Privacy-Preserving Information Fusion Technique for Device to Server-Enabled Communication in the Internet of Things:A Hybrid Approach

Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both customers,i.e.,people,and industries as wearable devices collect sensitive information about patients(both admitted and outdoor)in smart healthcare infrastructures.In addition to privacy,outliers or noise are among the crucial issues,which are directly correlated with IoT infrastructures,as most member devices are resource-limited and could generate or transmit false data that is required to be refined before processing,i.e.,transmitting.Therefore,the development of privacy-preserving information fusion techniques is highly encouraged,especially those designed for smart IoT-enabled domains.In this paper,we are going to present an effective hybrid approach that can refine raw data values captured by the respectivemember device before transmission while preserving its privacy through the utilization of the differential privacy technique in IoT infrastructures.Sliding window,i.e.,δi based dynamic programming methodology,is implemented at the device level to ensure precise and accurate detection of outliers or noisy data,and refine it prior to activation of the respective transmission activity.Additionally,an appropriate privacy budget has been selected,which is enough to ensure the privacy of every individualmodule,i.e.,a wearable device such as a smartwatch attached to the patient’s body.In contrast,the end module,i.e.,the server in this case,can extract important information with approximately the maximum level of accuracy.Moreover,refined data has been processed by adding an appropriate nose through the Laplace mechanism to make it useless or meaningless for the adversary modules in the IoT.The proposed hybrid approach is trusted from both the device’s privacy and the integrity of the transmitted information perspectives.Simulation and analytical results have proved that the proposed privacy-preserving information fusion technique for wearable devices is an ideal solution for resource-constrained infrastructures such as IoT and the Internet ofMedical Things,where both device privacy and information integrity are important.Finally,the proposed hybrid approach is proven against well-known intruder attacks,especially those related to the privacy of the respective device in IoT infrastructures.

A Multi-Constraint Path Optimization Scheme Based on Information Fusion in Software Defined Network

The existingmultipath routing in Software Defined Network (SDN) is relatively blind and inefficient, and there is alack of cooperation between the terminal and network sides, making it difficult to achieve dynamic adaptationof service requirements and network resources. To address these issues, we propose a multi-constraint pathoptimization scheme based on information fusion in SDN. The proposed scheme collects network topology andnetwork state information on the network side and computes disjoint paths between end hosts. It uses the FuzzyAnalytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to calculate the weight coefficients of multiple constrained parameters andconstructs a composite quality evaluation function for the paths to determine the priority of the disjoint paths. TheSDN controller extracts the service attributes by analyzing the packet header and selects the optimal path for flowrule forwarding. Furthermore, the service attributes are fed back to the path composite quality evaluation function,and the path priority is dynamically adjusted to achieve dynamic adaptation between service requirements andnetwork status. By continuously monitoring and analyzing the service attributes, the scheme can ensure optimalrouting decisions in response to varying network conditions and evolving service demands. The experimentalresults demonstrated that the proposed scheme can effectively improve average throughput and link utilizationwhile meeting the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of various applications.

Research on Driver’s Fatigue Detection Based on Information Fusion

Driving fatigue is a physiological phenomenon that often occurs during driving.After the driver enters a fatigued state,the attentionis lax,the response is slow,and the ability todeal with emergencies is significantly reduced,which can easily cause traffic accidents.Therefore,studying driver fatigue detectionmethods is significant in ensuring safe driving.However,the fatigue state of actual drivers is easily interfered with by the external environment(glasses and light),which leads to many problems,such as weak reliability of fatigue driving detection.Moreover,fatigue is a slow process,first manifested in physiological signals and then reflected in human face images.To improve the accuracy and stability of fatigue detection,this paper proposed a driver fatigue detection method based on image information and physiological information,designed a fatigue driving detection device,built a simulation driving experiment platform,and collected facial as well as physiological information of drivers during driving.Finally,the effectiveness of the fatigue detection method was evaluated.Eye movement feature parameters and physiological signal features of drivers’fatigue levels were extracted.The driver fatigue detection model was trained to classify fatigue and non-fatigue states based on the extracted features.Accuracy rates of the image,electroencephalogram(EEG),and blood oxygen signals were 86%,82%,and 71%,separately.Information fusion theory was presented to facilitate the fatigue detection effect;the fatigue features were fused using multiple kernel learning and typical correlation analysis methods to increase the detection accuracy to 94%.It can be seen that the fatigue driving detectionmethod based onmulti-source feature fusion effectively detected driver fatigue state,and the accuracy rate was higher than that of a single information source.In summary,fatigue drivingmonitoring has broad development prospects and can be used in traffic accident prevention and wearable driver fatigue recognition.

The Fusion of Temporal Sequence with Scene Priori Information in Deep Learning Object Recognition

For some important object recognition applications such as intelligent robots and unmanned driving, images are collected on a consecutive basis and associated among themselves, besides, the scenes have steady prior features. Yet existing technologies do not take full advantage of this information. In order to take object recognition further than existing algorithms in the above application, an object recognition method that fuses temporal sequence with scene priori information is proposed. This method first employs YOLOv3 as the basic algorithm to recognize objects in single-frame images, then the DeepSort algorithm to establish association among potential objects recognized in images of different moments, and finally the confidence fusion method and temporal boundary processing method designed herein to fuse, at the decision level, temporal sequence information with scene priori information. Experiments using public datasets and self-built industrial scene datasets show that due to the expansion of information sources, the quality of single-frame images has less impact on the recognition results, whereby the object recognition is greatly improved. It is presented herein as a widely applicable framework for the fusion of information under multiple classes. All the object recognition algorithms that output object class, location information and recognition confidence at the same time can be integrated into this information fusion framework to improve performance.

An Analysis Model of Learners’ Online Learning Status Based on Deep Neural Network and Multi-Dimensional Information Fusion

The learning status of learners directly affects the quality of learning.Compared with offline teachers,it is difficult for online teachers to capture the learning status of students in the whole class,and it is even more difficult to continue to pay attention to studentswhile teaching.Therefore,this paper proposes an online learning state analysis model based on a convolutional neural network and multi-dimensional information fusion.Specifically,a facial expression recognition model and an eye state recognition model are constructed to detect students’emotions and fatigue,respectively.By integrating the detected data with the homework test score data after online learning,an analysis model of students’online learning status is constructed.According to the PAD model,the learning state is expressed as three dimensions of students’understanding,engagement and interest,and then analyzed from multiple perspectives.Finally,the proposed model is applied to actual teaching,and procedural analysis of 5 different types of online classroom learners is carried out,and the validity of the model is verified by comparing with the results of the manual analysis.

A novel adaptive temporal-spatial information fusion model based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory

In the field of target recognition based on the temporal-spatial information fusion,evidence the-ory has received extensive attention.To achieve accurate and efficient target recognition by the evi-dence theory,an adaptive temporal-spatial information fusion model is proposed.Firstly,an adaptive evaluation correction mechanism is constructed by the evidence distance and Deng entropy,which realizes the credibility discrimination and adaptive correction of the spatial evidence.Secondly,the credibility decay operator is introduced to obtain the dynamic credibility of temporal evidence.Finally,the sequential combination of temporal-spatial evidences is achieved by Shafer’s discount criterion and Dempster’s combination rule.The simulation results show that the proposed method not only considers the dynamic and sequential characteristics of the temporal-spatial evidences com-bination,but also has a strong conflict information processing capability,which provides a new refer-ence for the field of temporal-spatial information fusion.

Research on Optimal Preload Method of Controllable Rolling Bearing Based on Multisensor Fusion

Angular contact ball bearings have been widely used in machine tool spindles,and the bearing preload plays an important role in the performance of the spindle.In order to solve the problems of the traditional optimal preload prediction method limited by actual conditions and uncertainties,a roller bearing preload test method based on the improved D-S evidence theorymulti-sensor fusion method was proposed.First,a novel controllable preload system is proposed and evaluated.Subsequently,multiple sensors are employed to collect data on the bearing parameters during preload application.Finally,a multisensor fusion algorithm is used to make predictions,and a neural network is used to optimize the fitting of the preload data.The limitations of conventional preload testing methods are identified,and the integration of complementary information frommultiple sensors is used to achieve accurate predictions,offering valuable insights into the optimal preload force.Experimental results demonstrate that the multi-sensor fusion approach outperforms traditional methods in accurately measuring the optimal preload for rolling bearings.

A Fusion Localization Method Based on Target Measurement Error Feature Complementarity and Its Application

In the multi-radar networking system,aiming at the problem of locating long-distance targets synergistically with difficulty and low accuracy,a dual-station joint positioning method based on the target measurement error feature complementarity is proposed.For dual-station joint positioning,by constructing the target positioning error distribution model and using the complementarity of spatial measurement errors of the same long-distance target,the area with high probability of target existence can be obtained.Then,based on the target distance information,the midpoint of the intersection between the target positioning sphere and the positioning tangent plane can be solved to acquire the target's optimal positioning result.The simulation demonstrates that this method greatly improves the positioning accuracy of target in azimuth direction.Compared with the traditional the dynamic weighted fusion(DWF)algorithm and the filter-based dynamic weighted fusion(FBDWF)algorithm,it not only effectively eliminates the influence of systematic error in the azimuth direction,but also has low computational complexity.Furthermore,for the application scenarios of multi-radar collaborative positioning and multi-sensor data compression filtering in centralized information fusion,it is recommended that using radar with higher ranging accuracy and the lengths of baseline between radars are 20–100 km.

A Heterogeneous Information Fusion Method for Maritime Radar and AIS Based on D-S Evidence Theory

Maritime radar and automatic identification systems (AIS), which are essential auxiliary equipment for navigation safety in the shipping industry, have played significant roles in maritime safety supervision. However, in practical applications, the information obtained by a single device is limited, and it is necessary to integrate the information of maritime radar and AIS messages to achieve better recognition effects. In this study, the D-S evidence theory is used to fusion the two kinds of heterogeneous information: maritime radar images and AIS messages. Firstly, the radar image and AIS message are processed to get the targets of interest in the same coordinate system. Then, the coordinate position and heading of targets are chosen as the indicators for judging target similarity. Finally, a piece of D-S evidence theory based on the information fusion method is proposed to match the radar target and the AIS target of the same ship. Particularly, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated and evaluated through several experiments, which proves that such a method is practical in maritime safety supervision.

Structural damage detection method based on information fusion technique

Multi-source information fusion （MSIF） is imported into structural damage diagnosis methods to improve the validity of damage detection. After the introduction of the basic theory, the function model, classifications and mathematical methods of MSIF, a structural damage detection method based on MSIF is presented, which is to fuse two or more damage character vectors from different structural damage diagnosis methods on the character-level. In an experiment of concrete plates, modal information is measured and analyzed. The structural damage detection method based on MSIF is taken to localize cracks of concrete plates and it is proved to be effective. Results of damage detection by the method based on MSIF are compared with those from the modal strain energy method and the flexibility method. Damage, which can hardly be detected by using the single damage identification method, can be diagnosed by the damage detection method based on the character-level MSIF technique. Meanwhile multi-location damage can be identified by the method based on MSIF. This method is sensitive to structural damage and different mathematical methods for MSIF have different preconditions and applicabilities for diversified structures. How to choose mathematical methods for MSIF should be discussed in detail in health monitoring systems of actual structures.

INFORMATION FUSION TECHNOLOGY FOR FSINS/DR/BEIDOU DOUBLE-STAR IN LAND FIGHTING-VEHICLE

The fiber strapdown inertial navigation system （FSINS）/dead reckoning （DR）/Beidou double-star integrated navigation scheme is proposed aiming at the need of land fighting-vehicle independence positioning. The measurement information fusion technology is studied by introducing the FSINS/DR/Beidou double-star integrated scheme. Several specific methods for the information fusion are discussed, and a Kalman filter is designed for the information fusion. Experimental results show that the design of the integrated scheme can improve the positioning accuracy of the navigation system.

STUDY OF MULTISENSOR INFORMATION FUSION FILTER IN INTEGRATED NAVIGATION

This paper presents a new information fusion filter in integrated navigation. The method can improve the fault-tolerant performance and make well fault detection, isolation and reconfiguration of the integrated navigation system exist. Based on three sensors'(strapdown system, GPS receiver, Doppler radar) information fusion, a fault-tolerant navigation system is designed with this information fusion filter and two-ellipsoid overlap test. Simulation results show that the design is efficient with the soft-failure of gyro, accelerator, GPS receiver and Doppler radar.

Vehicle detection based on information fusion of vehicle symmetrical contour and license plate position

An efficient vehicle detection approach is proposed for traffic surveillance images, which is based on information fusion of vehicle symmetrical contour and license plate position. The vertical symmetry axis of the vehicle contour in an image is. first detected, and then the vertical and the horizontal symmetry axes of the license plate are detected using the symmetry axis of the vehicle contour as a reference. The vehicle location in an image is determined using license plate symmetry axes and the vertical and the horizontal projection maps of the vehicle edge image. A dataset consisting of 450 images （15 classes of vehicles） is used to test the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that compared with the vehicle contour-based, the license plate location-based, the vehicle texture-based and the Gabor feature-based methods, the proposed method is the best with a detection accuracy of 90.7% and an elapsed time of 125 ms.

Multi-sources information fusion algorithm in airborne detection systems

To aim at the multimode character of the data from the airplane detecting system, the paper combines Dempster- Shafer evidence theory and subjective Bayesian algorithm and makes to propose a mixed structure multimode data fusion algorithm. The algorithm adopts a prorated algorithm relate to the incertitude evaluation to convert the probability evaluation into the precognition probability in an identity frame, and ensures the adaptability of different data from different source to the mixed system. To guarantee real time fusion, a combination of time domain fusion and space domain fusion is established, this not only assure the fusion of data chain in different time of the same sensor, but also the data fusion from different sensors distributed in different platforms and the data fusion among different modes. The feasibility and practicability are approved through computer simulation.

Monitoring Computer Numerical Control Machining Progress Based on Information Fusion

To cope with the market demand dynamically,enterprise needs to obtain the production status of work in process real-timely,but the information of machining progress has feature of uncertainty and can not reflect the status of production field effectively.In this work,to overcome the ineffectiveness of computer numerical control(CNC) machining progress information extraction and its application restriction in practice because of heterogeneous system of CNC machine,based on information fusion by analyzing multi-sources information,estimating CNC machining status and predicting the machining progress through tracking tool coordinates,a CNC machining progress monitoring method is presented.The multi-sources heterogeneous information includes machining path,real-time spindle power information,manual input data and tool position.On the method of obtaining this multi-sources heterogeneous information,the method which helps explore numerical control(NC) program,monitor spindle power of CNC,collect human-computer interaction(HCI) information,obtain real-time tool coordinates and express the knowledge concerned in this field is analyzed; The decision rule of CNC machining status in the way of fusing multi-sources information in manufacturing process is summarized,as well as the machining progress tracking method in accordance with real-time tool coordinates and machining path is presented.Finally,the method discussed is proved feasible by the verification of machining progress tracking through simulation experiment.The proposed research realizes the effective integration of CNC machining progress information,and enables enterprises an efficient way to share CNC information and configure CNC resources optimally.

Hierarchical hybrid testability modeling and evaluation method based on information fusion

In order to meet the demand of testability analysis and evaluation for complex equipment under a small sample test in the equipment life cycle, the hierarchical hybrid testability model- ing and evaluation method （HHTME）, which combines the testabi- lity structure model （TSM） with the testability Bayesian networks model （TBNM）, is presented. Firstly, the testability network topo- logy of complex equipment is built by using the hierarchical hybrid testability modeling method. Secondly, the prior conditional prob- ability distribution between network nodes is determined through expert experience. Then the Bayesian method is used to update the conditional probability distribution, according to history test information, virtual simulation information and similar product in- formation. Finally, the learned hierarchical hybrid testability model （HHTM） is used to estimate the testability of equipment. Compared with the results of other modeling methods, the relative deviation of the HHTM is only 0.52%, and the evaluation result is the most accu rate.

Application of evidence theory in information fusion of multiple sources in bayesian analysis

How to obtain proper prior distribution is one of the most critical problems in Bayesian analysis. In many practical cases, the prior information often comes from different sources, and the prior distribution form could be easily known in some certain way while the parameters are hard to determine. In this paper, based on the evidence theory, a new method is presented to fuse the information of multiple sources and determine the parameters of the prior distribution when the form is known. By taking the prior distributions which result from the information of multiple sources and converting them into corresponding mass functions which can be combined by Dempster-Shafer (D-S) method, we get the combined mass function and the representative points of the prior distribution. These points are used to fit with the given distribution form to determine the parameters of the prior distribution. And then the fused prior distribution is obtained and Bayesian analysis can be performed. How to convert the prior distributions into mass functions properly and get the representative points of the fused prior distribution is the central question we address in this paper. The simulation example shows that the proposed method is effective.

Fault tolerant navigation method for satellite based on information fusion and unscented Kalman filter

An effective autonomous navigation system for the integration of star sensor,infrared horizon sensor,magnetometer,radar altimeter and ultraviolet sensor is developed.The requirements of the integrated navigation system manager make optimum use of the various navigation sensors and allow rapid fault detection,isolation and recovery.The normal full fusion feedback method of federated unscented Kalman filter（UKF） cannot meet the needs of it.So a no-reset feedback federated Kalman filter architecture is developed and used in the autonomous navigation system.The minimal skew sigma points are chosen to improve the calculation speed.Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the algorithm.These advantages include improved failure detection and correction,improved computational efficiency,and reliability.Additionally,its＇ accuracy is higher than that of the full fusion feedback method.

Neural Network Based Algorithm and Simulation of Information Fusion in the Coal Mine

The concepts of information fusion and the basic principles of neural networks are introduced. Neural net-works were introduced as a way of building an information fusion model in a coal mine monitoring system. This assures the accurate transmission of the multi-sensor information that comes from the coal mine monitoring systems. The in-formation fusion mode was analyzed. An algorithm was designed based on this analysis and some simulation results were given. Finally,conclusions that could provide auxiliary decision making information to the coal mine dispatching officers were presented.

SPOT WELDING QUALITY FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON MULTISENSOR INFORMATION FUSION

The multisensor information fusion technology is adopted for real time measuring the four parameters which are connected closely with the weld nugget size（welding current, electrode displacement, dynamic resistance, welding time）, thus much more original information is obtained. In this way, the difficulty caused by measuring indirectly weld nugget size can be decreased in spot welding quality control, and the stability of spot welding quality can be improved. According to this method, two-dimensional fuzzy controllers are designed with the information fusion result as input and the thyristor control signal as output. The spot welding experimental results indicate that the spot welding quality intelligent control method based on multiscnsor information fusion technology can compensate the influence caused by variable factors in welding process and ensure the stability of welding quality.