RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING PROFILES AROUND TYPHOON YUNNA USING INFRARED HYPERSPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AIRS

In this study,we derived atmospheric profiles of temperature,moisture,and ozone,along with surface emissivity,skin temperature,and surface pressure,from infrared-sounder radiances under clear sky (cloudless) condition.Clouds were detected objectively using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder under a relatively low spatial resolution and cloud-mask information from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer under a high horizontal resolution;this detection was conducted using space matching.Newton’s nonlinear physical iterative solution technique is applied to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) to retrieve temperature profiles,relative humidity profiles,and surface variables simultaneously.This technique is carried out by using the results of an eigenvector regression retrieval as the background profile and using corresponding iterative forms for the weighting functions of temperature and water-vapor mixing ratio.The iterative forms are obtained by applying the variational principle to the RTE.We also compared the retrievals obtained with different types of observations.The results show that the retrieved atmospheric sounding profile has great superiority over other observations by accuracy and resolution.Retrieved profiles can be used to improve the initial conditions of numerical models and used in areas where conventional observations are sparse,such as plateaus,deserts,and seas.

Characteristic wavelength selection of volatile organic compounds infrared spectra based on improved interval partial least squares

As important components of air pollutant,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)can cause great harm to environment and human body.The concentration change of VOCs should be focused on in real-time environment monitoring system.In order to solve the problem of wavelength redundancy in full spectrum partial least squares(PLS)modeling for VOCs concentration analysis,a new method based on improved interval PLS(iPLS)integrated with Monte-Carlo sampling,called iPLS-MC method,was proposed to select optimal characteristic wavelengths of VOCs spectra.This method uses iPLS modeling to preselect the characteristic wavebands of the spectra and generates random wavelength combinations from the selected wavebands by Monte-Carlo sampling.The wavelength combination with the best prediction result in regression model is selected as the characteristic wavelengths of the spectrum.Different wavelength selection methods were built,respectively,on Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectra of ethylene and ethanol gas at different concentrations obtained in the laboratory.When the interval number of iPLS model is set to 30 and the Monte-Carlo sampling runs 1000 times,the characteristic wavelengths selected by iPLS-MC method can reduce from 8916 to 10,which occupies only 0.22%of the full spectrum wavelengths.While the RMSECV and correlation coefficient(Rc)for ethylene are 0.2977 and 0.9999 ppm,and those for ethanol gas are 0.2977 ppm and 0.9999.The experimental results show that the iPLS-MC method can select the optimal characteristic wavelengths of VOCs FTIR spectra stably and effectively,and the prediction performance of the regression model can be significantly improved and simplified by using characteristic wavelengths.

Wireless Low Cost CO₂Monitoring System Design and Evaluation Using Non Dispersive Infrared Sensor

This paper presents a new wireless system for the measurement of CO2 gas concentration for indoor and outdoor purposes based on low cost Non Dispersive Infrared sensors. The system has been implemented on a printed circuit board in order to obtain different aspects of the air pollution. Some experiments were achieved to evaluate the total system combined with an android application on a smartphone. Different tests were realized in a closed room nearly filled with students and also directly while driving on the road. Good results were obtained allowing a future use for air pollution mapping using numerous amounts of sensors inside vehicles.

利用AIRS观测资料进行红外高光谱大气探测能力试验的研究

利用EOS Aqua卫星平台上搭载的光栅式高光谱分辨率大气红外探测仪器AIRS(Atmospheric InfraredSounder)的实际观测资料,采用经验正交函数展开法(特征向量法)进行了大气温度、湿度廓线的反演误差敏感性试验研究。试验内容包括光谱覆盖、通道覆盖、通道宽度等。通过这些试验,研究在中国现有的经济、技术条件下要达到在对流层1km气层温度、湿度分别小于1K和20%的反演精度和垂直分辨率所应该具备的光谱通道特征,为发展中国自己的红外高光谱分辨率探测技术提供科学依据。试验计算结果表明,基于中国现有的经济和技术基础,发展具有100个左右的光谱通道,通道宽度为2—4个波数的干涉式红外大气探测仪器(比中国目前FY-3初期的滤光片式红外分光计的光谱波段宽度减小3—4倍),可明显改善大气参数反演精度,基本满足现阶段使用要求。

AIRS晴空大气温度廓线反演试验

2002年5月发射的Aqua是美国地球观测系统中的第2颗卫星EOS-2(Earth Observing System),它携带的大气红外探测仪AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)是目前国际上最先进的超高光谱分辨率红外大气垂直探测仪。1200的光谱分辨率和全球覆盖能力使其可以观测全球大气状态及其变化。对其超高光谱分辨率资料的处理和应用的研究既有科学意义,又有实用价值。利用AIRS实际观测资料反演大气温度,本文使用的是便于处理大数据量的统计反演方法中的特征向量法,计算回归系数使用的是AIRS观测辐射值和T213数值预报分析场。本文从通道个数、地形及地表发射率影响、增加预报因子、国外同类产品比较等4个方面进行了大气温度反演试验研究。研究结果表明:(1)在利用超高光谱分辨率仪器进行反演时,合理选择通道是非常必要的;(2)AIRS反演的大气温度在对流层顶和中上层具有较高的精度,在对流层低层,尤其是近地面反演精度不够理想;(3)增加地表温度,地表发射率和地形3个预报因子,可以提高近地面的反演精度;(4)文中反演的大气温度精度与国外同类产品精度基本一致。

Monitoring of Summer High Temperature Damage by Using MODIS Data to Estimate Air Temperature

[Objective] This study was to monitor the hot damage of high temperature on rice in summer by using MODIS data to estimate air temperature. [Method] A new statistical algorithm was introduced for daytime air temperature （Ta） retrievals over east China by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data, and the high temperature monitoring for rice in south China in 2007 summer was used to demonstrate. [Result] High temperature plays a key role in rice production during rice heading stage in summer in southern China. Using MODIS data to monitor the hot damage of high temperature is a feasible way to relieve agricultural disasters. [Conclusion] The result of this study provided a method to monitor hot damage of high temperature tn rice in summer of China.

Air-Teflon尾流中COF_2辐射

有限显式差分法用于求解小钝锥高超声速化学非平衡轴对称空气尾流流场。本文把该方法推广应用到Air-Teflon尾流边界层,并把文献中的尾流外缘条件和p/x项进行了改进。对Air-Teflon尾流中的辐射体COF_2和NO的红外辐射进行了详细的计算。对COF_2,计算了四个频波—2.4,2.9,5.2,8.Oμ的辐射。计算指出,随着C_2F_4浓度的增加,COF_2辐射通量快速增加,NO辐射通量增加却很缓慢。当C_2F_4浓度大于1000ppm时,COF_2辐射通量就超过了NO的辐射通量,成为Aif-Teflon尾流中4—10μ光谱区中主要辐射体之一。

Influence of the Saharan Air Layer on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Formation during the Period 1-12 September 2003

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） data show that the Saharan air layer （SAL） is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The formations of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 （TD14） were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL air during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their formations is investigated by examining data from satellite observations and numerical simulations, in which AIRS data are incorporated into the MM5 model through the nudging technique. Analyses of the AIRS and simulation data suggest that the SAL may have played two roles in the formation of tropical cyclones during the period 1-12 September 2003. First, the outbreaks of SAL air on 3 and 8 September enhanced the transverse-vertical circulation with the rising motion along the southern edge of the SAL and the sinking motion inside the SAL, triggering the development of two tropical disturbances associated with Hurricane Isabel and TD14. Second, in addition to the reduced environmental humidity and enhanced static stability in the lower troposphere, the SAL dry air intruded into the inner region of these tropical disturbances as their cyclonic ？ows became strong. This effect may have slowed down the formation of Isabel and inhibited TD14 becoming a named tropical cyclone, while the enhanced vertical shear contributed little to tropical cyclone formation during this period. The 48-h trajectory calculations confirm that the parcels from the SAL can be transported into the inner region of an incipient tropical cyclone.

Research on the Explosion Temperature Response of Fuel Air Explosive Measured by Colorimetric Pyrometer

An infrared colorimetric radiation thermometrical system was established based on the theory of optical radiation. The dynamic temperature history of fuel air explosive (FAE) was measured to obtain the temperature responses of primary initiation FAE and secondary initiation FAE in real time. And the characteristics of their temperature history curves were compared and analyzed. The results show that the primary initiation FAE has higher explosion temperature and longer duration compared to the secondary initiation FAE.

Warp Air Clean产品特征及其减排效果研究

传统机动车研究假设发动机进气为新鲜空气,但在实际道路环境中,大量污染物会改变发动机的进气质量,从而影响燃烧。Warp Air Clean(WAC)技术通过在硅橡胶中填充碳颗粒,利用碳颗粒的导电性去除进气中的带电粒子,从而达到净化进气、改善燃烧进而减少尾气排放的目的。本研究多种材料检测技术,研究了WAC材料的基本特征,并基于实际道路测试及台架测试,验证了该技术的减排效果。研究结果表明,WAC技术能够有效地减少机动车的THC、CO、NOx和颗粒物排放。

Operating limits and features of direct air capture on K_(2)CO_(3)/ZrO_(2) composite sorbent

Potassium carbonate-based sorbents are prospective materials for direct air capture(DAC).In the present study,we examined and revealed the influence of the temperature swing adsorption(TSA)cycle conditions on the CO_(2) sorption properties of a novel aerogel-based K_(2)CO_(3)/ZrO_(2) sorbent in a DAC process.It was shown that the humidity and temperature drastically affect the sorption dynamic and sorption capacity of the sorbent.When a temperature at the sorption stage was 29℃ and a water vapor pressure P_(H2O) in the feed air was 5.2 mbar(1 bar=105 Pa),the composite material demonstrated a stable CO_(2) sorption capacity of 3.4%(mass).An increase in sorption temperature leads to a continuous decrease in the CO_(2) absorption capacity reaching a value of 0.7%(mass)at T=80℃.The material showed the retention of a stable CO_(2) sorption capacity for many cycles at each temperature in the range.Increasing PH2O in the inlet air from 5.2 to 6.8 mbar leads to instability of CO_(2) sorption capacity which decreases in the course of 3 consecutive TSA cycles from 1.7%to 0.8%(mass)at T=29℃.A further increase in air humidity only facilitates the deterioration of the CO_(2) sorption capacity of the material.A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the filling of the porous system of the sorbent with solid reaction products and an aqueous solution of potassium salts,which leads to a significant slowdown in the CO_(2) diffusion in the composite sorbent grain.To investigate the regeneration step of the TSA cycle in situ,the macro ATRFTIR(attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared)spectroscopic imaging was applied for the first time.It was shown that the migration of carbonate-containing species over the surface of sorbent occurs during the thermal regeneration stage of the TSA cycle.The movement of the active component in the porous matrix of the sorbent can affect the sorption characteristics of the composite material.The revealed features make it possible to formulate the requirements and limitations that need to be taken into account for the practical implementation of the DAC process using the K_(2)CO_(3)/ZrO_(2) composite sorbent.

热风-红外分段组合干燥对带壳鲜花生品质的影响

为探究更为高效的带壳鲜花生干燥方法,比较不同干燥方式(热风干燥、红外干燥、热风-红外分段组合干燥)对带壳鲜花生干燥特性的影响,研究不同条件下热风-红外分段组合干燥带壳鲜花生的干燥与品质,并以单一热风干燥及单一红外干燥为对比,对干燥后花生的微观结构、硬度、色泽、脂肪酸组成及花生的蛋白结构进行分析。结果表明,热风干燥所需时间最长,热风-红外分段组合干燥次之,红外干燥所需时间最短;相同条件下,转换含水率及干燥温度越高,热风-红外分段组合干燥时间越短;与单一热风干燥及单一红外干燥相比:热风-红外分段组合干燥时间较热风干燥缩短62.5%,干燥能耗节约70.27%,与红外干燥相似;花生仁色泽及硬度更接近新鲜花生;不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05);干燥条件的不同导致花生蛋白二级结构相对含量有变化。热风-红外分段组合干燥带壳鲜花生方法可行,且花生品质优于单一热风干燥及单一红外干燥。

超声、红外耦合热风干制可得然胶传质模型构建及品质分析

目的:采用超声、红外耦合热风干制可得然胶,探究多物理场下可得然胶干制机制和品质变化,开发可得然胶绿色干制技术。方法:以可得然胶湿胶为材料,采用单独热风、超声耦合热风、单独红外、红外耦合热风四种技术干制可得然胶,构建含温度变化的传质模型,分析理化品质。结果:单独热风干制可得然胶需40 min,超声耦合热风干制、单独红外干制以及红外耦合热风干制的时间分别缩短至36、26、22 min。构建耦合温度变化的传质模型可较准确预测干制过程中可得然胶内部水分变化,红外耦合热风处理下可得然胶内部水分扩散系数范围为9.79×10^(-9)~9.81×10^(-9) m^(2)/s,表面传质系数为4.69×10^(-2) kg water/(m^(2)·s),均高于其他处理组,其次为单独红外干制、超声耦合热风干制、单独热风干制。四种方法干制的可得然胶凝胶强度、葡萄糖含量、表面化学功能团、晶体结构、热稳定性接近。结论:综合考虑可得然胶干制效率、品质,与单独热风和超声耦合热风相比,红外干制是一种高效的可得然胶干制方法。

褐煤热风-红外联合干燥方式优化与物性分析

褐煤干燥脱水是实现其高效利用、节能减排的重要技术措施。基于不同热风温度(60℃,80℃,100℃)和煤样粒度(小于2 mm,2 mm~5 mm,5 mm~7 mm,7 mm~10 mm,10 mm~13 mm)对高西沟低阶褐煤单一热风干燥特性进行探讨,依次采用单一热风干燥、热风-红外串联和热风-红外并联联合干燥方式,通过实验分析了干燥过程褐煤水分比和干燥速率的变化特征,应用比能耗(QSEC)和能效(ηe)对比了三种干燥方式的能耗,采用SEM和FTIR分别分析了煤样表观形貌和官能团。结果表明:单一热风干燥温度越高,煤样与空气温差越大,煤样获得的热量越高,干燥速率越快;煤样粒度越小,煤样水分比下降越快,结束时的水分比越低;热风-红外串联联合干燥转换时间节点越早,所需干燥时间越短,在热风与红外干燥阶段干燥速率各出现一次最大值;并联干燥中褐煤水分比呈指数下降,并以降速期为主要阶段;三种干燥方式按比能耗由大到小依次为单一热风干燥(334.54 MJ/kg)、热风-红外并联干燥(273.89 MJ/kg)、热风-红外串联干燥(121.18 MJ/kg),按能效(ηe)由大到小依次为热风-红外串联干燥(1.91%)、热风-红外并联干燥(0.83%)、单一热风干燥(0.69%),热风-红外串联干燥为较节能的干燥方式,此方式干燥后煤样相较原褐煤表面大面积坍塌,表面裂隙明显增多、增大,并且干燥煤样除水分外的其他官能团未发生变化。

热风红外联合干燥装置均风板的设计与试验

为提高苜蓿干燥过程中的均匀性和热利用效率,设计了一台热风红外联合干燥装置,并进行了干燥腔内均风板结构的优化设计,分析了在侧向进风条件下的不同结构参数对流场均匀性的影响。采用数值分析与试验相结合的方法,通过单因素和正交试验对均风板进行结构参数优化,以均风板级数、孔径、孔径比、开孔率和均风板间距为试验因素,以气流速度的变异系数为评价指标,确定了最佳的结构参数并进行试验验证。仿真结果表明:在结构参数为一级均风板孔径12mm、孔径比0.75、二级均风板开孔率12.57%、两级均风板间距20mm时,整体流场的变异系数最低为6.15%。验证试验结果显示:平均速度的相对偏差为4.92%,流场的变异系数的相对偏差小于2%,空气流速的相对偏差低于12%,气流均化效果明显。研究结果可为苜蓿干燥装置均风板的优化设计提供理论参考。

不同干燥方式对红托竹荪干燥特性和品质的影响

为提高红托竹荪干燥品质并获得最佳干燥工艺,采用真空红外干燥(vacuum infrared drying,VID)、气流冲击干燥(air impingement drying,AID)、控湿干燥(moisture control drying,MCD)等不同干燥方式对红托竹荪进行对比研究,以热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)作为对照组,研究不同干燥方式及温度对红托竹荪干燥品质的影响。试验结果表明不同干燥方式对竹荪宏观品质产生了显著影响,其中MCD可获得最小的色差∆E和收缩率,AID则能够保证较高的复水比;干燥速率方面,MCD在前期能够获得较高的干燥速率,但后期干燥速率会放缓,而AID在整个干燥过程都具有较高的干燥速率,干燥时间较短;在成分保留上,MCD可以保留较高含量的多糖、三萜和黄酮,而采用VID可以有效保护多酚。单位能耗随干燥温度的升高明显降低,不同方式下VID的干燥能耗值整体偏大,MCD的单位能耗最低(18.82 kW·h/kg)。通过主成分分析法,上述干燥方式对红托竹荪综合评分后得到的结果排序为:MCD>AID>VID>HAD,MCD干燥方式中采用60℃相对湿度为40%,保湿时间15min的干燥工艺综合品质较佳,在此加工方式下的红托竹荪综合评分为2.94,该研究可为红托竹荪高品质干燥提供一定参考。

基于残差密集连接注意力的红外目标识别算法

针对红外目标识别时目标与干扰混淆、干扰遮挡目标导致算法性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于残差密集连接注意力的空中红外目标识别算法。首先,为跨层实现浅层与深层特征的融合、获取融合深度特征、提升特征复用性并增强语义信息,提出了改进的残差密集连接模块;其次,为增强融合深度特征的自适应表达能力,设计了并行混合注意力模块;最后,通过在大量红外数据集上的测试证明,相比于GoogLeNet算法,所提算法平均识别正确率提高了1.9个百分点,证明了算法的有效性。

山药片红外联合热风干燥热质传递收缩模拟与品质

为了准确揭示山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质机理,在考虑山药片收缩变形特性的基础上,通过有限元软件COMSOL6.1建立了“温度场-湿度场”多场耦合的山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质模型。模拟研究基于山药片在不同温度(50、60、70℃)下收缩变形的传热传质,并通过试验进行验证。分析不同温度对山药片品质(色差、复水比、多糖和尿囊素含量)的影响。结果表明:(1)山药片体积比随干燥温度的升高而增加,在干燥温度分别为50、60、70℃时,其值分别为34.55%、37.23%、39.04%。(2)在干燥温度为50、60、70℃时,红外联合热风干燥收缩模型可准确预测山药片干燥过程中干燥温度和含水率,其决定系数R^(2)分别为0.973、0.976、0.981和0.983、0.984、0.974。(3)山药片外部温度升高,表面水分开始蒸发,形成水分梯度。随着干燥的继续,红外热量在山药片内部不断积累,导致内部温度升高,水分向外扩散,进而减小了内外水分梯度。随着干燥温度的升高,增加了山药片温度和湿度梯度,促进了热量和质量的传递,提高了水分迁移的速率。(4)在60℃时,干燥品质最优,其色差为7.49、复水比为2.65 kg/kg、多糖含量为24.17 mg/g、尿囊素含量为2.66μg/g。该模型为其他物料在红外联合热风干燥技术的模拟研究提供有益借鉴。

带全遮挡导流支板排气系统流动传热及红外抑制效果数值分析

为了降低涡扇发动机末级涡轮的强红外辐射特征,设计了全遮挡导流支板(Fully Shielded Guiding Strut,FSGS)并进行了三种不同的红外抑制措施(低发射率材料、气膜冷却和综合抑制措施)研究,其中采用源项法对支板进行不同孔径下的气膜冷却仿真验证,得到了支板在采用气膜冷却后的红外辐射亮度图,揭示了各种抑制措施对气动及红外特性的影响规律,同时将本文方法与二元收扩(2D C-D)喷管进行对比分析了两者的优劣。结果表明:对支板单独采用低发射率材料时在0°观测方向排气系统积分红外辐射最大降低了35.38%;对支板单独采用气膜冷却可使支板表面温度明显降低,支板冷却效率为0.640时,在0°观测方向红外辐射强度降幅最大可达43.59%,且损失的气动性能较小;采用气膜冷却和低发射率材料综合抑制措施时,随着材料发射率的减小排气系统表征出的红外辐射强度反而增加。综合来看,气膜冷却在支板红外抑制时应优先考虑。同时二元喷管与本文方法各有利弊,在小角度和大角度下气膜冷却导流支板都能起到更好的抑制效果,但会损失更多的气动性能,同时结构更加复杂。

Effects of combined infrared and hot-air drying on ginsenosides and drying characteristics of Panax notoginseng(Araliaceae)roots

Exploring new drying technology can help to deal with the challenge of better preservation of rhizome medicinal materials in the traditional Chinese medicine industry.In current work,combined infrared and hot-air drying(IR-HAD)was employed to Panax notoginseng roots and its effect on drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)),total color difference(ΔE),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R_(1),R^(g1),R_(e),R_(d),R_(b1))were evaluated.Hot air drying(HAD)was used as the control.Results showed that the increase in drying temperature significantly shortened drying time and reduced energy consumption.The shortest drying time of 43.0 h and lowest specific energy consumption of 15.9 kW·h/(kg-water)were obtained by IR-HAD at 55°C.The decrease of radiation distance and the increase of radiation power led to the shortening of drying time.However,high drying temperature resulted in largeΔE values,large collapse structure,and RR of samples.The drying time of Panax notoginseng roots dried by IR-HAD at a drying temperature of 50°C was shorter(15.5%)than HAD dried at the same drying temperature.The contents of R_(1),R_(g1),R_(e),R_(b1),and PNS were higher when the samples were dried by IR-HAD than those dried by HAD at the same temperature of 50°C.Moreover,the IR-HAD dried samples shortened 15.5%drying time and saved 22.1%energy consumption compared with HAD.Therefore,the optimal process condition was Panax notoginseng roots under IR-HAD at drying temperature of 50°C,radiation distance of 12 cm and radiation power of 1350 W,which can shorten drying time,maintain high ginsenosides contents and satisfactory apparent qualities.