The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor infl...The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.展开更多
Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our...Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.展开更多
Prunus is an economically important genus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.Previous studies on the genus using a variety of loci yielded conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses.Here,we generated nuc...Prunus is an economically important genus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.Previous studies on the genus using a variety of loci yielded conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses.Here,we generated nuclear reduced representation sequencing data and plastid genomes for 36 Prunus individuals and two outgroups.Both nuclear and plastome data recovered a well-resolved phylogeny.The species were divided into three main clades corresponding to their inflorescence types,-the racemose group,the solitary-flower group and the corymbose group-with the latter two sister to one another.Prunus was inferred to have diversified initially in the Late Cretaceous around 67.32 million years ago.The diversification of the three major clades began between the Paleocene and Miocene,suggesting that paleoclimatic events were an important driving force for Prunus diversification.Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of Prunus had racemose inflorescences,and the solitary-flower and corymb inflorescence types were derived by reduction of flower number and suppression of the rachis,respectively.We also tested the hybrid origin hypothesis of the racemose group proposed in previous studies.Prunus has undergone extensive hybridization events,although it is difficult to identify conclusively specific instances of hybridization when using SNP data,especially deep in the phylogeny.Our study provides well-resolved nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Prunus,reveals substantial cytonuclear discord at shallow scales,and sheds new light on inflorescence evolution in this economically important lineage.展开更多
Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world,and inflorescence is a trait that directly affects its yield.Phospholipase C(PLCs)is involved in many plant activities and metabolic processes.To ...Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world,and inflorescence is a trait that directly affects its yield.Phospholipase C(PLCs)is involved in many plant activities and metabolic processes.To study the functions of PLC family genes in the regulation of the inflorescence development of the female line of Lm-type castor aLmAB2,we determined the expression levels of six PLC family genes of three types of inflorescences of aLmAB2(isofemale line,female line,bisexual line)at different developmental stages.The results showed that the 6 genes of the castor PLC family had relative expression levels at different developmental stages of the three types of inflorescences.The subcellular location of all six protein products was the cell membrane.The six genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain the T3 generation-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana plants.The results showed that the overexpression of six genes significantly promoted the maturation of Arabidopsis thaliana,the growth of lateral moss,and the development of flowers and pods,but the development of basal leaves and stem leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana was significantly inhibited.According to homology analysis,it is speculated that PLC2,PLC2M,PLC2N,PLC4,PLC4X2,and PLC6 genes have the same regulatory function.展开更多
Maize ear development determines the crop yield,and many important transcription factors(TFs)have been identified to function in this process.However,their transcriptional regulation mechanisms are still elusive.In th...Maize ear development determines the crop yield,and many important transcription factors(TFs)have been identified to function in this process.However,their transcriptional regulation mechanisms are still elusive.In this study,we generated the genome-wide DNA binding sites for 8 TFs which are known to function or highly expressed in inflorescence by applying the ts CUT&Tag method in maize leaf protoplast.We exposed a regulatory grid of 4 WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)genes and revealed their potential regulatory mechanisms.In addition,a hierarchical regulation network for the determinacy and specification of maize inflorescence meristems were also constructed using the binding profiles of a floral development gene INDETERMINATE FLORAL APEX1(IFA1)and 3 MADS-box genes.Our study provides an in-depth understanding and new insights of the regulatory mechanisms during maize inflorescence development.展开更多
Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)...Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.展开更多
In flowering plants,the inflorescence meristem(IM)provides founder cells to form successive floral meristems,which are precursors of fruits and seeds.The activity and developmental progression of IM are thus critical ...In flowering plants,the inflorescence meristem(IM)provides founder cells to form successive floral meristems,which are precursors of fruits and seeds.The activity and developmental progression of IM are thus critical for yield production in seed crops.In some cereals,such as rice(Oryza sativa)and maize(Zea mays),the size of undifferentiated IM,which is located at the inflorescence apex,is positively associated with yield traits such as spikelet number.However,the relationship between IM size and yieldrelated spike traits remains unknown in the Triticeae tribe.Here we report that IM size has a negative correlation with yield traits in barley(Hordeum vulgare).Three FASCIATED EAR(FEA)orthologs,HvFEA2,HvFEA3,and HvFEA4,regulate IM size and spike morphogenesis and ultimately affect yield traits.Three HvFEAs genes are highly expressed in developing spikes,and all three loss-of-function mutants exhibit enlarged IM size,shortened spikes,and reduced spikelet number,which may lead to reduced grain yield.Natural variations identified in HvFEAs indicate selection events during barley domestication.We further reveal that HvFEA4,as a transcription factor,potentially targets multiple pathways during reproductive development,including transcriptional control,phytohormone signaling,and redox status.The roles of barley FEA genes in limiting IM size and promoting spikelet formation suggest the potential of increasing yield by manipulating IM activity.展开更多
The shape of an inflorescence varies among cereals,ranging from a highly branched panicle in rice to a much more compact spike in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,little is known about...The shape of an inflorescence varies among cereals,ranging from a highly branched panicle in rice to a much more compact spike in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,little is known about the molecular basis of cereal inflorescence architecture.We profiled transcriptomes at three developmental stages of the barley main shoot apex—spikelet initiation,floral organ differentiation,and floral organ growth—and compared them with those from vegetative seedling tissue.Transcript analyses identified 3688 genes differentially transcribed between the three meristem stages,with a further 1394 genes preferentially expressed in reproductive compared with vegetative tissue.Coexpression assembly and Gene Ontology analysis classified these 4888 genes into 28 clusters,revealing distinct patterns for genes such as transcription factors,histone modification,and cell-cycle progression specific for each stage of inflorescence development.We also compared expression patterns of VRS(SIX-ROWED SPIKE)genes and auxin-,gibberellic acid-and cytokinin-associated genes between two-rowed and six-rowed barley to describe regulators of lateral spikelet fertility.Our findings reveal barley inflorescence phase-specific gene expression,identify new candidate genes that regulate barley meristem activities and flower development,and provide a new genetic resource for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms of spike development.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the eytoproteetive and antidiabetic activities as well as phytochemical composition of the immature inflorescence of Cocas nucifera belonging to the Arecaceae Family.Methods:The phytochemical scre...Objective:To analyze the eytoproteetive and antidiabetic activities as well as phytochemical composition of the immature inflorescence of Cocas nucifera belonging to the Arecaceae Family.Methods:The phytochemical screening of inflorescence was done to determine the major constituents present in Cocos nucifera inflorescence.The free radical scavenging potential of inflorescence extracts were evaluated using in vitro radical scavenging assay models.Results:The phytochemical analyses on inflorescence showed the presence of phenolic compounds,flavonoids.resins and alkaloids.The macronutrient analyses,on the other hand,showed the presence of carbohydrate,proteins and fibers.Administration of the methanol extract of coconut inflorescence to the diabetic rats showed dose dependent reduction in hyperglycemia.The cytoprotective property of coconut inflorescence was evidenced from the acute toxicological evaluation.The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats treated with inflorescence when compared with the diabetic control rats.Conclusion:The results obtained from the present study apparently proved the non-toxic nature and the eytoproteetive and antihyperglycemic properties of coconut inflorescence.展开更多
Rosa sterilis S.D.Shi is an important economic tree in China that produces fruits with high nutritional and medicinal value.Many of R.sterills’organs are covered with different types of trichomes or prickles that dir...Rosa sterilis S.D.Shi is an important economic tree in China that produces fruits with high nutritional and medicinal value.Many of R.sterills’organs are covered with different types of trichomes or prickles that directly affect fruit appearance and plant management.This study used RNA sequencing technology to analyze the transcriptomes of two parts of the inflorescence branch,namely inflorescence stems with flagellated trichomes and pedicels with both flagellated and glandular trichomes.Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that many transcription factors(TFs)are potentially involved in the formation and development of trichomes.The accumulation of RsETC1,a TF of the R3-MYB family,was significantly higher in inflorescence stems than in pedicels;quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRTPCR)verified that its expression was significantly higher in inflorescence stems than in pedicels during the first three development stages,indicating its inhibitory action on the initiation of glandular trichomes in R.sterilis.The mRNA level of RsETC1 accumulated to significantly higher levels in trichomeless tissues than in tissues with trichromes,suggesting that this gene may inhibit the formation of trichomes in R.sterilis.Over-expression of RsETC1 in Arabidopsis resulted in glabrous phenotypes,and the expression of trichome-related endogenous genes,except for TTG1,was markedly reduced.In addition,the contents of the phytohormones jasmonic acid(JA),gibberellin A3(GA_(3)),and cytokinins(CKs)in pedicels were significantly higher than those in inflorescence stems,and the expression patterns of the genes related to hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction presented consistent responses,suggesting that the transduction of these hormones might be crucial for trichome initiation and development.These data provide a new perspective for revealing the molecular mechanism of trichome formation in R.sterilis.展开更多
基金the following agencies:the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(YDZJ202201ZYTS453)the Scientific Research Project of the Jilin Provincial Department of Education(JJKH20220010KJ)+6 种基金the Program for Innovative Research Team of Baicheng Normal University,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860071)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation Project(2021MS03008)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Grassland Talent Innovation Team(2022)the 2022 Basic Scientific Research Business Cost Project of Universities Directly under the Autonomous Region(237)the Open Fund Project of Inner Mongolia Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center(MDK2021011,MDK2022014,MDK2022008,MDK2021008,MDK2022009,MDK2023003)Fundamental Research Funds for Universities Directly under the Autonomous Region in 2023 of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities(225,227,243,244)New Agricultural Science Research and Reform Practice Project of the Ministry of Education(2020114)。
文摘The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860071)Ministry of Education New Agricultural Research and Reform Practice Program(2020114)+4 种基金Surface Program of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2021MS03008)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Grassland Talent Innovation Team-Rolling Support Program for Castor Molecular Breeding Research Innovation Talent Teams(2022)2023 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Department Establishes the Project of Key Laboratory Construction of Castor Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionInner Mongolia University for Nationalities 2022 Basic Research Operating Expenses of Colleges and Universities directly under the Autonomous Region Project(237)Open Fund Project of Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(MDK2021011,MDK2022014).
文摘Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.
基金This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170381 and 31770200).
文摘Prunus is an economically important genus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.Previous studies on the genus using a variety of loci yielded conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses.Here,we generated nuclear reduced representation sequencing data and plastid genomes for 36 Prunus individuals and two outgroups.Both nuclear and plastome data recovered a well-resolved phylogeny.The species were divided into three main clades corresponding to their inflorescence types,-the racemose group,the solitary-flower group and the corymbose group-with the latter two sister to one another.Prunus was inferred to have diversified initially in the Late Cretaceous around 67.32 million years ago.The diversification of the three major clades began between the Paleocene and Miocene,suggesting that paleoclimatic events were an important driving force for Prunus diversification.Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of Prunus had racemose inflorescences,and the solitary-flower and corymb inflorescence types were derived by reduction of flower number and suppression of the rachis,respectively.We also tested the hybrid origin hypothesis of the racemose group proposed in previous studies.Prunus has undergone extensive hybridization events,although it is difficult to identify conclusively specific instances of hybridization when using SNP data,especially deep in the phylogeny.Our study provides well-resolved nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Prunus,reveals substantial cytonuclear discord at shallow scales,and sheds new light on inflorescence evolution in this economically important lineage.
基金the following agencies:National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860071)New Agricultural Research and Reform Practice Project of the Ministry of Education(2020114)+8 种基金Grassland Talent Innovation Team of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region-Castor Molecular Breeding Research Innovative Talent Team(2022)Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities 2022 Basic Research Business Funds for Universities Directly under the Autonomous Region(237)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021 MS03008)In 2023,the Department of Science and Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Approved the Construction Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding and Comprehensive UtilizationInner Mongolia Autonomous Region Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center Open Fund Project(MDK2021011,MDK2022014)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021BS03036)Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities Doctoral Research Start-Up Fund(BS672)Castor Industry Technology Innovation Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center Open Project(MDK2021004)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center Open Project(MDK2022016).
文摘Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world,and inflorescence is a trait that directly affects its yield.Phospholipase C(PLCs)is involved in many plant activities and metabolic processes.To study the functions of PLC family genes in the regulation of the inflorescence development of the female line of Lm-type castor aLmAB2,we determined the expression levels of six PLC family genes of three types of inflorescences of aLmAB2(isofemale line,female line,bisexual line)at different developmental stages.The results showed that the 6 genes of the castor PLC family had relative expression levels at different developmental stages of the three types of inflorescences.The subcellular location of all six protein products was the cell membrane.The six genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain the T3 generation-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana plants.The results showed that the overexpression of six genes significantly promoted the maturation of Arabidopsis thaliana,the growth of lateral moss,and the development of flowers and pods,but the development of basal leaves and stem leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana was significantly inhibited.According to homology analysis,it is speculated that PLC2,PLC2M,PLC2N,PLC4,PLC4X2,and PLC6 genes have the same regulatory function.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172026)the 111 Project Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding(B20051)。
文摘Maize ear development determines the crop yield,and many important transcription factors(TFs)have been identified to function in this process.However,their transcriptional regulation mechanisms are still elusive.In this study,we generated the genome-wide DNA binding sites for 8 TFs which are known to function or highly expressed in inflorescence by applying the ts CUT&Tag method in maize leaf protoplast.We exposed a regulatory grid of 4 WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)genes and revealed their potential regulatory mechanisms.In addition,a hierarchical regulation network for the determinacy and specification of maize inflorescence meristems were also constructed using the binding profiles of a floral development gene INDETERMINATE FLORAL APEX1(IFA1)and 3 MADS-box genes.Our study provides an in-depth understanding and new insights of the regulatory mechanisms during maize inflorescence development.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860071)Research and Reform Practice Project in New Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Education in 2020(2020114)+7 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021MS03008)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Grassland Talents Innovation Team—Castor Molecular Breeding Research Innovative Talent Team Rolling Support Project(2022)Higher Education Teaching Reform Research Project of National Ethnic Affairs Commission in 2021(21082)Fundamental Research Funds in Higher Education Institutions of Inner Mongolia in 2022(237)Autonomous Region Basic Scientific Reasearch Business Fee Projest of Inner Mongolia MinZu University in 2023(225,227,244)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center Construction Project(MDK2021011,MDK2022014)Open Fund Project in State Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding of China’s National Ethnic Affairs Commission(MDK2021008)Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Education(JJKH20220010KJ).
文摘Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.
基金financially supported by the Science and Research Grant of Southwest University of Science and Technology(19zx7146)the start-up grant from Nanjing Agricultural University(to Gang Li)+2 种基金the Australia–China Science and Research Fund Joint Research Centre grant(ACSRF48187)the Australian Research Council(DP170103352)the Waite Research Institute(WRI)of the University of Adelaide。
文摘In flowering plants,the inflorescence meristem(IM)provides founder cells to form successive floral meristems,which are precursors of fruits and seeds.The activity and developmental progression of IM are thus critical for yield production in seed crops.In some cereals,such as rice(Oryza sativa)and maize(Zea mays),the size of undifferentiated IM,which is located at the inflorescence apex,is positively associated with yield traits such as spikelet number.However,the relationship between IM size and yieldrelated spike traits remains unknown in the Triticeae tribe.Here we report that IM size has a negative correlation with yield traits in barley(Hordeum vulgare).Three FASCIATED EAR(FEA)orthologs,HvFEA2,HvFEA3,and HvFEA4,regulate IM size and spike morphogenesis and ultimately affect yield traits.Three HvFEAs genes are highly expressed in developing spikes,and all three loss-of-function mutants exhibit enlarged IM size,shortened spikes,and reduced spikelet number,which may lead to reduced grain yield.Natural variations identified in HvFEAs indicate selection events during barley domestication.We further reveal that HvFEA4,as a transcription factor,potentially targets multiple pathways during reproductive development,including transcriptional control,phytohormone signaling,and redox status.The roles of barley FEA genes in limiting IM size and promoting spikelet formation suggest the potential of increasing yield by manipulating IM activity.
基金supported by Australian Research Council(DP170103352)an Australia-China Science and Research Fund Joint Research Centre grant ACSRF48187+2 种基金Start-up funding(Australia,13114779,62117250)for Dabing Zhang from the School of Agriculture,Food and Wine,The University of Adelaidethe Innovative Research Team,Ministry of Education of Chinathe 111 Project(B14016)
文摘The shape of an inflorescence varies among cereals,ranging from a highly branched panicle in rice to a much more compact spike in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,little is known about the molecular basis of cereal inflorescence architecture.We profiled transcriptomes at three developmental stages of the barley main shoot apex—spikelet initiation,floral organ differentiation,and floral organ growth—and compared them with those from vegetative seedling tissue.Transcript analyses identified 3688 genes differentially transcribed between the three meristem stages,with a further 1394 genes preferentially expressed in reproductive compared with vegetative tissue.Coexpression assembly and Gene Ontology analysis classified these 4888 genes into 28 clusters,revealing distinct patterns for genes such as transcription factors,histone modification,and cell-cycle progression specific for each stage of inflorescence development.We also compared expression patterns of VRS(SIX-ROWED SPIKE)genes and auxin-,gibberellic acid-and cytokinin-associated genes between two-rowed and six-rowed barley to describe regulators of lateral spikelet fertility.Our findings reveal barley inflorescence phase-specific gene expression,identify new candidate genes that regulate barley meristem activities and flower development,and provide a new genetic resource for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms of spike development.
基金supported by Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment(KSCSTE)
文摘Objective:To analyze the eytoproteetive and antidiabetic activities as well as phytochemical composition of the immature inflorescence of Cocas nucifera belonging to the Arecaceae Family.Methods:The phytochemical screening of inflorescence was done to determine the major constituents present in Cocos nucifera inflorescence.The free radical scavenging potential of inflorescence extracts were evaluated using in vitro radical scavenging assay models.Results:The phytochemical analyses on inflorescence showed the presence of phenolic compounds,flavonoids.resins and alkaloids.The macronutrient analyses,on the other hand,showed the presence of carbohydrate,proteins and fibers.Administration of the methanol extract of coconut inflorescence to the diabetic rats showed dose dependent reduction in hyperglycemia.The cytoprotective property of coconut inflorescence was evidenced from the acute toxicological evaluation.The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats treated with inflorescence when compared with the diabetic control rats.Conclusion:The results obtained from the present study apparently proved the non-toxic nature and the eytoproteetive and antihyperglycemic properties of coconut inflorescence.
基金supported by grants from the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou Province,China(U1812401)the Talent Project of Guizhou Province,China(20164016)。
文摘Rosa sterilis S.D.Shi is an important economic tree in China that produces fruits with high nutritional and medicinal value.Many of R.sterills’organs are covered with different types of trichomes or prickles that directly affect fruit appearance and plant management.This study used RNA sequencing technology to analyze the transcriptomes of two parts of the inflorescence branch,namely inflorescence stems with flagellated trichomes and pedicels with both flagellated and glandular trichomes.Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that many transcription factors(TFs)are potentially involved in the formation and development of trichomes.The accumulation of RsETC1,a TF of the R3-MYB family,was significantly higher in inflorescence stems than in pedicels;quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRTPCR)verified that its expression was significantly higher in inflorescence stems than in pedicels during the first three development stages,indicating its inhibitory action on the initiation of glandular trichomes in R.sterilis.The mRNA level of RsETC1 accumulated to significantly higher levels in trichomeless tissues than in tissues with trichromes,suggesting that this gene may inhibit the formation of trichomes in R.sterilis.Over-expression of RsETC1 in Arabidopsis resulted in glabrous phenotypes,and the expression of trichome-related endogenous genes,except for TTG1,was markedly reduced.In addition,the contents of the phytohormones jasmonic acid(JA),gibberellin A3(GA_(3)),and cytokinins(CKs)in pedicels were significantly higher than those in inflorescence stems,and the expression patterns of the genes related to hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction presented consistent responses,suggesting that the transduction of these hormones might be crucial for trichome initiation and development.These data provide a new perspective for revealing the molecular mechanism of trichome formation in R.sterilis.