻土热状况作用数值模拟研究的必要前提。

塔里木盆地北缘塔里克地区构造变形特征与砂岩型铀成矿作用关系研究

塔里克地区位于塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部,已发现一系列砂岩型铀矿床(点)。本次研究在野外调查和构造变形分析基础上,探讨塔里克地区中新生代以来变形期次、时限及与砂岩铀矿成矿作用关系。研究表明,该区中新生代构造变形主要为吐格尔明背斜及近EW向、NE-NNE向断裂构造。EW向断裂以逆冲推覆性质为主,NE-NNE向断裂主要为左旋走滑性质,与推测的NNW向右旋走滑断裂构成区域褶皱-断裂构造,指示区域性近NS向挤压应力性质。据生长地层发育情况,吐格尔明背斜最终定型于上新世晚期—早更新世早期。结合不整合面发育及区域资料分析,认为吐格尔明背斜在中生代晚期至新生代早期开始形成,发育一系列逆冲推覆构造和NE向左旋走滑地层。受印亚碰撞及汇聚过程远程效应影响,古近—新近纪吐格尔明背斜再次抬升剥露。新近纪持续的NS向应力作用,叠加于吐格尔明背斜之上,在背斜南翼发育近EW向断裂,形成NE向的左旋走滑断层。结合铀矿化特征,推测铀矿化(体)形成于中生代晚期—古近纪。中新世之后,早期形成的矿体随区域构造变形被改造,呈矿体倒转、正常或被剥蚀状态。

青藏铁路沿线的河流融区

本文通过对青藏铁路沿线长江河源各个分支河流融区分布特征的归纳 ,总结了河流融区的分布规律 ,分析了影响河流融区发生、发展及其分布特征的主要因素。

对岛状融区房建冻害的几点认识——以沱沱河兵站楼房为例

座落在岛状融区中的青藏高原沱沱河兵站楼房,由于跨年度施工,楼房各部位季节冻深和融化速度不一,引起不均匀下沉,致使墙体产生严重裂缝。岛状融区是工程地质环境敏感区。在太阳辐射强烈的青藏高原,现行建筑规范中房屋采暖对冻深的影响系数偏小,建议对北外墙中段和角端应比规范规定系数分别增大0.2和0.3。

A Two-dimensional Heat Transfer Model for Atmosphere-land System in the Lake-dominated Alaskan Arctic

Understanding lake ice growth and its sensitivity to climate change is vital to understand the thermal regime of thaw lake systems and predict their response to climate change. In this paper, a physically-based, two-dimensional, non-steady mathematical model is developed for studying the role of shallow tundra lakes in the Alaskan Arctic. Both the radiation absorption in lake water and the phase change in permafrost are considerd in the model. The materials the model includes are snow, ice, water, unfrozen and frozen soil (peat, silt, sand and gravel). The basic inputs to the model observed mean daily air temperature and snow depth. The ability of this model to simulate lake ice growth and thickness variation, lake water temperature distribution, the thermal regime of permafrost and talik dynamics beneath lakes, and thawing rate of permafrost below and adjacent to shallow thaw lakes offers the potential to describe the effects of climate change in the Alaskan Arctic.

Highway Roadway Stability Influenced by Warm Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Action:A Case Study from Glennallen,Alaska,USA

Ground temperatures from four of the seven extensively studied highway cross-sections near Gulkana/Glennallen,Alaska during 1954;962,were chosen to better understand the impacts of highway construction on warm permafrost.Both the thawing of permafrost and seasonal frost action impacted on road surface stability for about 6 years until the maximum summer thaw reached about 3 m in depth.Seasonal frost action caused most of the ensuing stability problems.Unusually warm summers and the lengths of time required to re-freeze the active layer were far more important than the average annual air temperatures in determining the temperatures of the underlying shallow permafrost,or the development of taliks.The hypothesized climate warming would slightly and gradually deepen the active layer and the developed under-lying talik,but its effect would be obscured by unusually warm summers,by warmer than usual winters,and by the vari-able lengths of time of the zero curtains.At least one period of climate mini-cooling in the deeper permafrost during the early 20th century was noted.

Thermal state of soils in the active layer and underlain permafrost at the kilometer post 304 site along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline

On-site monitoring is very important for understanding formation mechanisms of frost hazards frequently occurring in pipeline foundation soils and for designing and deploying according mitigative measures in permafrost regions.Significant thaw subsidence of ground surfaces along the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) from Mo'he to Daqing,Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China have been observed at some segments underlain by ice-rich warm(>1.0°C) permafrost since the official operation in January 2011.Recent monitoring results of the thermal states of foundation soils at the kilometer post(KP) 304 site along the CRCOP are presented in this paper.The results indicate that during the period from 2012 to 2014,shallow soils(at the depths from0.8 to 4.0 m from ground surface) has warmed by approximately 1.0°C in the lateral range of 1.2 to 2.1 maway from the pipeline axis,and deeper permafrost(such as at the depth of 15 m,or the depth of zero annual amplitude of ground temperatures) by 0.08°C per year 4 m away from the pipe axis,and 0.07°C per year 5 m away from the pipeline axis.The results indicate an all-season talik has developed around and along the CRCOP.The thaw bulb,with a faster lateral expansion(compared with the vertical growth),enlarges in summer and shrinks in winter.This research will provide important references and bases for evaluating thermal influences of warm pipeline on permafrost and for design,construction,operation and maintenance of pipelines in permafrost regions.

长江上游沱沱河源区多年冻土发育特征

沱沱河流域是长江的发源地之一,其广泛分布的多年冻土对长江源区的产汇流过程、生态系统乃至于区域气候都有着重要影响,对该区域多年冻土分布和特征的调查和了解,可为研究江河源区多年冻土与气候、水文、生态的相互作用关系提供基础数据支撑。2020年10—11月,研究团队对沱沱河源区的多年冻土开展了为期50天的野外调查工作,并在不同下垫面类型、不同地貌部位和不同海拔高度共布设钻孔32个,总钻进深度1200 m。该文是基于钻孔和探坑资料对沱沱河源区多年冻土特征和地下冰发育状况的初步总结。结果显示,沱沱河源区多年冻土在一定程度上受河流和地热影响形成了局部融区,其多年冻土下界大致在4650~4680 m之间;钻孔揭示的多年冻土上限平均埋藏深度为(2.47±0.98)m,部分地区存在融化夹层;受浅表层沉积物岩性和地热的影响,多年冻土下限埋藏深度相对较浅,平均为19.3 m,多年冻土相对较薄,平均厚度为15.0 m;多年冻土下限深度和多年冻土的厚度最大为75.0 m和72.7 m;地形地貌、沉积物特征和地热条件是影响多年冻土厚度存在较大空间差异的主要原因。研究区内地下冰主要分布于15.0 m深度以上范围内,同时也发现了处于萎缩状态的冰核丘与石质冻胀丘,这些现象也一定程度上与该研究区多年冻土退化过程有关。

青藏铁路沿线融区的特征及其变化趋势

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区工程长期监测系统所获取的地温与变形资料,对铁路沿线4处融区的特征及其变化趋势进行了分析。这4处融区分别为沱沱河北面洼地辐射-渗透融区(R1)、休冬曲北岸河流融区(R2)、扎加藏布河西岸河流融区(R3)与洼里希里唐盆辐射-渗透融区(R4)。结果表明:R1土体温度处于升温中,融区正在发展;R2土体温度较为稳定,位于融区边缘地带;R3土体升温趋势明显,融区处于快速发展之中;R4深部土体温度较为稳定,融区仍处于稳定状态。在R1、R3与R4,路基下未形成隔年冻土;但在R2融区,路基下有形成隔年冻土的可能。监测期内,路基累计沉降变形小于50 mm,满足铁路路基设计规范的要求。

气候变暖背景下沱沱河盆地多年冻土与融区地温过程研究

沱沱河盆地地处青藏高原腹地,区内多年冻土与融区分布复杂。多年冻土与融区的分布及其变化是冻土学研究的重要内容,同时对于居民生产、生活以及工程建设选址具有重要的意义。基于20世纪80年代已有研究中对沱沱河盆地多年冻土和融区的分区,利用北岸青藏铁路沿线5个钻孔(N1~N5)和南岸一级阶地5个钻孔(S1~S5)的地温观测数据,研究了沱沱河南北岸多年冻土与融区的地温及其变化过程。结果表明,在区域气候暖湿化背景下,北岸多年冻土、融区经历了显著的升温退化过程。自2005—2020年,N1孔位的多年冻土经历了显著的下引式退化过程,从极高温不稳定冻土已退化为融区。2005—2013年期间,融区内年平均地温升温速率为0.3~0.4℃·(10a)^(-1)。南岸自一级阶地至开心岭山前缓坡既有贯穿型也有非贯穿型融区的发育,融区的发育与河流与渗透-辐射机制以及冻结层上水发育有关。通过对盆地内10个钻孔的地温以及近20a的时间变化过程分析,加深了沱沱河盆地多年冻土与融区空间分布及其变化的认识。从盆地内多年冻土与融区的制图角度和工程建设需求出发,未来仍需要开展多手段现场勘察工作及对融区发育机制方面的深入研究。

青藏高原热融湖塘的水热过程及其对下伏多年冻土的热影响

以青藏高原查拉坪地区一处热融湖塘(40 m×50 m,最大深度为1 m)为研究对象,由实测数据对比分析了热融湖塘与天然地表相同深度的温度变化特征.结果表明:与天然地表相比,热融湖塘融化时间长,冻结时间短,且存在接近4℃的水温变化;受太阳辐射及热对流的影响,垂向水温梯度仅在水表从4℃降温及冻结阶段较大,其余时段接近0;湖底年均温度比相同深度的天然地表高约6.4℃,湖底下部存在约14 m深随时间发展的融区,土体吸热增大,放热减小;热融湖塘2.5~3.0 m土体的年内热交换为19592.0 k J/m2,约是天然地表的230倍,其中吸热量及放热量分别为后者的1.4倍及8.7%.湖塘下部的融化夹层是深层冻土的主要热源,湖塘对下部土体放热的抑制作用是湖塘对土体产生热影响的主要原因.

青藏高原热喀斯特湖演化及其对多年冻土的热影响模型计算研究

青藏高原热喀斯特湖分布广泛,近年来在气候变暖背景下快速发展。热喀斯特湖的形成和发展与地下冰含量及气候变化有着密切关系,强烈影响多年冻土的热稳定性。为了更深入理解在气候变暖背景下热喀斯特湖的发展及其对下伏多年冻土的影响,以青藏高原北麓河地区一个典型热喀斯特湖的长期监测数据为资料,发展了耦合大气—湖塘—冻土三个过程要素的一维热传导模型,模拟了四种不同深度热喀斯特湖在气候变暖背景下的发展规律及其对多年冻土的热影响。结果表明:浅湖(<1.0m)在目前稳定气候背景下处于较稳定状态,湖冰能够回冻至湖底,对下伏多年冻土影响较小;较深湖塘(≥1.0m)冬季不能回冻至湖底,湖深不断增加,且底部在50年内将会形成不同深度的融区。随着气候变暖,热喀斯特湖的热效应显著,深度快速增加,较深湖塘的最大湖冰厚度减小,底部多年冻土快速融化形成开放融区。研究将有助于理解气候变化对青藏高原多年冻土区地貌演化及水文过程的影响。