SciCN:A Scientific Dataset for Chinese Named Entity Recognition

Named entity recognition(NER)is a fundamental task of information extraction(IE),and it has attracted considerable research attention in recent years.The abundant annotated English NER datasets have significantly promoted the NER research in the English field.By contrast,much fewer efforts are made to the Chinese NER research,especially in the scientific domain,due to the scarcity of Chinese NER datasets.To alleviate this problem,we present aChinese scientificNER dataset–SciCN,which contains entity annotations of titles and abstracts derived from 3,500 scientific papers.We manually annotate a total of 62,059 entities,and these entities are classified into six types.Compared to English scientific NER datasets,SciCN has a larger scale and is more diverse,for it not only contains more paper abstracts but these abstracts are derived from more research fields.To investigate the properties of SciCN and provide baselines for future research,we adapt a number of previous state-of-theart Chinese NER models to evaluate SciCN.Experimental results show that SciCN is more challenging than other Chinese NER datasets.In addition,previous studies have proven the effectiveness of using lexicons to enhance Chinese NER models.Motivated by this fact,we provide a scientific domain-specific lexicon.Validation results demonstrate that our lexicon delivers better performance gains than lexicons of other domains.We hope that the SciCN dataset and the lexicon will enable us to benchmark the NER task regarding the Chinese scientific domain and make progress for future research.The dataset and lexicon are available at:https://github.com/yangjingla/SciCN.git.

Evaluation of the Living Conditions and Health Perceptions of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Handlers in the Informal Sector in Dakar

Electrical and electronic devices are becoming an increasingly important part of our society. In Africa, and in Senegal in particular, the handling and management of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) that has reached the end of its life is mainly informal. This professional environment is characterized by the disintegration of the sector and the social heterogeneity that can be found there. The objective of this study is to assess the standard of living of electrical and electronic equipment waste handlers in the Dakar region, as well as their perception of their health. A survey was used to obtain information on sociodemographic background, living arrangements, perception of health status, and good practices to be implemented in case of work-related health problems. Life style, perception of general health and health problems were ranged as excellent, very good, good, average and poor. Informal recyclers in the Dakar region lived mainly in rooms and buildings as tenants (49.1%), or in family homes (48.4%) before starting this activity, and 51.2% continue to live in rooms and buildings as tenants compared to 41.4% who still live in a family home. The perception of health status ranged from poor to excellent, and 4.9% believe that they are limited in work due to a disability or health problem. Informal work is a heterogeneous phenomenon that makes research and policymaking particularly complex. There are several external factors within informal WEEE re-cyclers that can cause health problems or functional disability. However, the living conditions and the perception they have of their state of health are contradictory to the working conditions and the social environment to which they belong. A biomedical approach would consolidate these achievements by confirming or invalidating them.

Insomnia Burden among Informal Caregivers of Hospitalized Lung Cancer Patients and Its Influencing Factors

Objective This study aimed to reveal the insomnia burden and relevant influencing factors among informal caregivers(ICs)of hospitalized patients with lung cancer.Methods A cross-sectional study on ICs of hospitalized patients with lung cancer was conducted from December 31,2020 to December 31,2021.ICs’burden was assessed using the Caregiver Reaction Assessment(CRA),Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and Insomnia Severity Index(ISI).Linear and logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors.Results Among 289 ICs of hospitalized patients with lung cancer,83(28.72%),53(18.34%),and 14(4.84%)ICs experienced mild,moderate,and severe insomnia,respectively.The scores concerning self-esteem,lack of family support,financial problems,disturbed schedule,and health problems were 4.32±0.53,2.24±0.79,2.84±1.14,3.63±0.77,and 2.44±0.95,respectively.ICs with higher Activities of Daily Living Scale(ADLS)scores were associated with a lower risk of insomnia,with an odd ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)of 0.940(0.898–0.983).Among the ICs,female gender(OR=2.597),alcohol consumption(OR=3.745),underlying medical conditions(OR=11.765),long-term caregiving experience(OR=37.037),and higher monthly expenses(OR=5.714)were associated with a high risk of insomnia.Conclusion Of the hospitalized patients with lung cancer,51.9%experienced insomnia.Patients’ADL,ICs gender,alcohol consumption,underlying medical conditions,caregiving duration,and monthly expenses were influencing factors.Therefore,prompt screening and early intervention for ICs of patients with lung cancer is necessary.

Rice vs.Wheat:How Rice Farming Shaped Informal Finance in China

China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.

高速铁路日常客运量的EMD-Informer组合预测方法

铁路客流需求的科学预测是进行运输组织方案决策的重要依据。以高速铁路历史客票数据为基础,结合经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)与机器深度学习中的注意力机制,提出高速铁路日客流量的EMD-Informer组合预测方法。首先采用EMD方法分解高速铁路客流量序列,获得具有周期特征和线路客流内在特征的模态分量,再利用Informer模型分别训练和预测各模态分解分量,并通过多头注意力机制高效挖掘客流数据内在规律和捕捉数据序列中的关键特征,在此基础上重组各分量预测值,从而得到高速铁路日常客流的整体高精度预测值。同时,根据结合问题特征的大量实验,明确可供实际运用参考的超参数设置规则。基于京沪高速铁路全线的实例计算分析表明,相对对比预测方法,EMD-Informer组合预测方法在高速铁路客流的单步预测及超前预测上均具有明显更小的预测误差。

Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Children with Acute Diarrhea in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya

Diarrhea is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children aged Escherichia coli (DEC) accounts for 30% - 40% of childhood diarrhea cases. To identify the pathotypes involved in diarrheal outbreaks in Kenya, we analyzed archived E. coli isolates from children E. coli confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done using the VITEK®2 instrument. Pathotype identification was performed via conventional polymerase chain reaction. Of 175 E. coli isolates, 48 (27%) were DEC pathotypes, with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) predominating (71%, 34/48). Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) represented 19% and 10% of isolates, respectively. Enteroinvasive and enterotoxigenic pathotypes were not identified. All DEC isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem and tigecycline. Conversely, most (>80%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Half of all EAEC and EPEC strains were resistant to cefazolin while half of EHEC isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. In total, 18 resistance phenotypes were identified with “ampicillin-cefazolin-ampicillin/ sulbactam-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim” predominating (33%, 16/48). The majority (81%) of DEC isolates were multidrug-resistant, with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production identified in 8% of these isolates. This study highlights the predominance of Enteroaggregative E. coli and multidrug resistance of DEC pathotypes. Studying the epidemiology of diarrheal disease and antimicrobial resistance surveillance, will aid in identifying dominant etiological agents of diarrhea and newly emerging resistant strains in informal settlements.

Physicochemical Properties and Health Risks of Informal E-Waste Processing at Alaba International Market in Lagos, Nigeria

This study investigated the groundwater quality and health risks associated with informal e-waste processing in the Alaba International Market in Lagos, Nigeria. Twenty-two groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells in the market area and analyzed for physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that the groundwater quality was poor, with high levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, lead, and chromium. The health index (HI) for children and adults was above the tolerable threshold levels, indicating a potential health risk to the population. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify the sources of metals in groundwater, and the results showed that informal e-waste processing was a significant source of contamination. The study highlights the need for effective management strategies to mitigate the potential health risks associated with informal e-waste processing and ensure public health and environmental safety.

机场能见度临近预测方法

能见度是保障机场航班安全、正常运行的重要标准之一。为精准预测能见度,使用2020年天津机场气象和常规空气质量监测数据,构建基于方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor,VIF)、主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis,PCA)和Informer的能见度预测模型,并将均方根误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分比误差作为评价指标进行误差分析。结果显示,VIF PCA Informer模型比单一的Informer和简单组合模型效果更优,能更好地捕捉长时间序列特征的关系。相比于单一的Informer、长短期记忆神经网络和门控循环单元模型,VIF PCA Informer模型均方根误差下降了0.2141~0.3486,平均绝对误差下降了0.1842~0.2753,平均绝对百分比误差下降了0.3224~0.5270;VIF PCA Informer模型对能见度的临近预测(1 h)更为精准。使用高效的机场能见度预测模型可在保障航班安全高效运行方面发挥较大支撑作用。

A Review of Informal Employment Research

With the development of the economy and society, employment forms have shown a trend of diversification. Informal employment has become an important form of employment, and governments have introduced policies to protect the rights of informal workers. This paper reviews the literature on informal employment and summarizes the definition, role, and impact of informal employment, governance, rural informal employment, and women’s power in informal employment. The study concludes that the impact of informal employment is twofold. On the one hand, informal employment provides employment opportunities and contributes to economic growth. On the other hand, the wages, working environment, and institutional security of informal workers are inferior to those of formal workers. In addition, most studies have focused on urban spaces, and there are fewer studies on rural informal employment, especially for rural women. Due to gender, education level, and family care, informal employment has become the main employment form of the rural female labor force, and it is particularly important to study their employment status and rights protection.

寒冷条件下高拱坝施工过程仿真方法研究

众多高拱坝施工面临着恶劣寒冷气候的考验。然而,现有的高拱坝施工过程仿真方法较少直接考虑气温对施工的影响,且未考虑基于气温预测成果进行动态分块,以分析寒冷条件下利用正温时段进行浇筑的特点。针对以上问题,本文提出了基于Informer的寒冷条件下高拱坝施工过程仿真方法。首先,提出基于Informer气温预测模型,实现未来气温序列的预测,在此基础上实现可施工时段分析;其次,建立考虑动态分块的寒冷条件下高拱坝施工进度仿真模型,提出更加贴近实际施工情况的分块施工仿真策略,以更好地模拟和分析不同气温条件下的施工过程;最后,以西南地区的叶巴滩高拱坝工程为例进行研究,采用Informer模型对气温进行预测,平均误差为±1.49℃,每日的可施工时长平均误差为±1.16 h。通过对比三种不同的仿真策略,发现寒冷条件下采用动态分块策略可以充分利用可浇筑时段,施工效率更高,也表明在仿真中“考虑气温”比简单降效处理更加贴近实际情况。

基于STL-Informer-BiLSTM-XGB模型的供热负荷预测

供热负荷预测是指导供热系统调控的重要手段。提高供热负荷预测精度十分重要,针对机器学习中输出目标的分解预测,提出了一种基于季节和趋势分解(seasonal and trend decomposition using loess,STL)的供热负荷预测方法,构建了适用于供热负荷预测的输出目标。首先利用STL算法将供热负荷时间序列数据分解为趋势分量、周期分量和残差分量,分别训练Informer、BiLSTM和XGB模型,将构建好的3个分量预测模型的输出叠加作为初步预测结果,分析误差序列,以BiLSTM预测误差提高模型精度,构建出STL-Informer-BiLSTM-XGB预测模型。将上述模型与常用预测模型进行对比,结果表明所构建的STL-Informer-BiLSTM-XGB模型的MAPE、MAE和MSE分别为0.871%、96.18和13202.2,预测效果最优,验证了所提出的方法具有较高的供热负荷预测精度。

基于集成学习与深度学习的洪水径流预报研究

深度学习模型凭借其对水文因素间复杂作用的优秀处理能力,在水文预报领域得到了一定的应用,然而,针对集成学习与深度学习耦合模型的研究仍有所缺失。通过融合集成学习AdaBoost算法与深度学习Informer模型,提出了一种组合模型,称为AdaBoost-Informer模型,以提高洪水径流预报的精度。该模型以历史雨量和径流数据作为数据输入,将具备长时序依赖捕获能力的Informer作为集成学习的弱预测器,使用网格搜索法进行超参数调优,使用AdaBoost集成学习算法对弱预测器进行加权组合得到强预测器。在浙江省椒江流域的应用分析表明:对比Random Forest、AdaBoost、Transformer、Informer等模型,AdaBoost-Informer模型表现最佳,RMSE为62.08 m^(3)/s,MAE为23.83 m^(3)/s,NSE为0.980,预报合格率为100%。所提模型可有效提高洪水预报精度,为防汛抢险和防洪系统调度提供决策依据。

TimeGAN-Informer长时机场能见度预测

能见度的预测对机场的业务决策、保障飞机的安全起降具有重要的意义。针对现有能见度预测模型预测时间较短的问题,提出一种基于TimeGAN Informer(Time Generative Adversarial Network-Informer)的机场能见度预测方法。利用2018—2022年气象和污染物数据,通过相关系数法和递归特征消除法提取出能见度的主要影响因素,使用TimeGAN时间序列生成对抗网络对数据进行扩充,并将Informer长时间序列预测模型应用于能见度预测。结果显示:当预测步长为1 d、2 d、3 d时,TimeGAN Informer的绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)分别为2.42、3.13、3.57,比Informer分别降低了0.29、0.27、0.28,比长短时记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)分别降低了0.28、0.49、0.63;均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)分别为3.03、3.7、4.09,比Informer分别降低了0.38、0.22、0.24,比长短时记忆网络(LSTM)分别降低了0.3、0.5、1.04;百分误差小于30%的分别占测试样本集的78.07%、70.68%、63.84%。尽管随着步长的增加预测效果变差,但在预测步长为3 d时,多数样本的预测误差仍小于30%,实现了对机场区域较为准确的长时能见度预测。

基于Informer融合模型的油田开发指标预测方法

为解决油田开发指标的预测问题,提出了一种基于物质平衡方程和Informer的融合模型。首先,通过物质平衡方程领域知识建立油田开发产量递减前后的机理模型;其次,将所建机理模型作为约束与Informer模型损失函数进行融合建立符合油田开发物理规律的指标预测模型;最后,采用油田实际生产数据进行实验分析,结果表明相比于纯数据驱动的几种循环结构预测模型,本融合模型在相同数据条件下的预测效果更优。该模型的机理约束部分能引导模型的训练过程,使其收敛速度更快,且波峰波谷处的预测更准确。该融合模型具有更好的预测能力和泛化能力和比较合理的物理可解释性。

基于KCR-Informer的长期风电功率预测研究

准确的长期风电功率预测对电网系统稳定运行至关重要,传统预测方法在处理长序列预测时效果并不理想,近期研究表明Informer模型在长序列预测领域取得良好效果。然而,该模型在捕捉数据的局部特征以及处理网络层数堆叠问题上还有待改进。文章提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波器-卷积神经网络-残差网络-Informer(Kalman filter-convolutional neural network-residual network-informer,KCR-Informer)模型的长期风电功率预测方法,首先分析气象数据对风电功率的影响,使用卡尔曼滤波器对风电气象数据进行数据平滑处理,以减轻噪声对数据的影响,然后基于Informer模型建立风电功率预测模型,根据气象数据以及历史功率数据进行长期功率预测;在此基础上,引入卷积神经网络和残差连接模块,使模型能够更好的捕捉到局部特征,同时加快模型收敛,解决模型网络退化问题。算例的结果表明,与长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)算法、Transformer算法、Informer算法相比,文章方法在不同预测步长下的平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)降低5.7%~30%,均方误差(mean square error,MSE)降低8.3%~35%,长期风功率预测的精度得到提升,验证了模型的有效性。

基于时间序列的发电机设备异常分析

为提高发电机组设备运行维护管理水平,提出一种基于PCA-Informer方法的发电设备故障预测技术。首先使用主成分分析(PCA)算法降低时间序列数据的特征维度;其次将数据分批次输入Encoder中,由Encoder执行蒸馏操作,提取长时间序列输入间的Long-Range依赖,通过蒸馏操作为重要特征赋予更高的权重,并在下一层生成聚焦的Self-Attention Feature Map;最后由Decoder通过一个正向过程一步生成长序列输出。通过实验验证,该方法能够有效地对发电设备的故障进行预测。

基于Informer神经网络的锂离子电池容量退化轨迹预测

通过对锂离子电池容量退化轨迹的精确预测可以大幅提升电池材料的研究效率。针对Transformer网络在锂电池容量退化轨迹预测这种长时间序列预测任务中存在的问题,本工作采用滑动窗口策略,构建了一种基于Informer网络的锂离子电池容量退化轨迹预测方法。首先,利用滑动窗口对数据集进行划分和再拼接,便于神经网络挖掘数据序列内部的相关性;然后,根据Informer网络的周期性时间特征捕捉能力设计适用于锂电池数据的全局时间戳;最后,使用前10%容量数据通过多步滚动预测方法实现模型输出,缓解预测中的误差累积问题,进而得到完整的预测轨迹。通过选取不同的误差评价指标和训练过程中的时间开销,在美国马里兰大学提供的锂电池数据集上验证了所建立模型的准确性和训练效率,并在美国航空航天局提供的电池数据集上验证了模型的泛用性。本工作模型的预测结果与多层感知机神经网络、循环神经网络及Transformer网络模型对比,退化轨迹与真实轨迹最为拟合,且训练时间开销小,预测结果的平均绝对误差和均方根误差控制在2.57%和3.5%,验证了所提预测方法的有效性。

考虑天气特征与多变量相关性的配电网短期负荷预测

针对配电网短期负荷预测受到众多复杂天气特征等随机不确定性因素影响,以及传统预测模型难以有效分析不同特征序列之间的相关性等问题,提出一种考虑天气特征与多变量相关性的配电网短期负荷预测方法。首先,提出多变量快速最大信息系数(multi-variable rapid maximal information coefficient,MVRapidMIC)提取相关性高的天气特征序列。其次,引入探索性因子分析法(exploratory factor analysis,EFA),对高相关性特征序列进行降维处理。最后,将维度分段(dimension-segment-wise,DSW)机制和两阶段注意力(two-stage attention,TSA)机制与Informer模型结合,提高预测模型对不同特征序列相关性的分析能力。通过DTU 7K 47节点实际配电网的历史负荷数据开展仿真测试,验证所提方法的预测精度、鲁棒性和时效性。

利用聚类算法提高微地震初至拾取的稳定性

高效且准确地拾取有效信号的初至是微地震监测技术的关键。目前常用的微地震初至拾取算法是能量比算法,该算法应用简单且拾取效率高。但是能量比算法存在的主要问题是算法的抗噪性较差,拾取误差较大。为此,将聚类算法应用于微地震信号初至拾取,改进现有拾取算法。首先通过能量比算法对微地震初至进行一次拾取;然后通过聚类算法对一次拾取结果进行优化,提取其中的小误差初至;再对提取出的小误差初至的分布进行拟合,根据分布规律校正误差较大的初至;最后以优化后的初至为中心开时窗并利用AIC(Akaike Infor⁃mation Criteria)算法对微地震信号进行精细拾取。该算法结合了能量比算法和AIC算法的优点。实际数据测试结果表明,与传统算法相比该算法具有较高的拾取精度和抗噪性,而且可以有效识别多震相初至。此外,该算法的运算效率很高,适用于现场实时处理。

基于Revit平台的隔震支座快速建模模块开发与应用

随着隔震技术的推广应用以及建筑业信息化水平的持续提升,在隔震工程中对隔震层建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)建模的需求逐渐增长,然而针对性的研究工作相对较少。为此,围绕隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法和应用模块开展了研究。首先,综合隔震支座应用情况和力学特性,可将其分为橡胶隔震支座、滑移摩擦隔震支座和其他类型隔震支座,据此提出了隔震支座BIM快速建模模块基本架构;随后,基于Revit和Visual Studio平台开发了三类隔震支座BIM模型的快速建模功能,并实现了连接节点参数化建模和支座批量/手动布置的操作功能;最后,开展了某化工公司的库房隔震加固项目的隔震层BIM模型建模实践,结果表明:利用快速建模模块可将隔震层BIM建模操作从7个步骤降低至2个步骤,且使用过程中对隔震支座构造细节的认知要求相对较低。同时,建成后的BIM模型与实际工程在建筑信息的多个方面具有较好的一致性。相关研究可为建筑和桥梁隔震工程的BIM建模提供参考和借鉴。