英语V+To+Infinitive与V+To+V-ing结构的对比分析

英语v+to+infinitive与v+to+v-ing结构极易发生混淆。在句法上,v+to+infinitive结构中的to+infinitive要么是CP,要么是TP,而v+to+v-ing结构中的to+v-ing是介词短语PP。从语义角度来说,我们可以用主动词提示的时间做参照,to+infinitive所蕴含事件的时间要么发生在主动词时间之后或是与之同时发生,而to v-ing所蕴含的事件可以发生在主动词时间之前,之后或同时发生。另外,与to+infinitive结构不同的是v-ing结构更加倾向强调所发生事件的内部组成成分,所持续的时间和展开的方式等。

A Syntactic Study on Bare Infinitive and Infinitival to

Infinitives which consist of bare infinitive and infinitival to are imperative in linguistic studies.And both of the two kinds of infinitives do not indicate person,tense and number.This research aims to analyze the properties,similarities and differences between bare infinitive and infinitival to from the perspective of syntax.Thus,it enables us to attain a uniform characterization of the infinitival to and bare infinitive on the syntactic level and help us to understand these two kinds of infinitives better.

State-Based Opacity Verification of Networked Discrete Event Systems Using Labeled Petri Nets

The opaque property plays an important role in the operation of a security-critical system,implying that pre-defined secret information of the system is not able to be inferred through partially observing its behavior.This paper addresses the verification of current-state,initial-state,infinite-step,and K-step opacity of networked discrete event systems modeled by labeled Petri nets,where communication losses and delays are considered.Based on the symbolic technique for the representation of states in Petri nets,an observer and an estimator are designed for the verification of current-state and initial-state opacity,respectively.Then,we propose a structure called an I-observer that is combined with secret states to verify whether a networked discrete event system is infinite-step opaque or K-step opaque.Due to the utilization of symbolic approaches for the state-based opacity verification,the computation of the reachability graphs of labeled Petri nets is avoided,which dramatically reduces the computational overheads stemming from networked discrete event systems.

Determination of the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows by the perspective of physical mechanics and Shields stress

The critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows is utmost importance for local early hazard forecasting.This paper presents research on the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows through comparisons between slope gradients and three key factors,including topographic contributing area,dimensionless discharge,and Shields stress.The rainfall amount was estimated by utilizing in-situ rainfall records and a slope-dependent Shields stress model was created.The created model can predict critical Shields stress more accurately than the other two models.Furthermore,a new dimensionless discharge equation was proposed based on the corresponding discharge-gradient datasets.The new equation,along with factors such as contributing area above bed failure sites,channel width,and mean diameter of debris flow deposits,predicts a smaller rainfall amount than the in-situ measured records.Although the slope-dependent Shields stress model performs well and the estimated rainfall amount is lower than the in-situ records,the sediment initiation in the experiments falls within sheet flow regime due to a large Shields stress.Therefore,further sediment initiation experiments at a steeper slope range are expected in the future to ensure that the sediment transport belongs to mass failure regime characterized by a low level of Shields stress.Finally,a more accurate hazard forecast on the runoff-initiated debris flow holds promise when the corresponding critical slope-dependent dimensionless discharge of no motion,fluvial sediment transport,mass flow regime,and sheet flow regime are considered.

Finite Words,Infinite Wisdom

As picture books gain popularity,they create a bridge between China and the rest of the world.

A New Proof for Congruent Number’s Problem via Pythagorician Divisors

Considering Pythagorician divisors theory which leads to a new parameterization, for Pythagorician triplets ( a,b,c )∈ ℕ 3∗ , we give a new proof of the well-known problem of these particular squareless numbers n∈ ℕ ∗ , called congruent numbers, characterized by the fact that there exists a right-angled triangle with rational sides: ( A α ) 2 + ( B β ) 2 = ( C γ ) 2 , such that its area Δ= 1 2 A α B β =n;or in an equivalent way, to that of the existence of numbers U 2 , V 2 , W 2 ∈ ℚ 2∗ that are in an arithmetic progression of reason n;Problem equivalent to the existence of: ( a,b,c )∈ ℕ 3∗ prime in pairs, and f∈ ℕ ∗ , such that: ( a−b 2f ) 2 , ( c 2f ) 2 , ( a+b 2f ) 2 are in an arithmetic progression of reason n;And this problem is also equivalent to that of the existence of a non-trivial primitive integer right-angled triangle: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , such that its area Δ= 1 2 ab=n f 2 , where f∈ ℕ ∗ , and this last equation can be written as follows, when using Pythagorician divisors: (1) Δ= 1 2 ab= 2 S−1 d e ¯ ( d+ 2 S−1 e ¯ )( d+ 2 S e ¯ )=n f 2;Where ( d, e ¯ )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 2 such that gcd( d, e ¯ )=1 and S∈ ℕ ∗ , where 2 S−1 , d, e ¯ , d+ 2 S−1 e ¯ , d+ 2 S e ¯ , are pairwise prime quantities (these parameters are coming from Pythagorician divisors). When n=1 , it is the case of the famous impossible problem of the integer right-angled triangle area to be a square, solved by Fermat at his time, by his famous method of infinite descent. We propose in this article a new direct proof for the numbers n=1 (resp. n=2 ) to be non-congruent numbers, based on an particular induction method of resolution of Equation (1) (note that this method is efficient too for general case of prime numbers n=p≡a ( ( mod8 ) , gcd( a,8 )=1 ). To prove it, we use a classical proof by induction on k , that shows the non-solvability property of any of the following systems ( t=0 , corresponding to case n=1 (resp. t=1 , corresponding to case n=2 )): ( Ξ t,k ){ X 2 + 2 t ( 2 k Y ) 2 = Z 2 X 2 + 2 t+1 ( 2 k Y ) 2 = T 2 , where k∈ℕ;and solutions ( X,Y,Z,T )=( D k , E k , f k , f ′ k )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 4 , are given in pairwise prime numbers.2020-Mathematics Subject Classification 11A05-11A07-11A41-11A51-11D09-11D25-11D41-11D72-11D79-11E25 .

Infinitely Many Solutions and a Ground-State Solution for Klein-Gordon Equation Coupled with Born-Infeld Theory

In this paper, we intend to consider a kind of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation coupled with Born-Infeld theory. By using critical point theory and the method of Nehari manifold, we obtain two existing results of infinitely many high-energy radial solutions and a ground-state solution for this kind of system, which improve and generalize some related results in the literature.

TWO DISJOINT AND INFINITE SETS OF SOLUTIONS FOR AN ELLIPTIC EQUATION INVOLVING CRITICAL HARDY-SOBOLEV EXPONENTS

In this paper,by an approximating argument,we obtain two disjoint and infinite sets of solutions for the following elliptic equation with critical Hardy-Sobolev exponents■whereΩis a smooth bounded domain in RN with 0∈?Ωand all the principle curvatures of?Ωat 0 are negative,a∈C1(Ω,R*+),μ>0,0<s<2,1<q<2 and N>2(q+1)/(q-1).By2*:=2N/(N-2)and 2*(s):(2(N-s))/(N-2)we denote the critical Sobolev exponent and Hardy-Sobolev exponent,respectively.

Novel camera calibration method based on invariance of collinear points and pole-polar constraint

To address the eccentric error of circular marks in camera calibration,a circle location method based on the invariance of collinear points and pole–polar constraint is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the centers of the ellipses are extracted,and the real concentric circle center projection equation is established by exploiting the cross ratio invariance of the collinear points.Subsequently,since the infinite lines passing through the centers of the marks are parallel,the other center projection coordinates are expressed as the solution problem of linear equations.The problem of projection deviation caused by using the center of the ellipse as the real circle center projection is addressed,and the results are utilized as the true image points to achieve the high precision camera calibration.As demonstrated by the simulations and practical experiments,the proposed method performs a better location and calibration performance by achieving the actual center projection of circular marks.The relevant results confirm the precision and robustness of the proposed approach.

Darboux transformation,infinite conservation laws,and exact solutions for the nonlocal Hirota equation with variable coefficients

This article presents the construction of a nonlocal Hirota equation with variable coefficients and its Darboux transformation.Using zero-seed solutions,1-soliton and 2-soliton solutions of the equation are constructed through the Darboux transformation,along with the expression for N-soliton solutions.Influence of coefficients that are taken as a function of time instead of a constant,i.e.,coefficient functionδ(t),on the solutions is investigated by choosing the coefficient functionδ(t),and the dynamics of the solutions are analyzed.This article utilizes the Lax pair to construct infinite conservation laws and extends it to nonlocal equations.The study of infinite conservation laws for nonlocal equations holds significant implications for the integrability of nonlocal equations.

Empirical Likelihood Statistical Inference for Compound Poisson Vector Processes under Infinite Covariance Matrix

The paper discusses the statistical inference problem of the compound Poisson vector process(CPVP)in the domain of attraction of normal law but with infinite covariance matrix.The empirical likelihood(EL)method to construct confidence regions for the mean vector has been proposed.It is a generalization from the finite second-order moments to the infinite second-order moments in the domain of attraction of normal law.The log-empirical likelihood ratio statistic for the average number of the CPVP converges to F distribution in distribution when the population is in the domain of attraction of normal law but has infinite covariance matrix.Some simulation results are proposed to illustrate the method of the paper.

Generalized Series of Bernoulli Type

The problem of evaluating an infinite series whose successive terms are reciprocal squares of the natural numbers was posed without a solution being offered in the middle of the seventeenth century. In the modern era, it is part of the theory of the Riemann zeta-function, specifically ζ (2). Jakob Bernoulli attempted to solve it by considering other more tractable series which were superficially similar and which he hoped could be algebraically manipulated to yield a solution to the difficult series. This approach was eventually unsuccessful, however, Bernoulli did produce an early monograph on summation of series. It remained for Bernoulli’s student and countryman Leonhard Euler to ultimately determine the sum to be . We characterize a class of series based on generalizing Bernoulli’s original work by adding two additional parameters to the summations. We also develop a recursion formula that allows summation of any member of the class.

Shift, the Law of the Invention of Zero

After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.

Convergence of a Sinusoidal Series with an Infinite Integral

In this paper, we study the relationship between the convergence of the sinusoidal series and the infinity integrals (any real number α ∈[0,1], parameter p > 0). First of all, we study the convergence of the series (any real number α ∈[0,1], parameter p > 0), mainly using the estimation property of the order to obtain that the series diverges when 0 p ≤1-α, the series converges conditionally when 1-α p ≤1, and the series converges absolutely when p >1. In the next part, we study the convergence state of the infinite integral (any real number α ∈[0,1], parameter p > 0), and get that when 0 p ≤1-α, the infinite integral diverges;when 1-α p ≤1, the infinite integral conditionally converges;when p >1, the infinite integral absolutely converges. Comparison of the conclusions of the above theorem, it is not difficult to derive the theorem: the level of and the infinity integral with the convergence of the state (any real number α ∈[0,1], the parameter p >0), thus promoting the textbook of the two with the convergence of the state requires the function of the general term or the product of the function must be monotonically decreasing conditions.

Well-Posedness and Infinite Propagation Speed for the Fifth-Order Camassa-Holm Equation with Weakly Dissipative Term

In this paper, we study the fifth-order Camassa-Holm equation with weakly dissipative term. We first give the local well-posedness result and the blow up criterion. Then, we establish sufficient conditions to guarantee that the solution exists globally in time. Finally, the infinite propagation speed of this equation is also investigated.

The Concept of Digital Human Rights and Its Reshaping of Basic Rights

Whether a new generation of human rights emerges in the digital age has sparked widespread debate.Academic understanding of digital technology remains confined to thinking about network technology and products,often overlooking the revolutionary nature of digital media.Digital media has the sweeping potential to unify all forms of media and reshape social life,giving rise to new demands for a new generation of human rights.The concept of digital human rights can be defined as the legitimate rights of human's infinitely extended personalities through digital media.Its core characteristic is its transcendency,where every person lives in a networked space that surpasses physical boundaries,nations,and individual personalities.Human rights are generally considered the foundation for basic constitutional rights,which,in turn,form the basis for legislative acts across various sectors.In recent years,China has enacted numerous laws in the digital domain to keep pace with the times,but due to the lack of guidance on digital human rights,these laws tend to be fragmented and disjointed.It is urgent to unify digital legislation at all levels on the basis of reshaping basic constitutional rights.Thus,it is essential to reshape the basic rights based on the concept and characteristics of digital human rights and streamline legislation at all levels under the unified guidance of basic rights.This can help establish a comprehensive digital human rights protection system that meets the demands of the modern era.

The Structural Responses of Columns under Various Loadings

This paper focuses on the seismic resistance of one-storied factories, which are commonly used in China due to their flexibility, low cost, and short construction period. With the increasing demand for construction materials, these factories play a vital role in meeting the demands of urbanization and infrastructure development. The seismic resistance of these factories is critical to ensure safety, and this paper presents research on this topic. The paper highlights the advantages of one-storied factories, such as low maintenance cost and seismic resistance, and emphasizes the importance of conducting research on their seismic resistance to ensure safety in construction projects.

Minus Infinity Plus Infinity

Mankind has always been fascinated by nature and has striven to understand its functioning.What lies beyond the stars,what hides inside atoms,how to reach the stars,how to tap the vast energy inside the atoms,what is the correlation between space and time and how to exploit it-these are only a sample of the infinite questions to which we seek answers.In this editorial we explore some of the pressing issues that we are currently trying to address.

Analytical and numerical investigations of displaced thermal state evolutions in a laser process

We investigate how displaced thermal states （DTSs） evolve in a laser channel. Remarkably, the initial DTS, an example of a mixed state, still remains mixed and thermal. At long times, they finally decay to a highly classical thermal field only related to the laser parameters κ and g. The normal ordering product of density operator of the DTS in the laser channel leads to obtaining the analytical time-evolution expressions of the photon number, Wigner function, and von Neumann entropy. Also, some interesting results are presented via numerically investigating these explicit time-dependent expressions.

Explicit solution of diffusion master equation under the action of linear resonance force via the thermal entangled state representation

Using the well-behaved features of the thermal entangled state representation, we solve the diffusion master equation under the action of a linear resonance force, and then obtain the infinitive operator-sum representation of the density operator. This approach may also be effective for treating other master equations. Moreover, we find that the initial pure coherent state evolves into a mixed thermal state after passing through the diffusion process under the action of the linear resonance force.