Molecular cloning,characterization and promoter analysis of LbgCWIN1 and its expression profiles in response to exogenous sucrose during in vitro bulblet initiation in lily

Lily(Lilium spp.) is an important ornamental flower, which is mainly propagated by bulbs. Cell wall invertases(CWINs), which catalyze the irreversibly conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the extracellular space, are key enzymes participating in sucrose allocation in higher plants. Previous studies have shown that CWINs play an essential role in bulblet initiation process in bulbous crops, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, a CWIN gene of Lilium brownii var. giganteum(Lbg) was identified and amplified from genomic DNA. Quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that the expression level of LbgCWIN1 was highly upregulated exactly when the endogenous starch degraded in non-sucrose medium during in vitro bulblet initiation in Lbg. Phylogenetic relationship, motif, and domain analysis of LbgCWIN1 protein and CWINs in other plant species showed that all sequences of these CWIN proteins were highly conserved. The promoter sequence of LbgCWIN1 possessed a number of alpha-amylase-, phytohormone-, light-and stress-responsive cis-elements. Meanwhile, β-glucuronidase(GUS) assay showed that the 459 bp upstream fragment from the translational start site displayed maximal promoter activity. These results revealed that LbgCWIN1 might function in the process of in vitro bulblet initiation and be in the response to degradation of endogenous starch.

Discourse Analysis of the Belt and Road Initiative From the Perspective of Central Asian Countries: A Case Study of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This study employs Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)three-dimensional model,using the Republic of Kazakhstan as a case study,to delve into the discourse construction of China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)in Central Asian countries.Through detailed analysis of policy documents,media reports,and public discussions in Central Asian countries,this paper reveals how the BRI constructs specific social practices,discourse events,and textual meanings within these nations.The findings indicate that through this global development strategy,China has not only strengthened its economic ties with Central Asian countries but has also exerted profound influences on political,cultural,and social levels.

Analyzing the Form-Finding of a Large-Span Transversely Stiffened Suspended Cable System: A Method Considering Construction Processes

The precise control of the shape of transversely stiffened suspended cable systems is crucial. However, existing form-finding methods primarily rely on iterative calculations that treat loads as fixed known conditions. These methods are inefficient and fail to accurately control shape results. In this study, we propose a form-finding method that analyzes the load response of models under different sag and stress levels, taking into account the construction process. To analyze the system, a structural finite element model was established in ANSYS, and geometric nonlinear analysis was conducted using the Newton-Raphson method. The form-finding analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves precise control of shape, with a maximum shape error ranging from 0.33% to 0.98%. Furthermore, the relationships between loads and tension forces are influenced by the deformed shape of the structures, exhibiting significant geometric nonlinear characteristics. Meanwhile, the load response analysis reveals that the stress level of the self-equilibrium state in the transversely stiffened suspended cable system is primarily governed by strength criteria, while shape is predominantly controlled by stiffness criteria. Importantly, by simulating the initial tensioning process as an initial condition, this method solves for a counterweight that satisfies the requirements and achieves a self-equilibrium state with the desired shape. The shape of the self-equilibrium state is precisely controlled by simulating the construction process. Overall, this work presents a new method for analyzing the form-finding process of large-span transversely stiffened suspended cable system, considering the construction process which was often overlooked in previous studies.

Application of a Typhoon Initialization Scheme Based on the Incremental Analysis Updates Technique in a Rapid Update Cycle System

Initialization of tropical cyclones plays an important role in typhoon numerical prediction. This study applied a typhoon initialization scheme based on the incremental analysis updates (IAU) technique in a rapid refresh system to improve the prediction of Typhoon Lekima (2019). Two numerical sensitivity experiments with or without application of the IAU technique after performing vortex relocation and wind adjustment procedures were conducted for comparison with the control experiment, which did not involve a typhoon initialization scheme. Analysis of the initial fields indicated that the relocation procedure shifted the typhoon circulation to the observed typhoon region, and the wind speeds became closer to the observations following the wind adjustment procedure. Comparison of the results of the sensitivity and control experiments revealed that the vortex relocation and wind adjustment procedures could improve the prediction of typhoon track and intensity in the first 6-h period, and that these improvements were extended throughout the first 12-h period of the prediction by the IAU technique. The new typhoon initialization scheme also improved the simulated typhoon structure in terms of not only the wind speed and warm core prediction but also the organization of the eye of Typhoon Lekima. Diagnosis of the tendencies of variables showed that use of the IAU technique in a typhoon initialization scheme is efficacious in resolving the spurious high-frequency noise problem such that the model is able to reach equilibrium as soon as possible.

Homotopy Analysis Method for Solving Initial Value Problems of Second Order with Discontinuities

In this paper, the standard homotopy analysis method was applied to initial value problems of the second order with some types of discontinuities, for both linear and nonlinear cases. To show the high accuracy of the solution results compared with the exact solution, a comparison of the numerical results was made applying the standard homotopy analysis method with the iteration of the integral equation and the numerical solution with the Simpson rule. Also, the maximum absolute error, , the maximum relative error, the maximum residual error and the estimated order of convergence were given. The research is meaningful and I recommend it to be published in the journal.

Initial Pre-stress Finding and Structural Behaviors Analysis of Cable Net Based on Linear Adjustment Theory

The tensile cable-strut structure is a self-equilibrate pre-stressed system.The initial pre-stress cal- culation is the fundamental structural analysis.A new numerical procedure was developed.The force density method is the cornerstone of analytical formula,and then introduced into linear adjustment theory;the least square least norm solution,the optimized initial pre-stress,is yielded.The initial pre-stress and structural performances of a particular single-layer saddle-shaped cable-net structure were analyzed with the developed method,which is proved to be efficient and correct.The modal analyses were performed with respect to various pre-stress levels.Finally,the structural performances were investigated comprehensively.

SWOT Analysis and Challenges of Nile Basin Initiative:An Integrated Water Resource Management Perspective

River Nile is one of the longest transboundery rivers and it is shared and used by Burundi,Democratic Republic of Congo,Egypt,Ethiopia,Eritrea,Kenya,Rwanda,Sudan,Tanzania and Uganda.As of today,the Nile is a crucial resource for the economic development of the Nile Basin countries and a vital source of livelihood for 160 million inhabitants as well as 300 million people living in the 10 riparian countries.The Nile Basin Initiative(NBI) is one of the international cooperative river basin management program and regional partnership where all the Nile Basin countries except Eritrea unite to pursue long-term sustainable development,improved land use practices and management.This review therefore focused on the challenges not faced on NBI in terms of integrated use of the river and conducted analysis of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats(SWOT) based on secondary data.The result of the review revealed that for decades,the Nile Basin people have been facing many complex environmental,social,economic and political challenges that have made it difficult for the proper management and sustainability of Nile water.The initiative provides training to develop skills in government ministries,non-governmental organizations and local communities in each country.It is also working to raise awareness of critical environmental issues by strengthening networks of environmental education practitioners;developing curriculum in the education sector.The challenges of NBI include the involvement and funding of World Bank,lack of sufficient staff,procedural and policies conflicts,lack of coordination and linkage with other regional institutions and lack of recognition as river basin organization.Considering the complex nature of the project,it is recommended that the NBI should come up with a strong multi-disciplinary monitoring and evaluation team to follow up all implemented projects.The NBI should carry out participatory land use planning in communities along the river basin.Moreover,livelihood analysis should be carried out especially in communities along the Nile to come up with poverty eradication projects which are socially acceptable,applicable,economically viable and affordable.

Initial and Stopping Condition in Possibility Principal Factor Rotation

Uemura [1] discovered the mapping formula for Type 1 Vague events and presented an alternative problem as an example of its application. Since it is well known that the alternative problem leads to sequential Bayesian inference, the flow of subsequent research was to make the mapping formula multidimensional, to introduce the concept of time, and to derive a Markov (decision) process. Furthermore, we formulated stochastic differential equations to derive them [2]. This paper refers to type 2 vague events based on a second-order mapping equation. This quadratic mapping formula gives a certain rotation named as possibility principal factor rotation by transforming a non-mapping function by a relation between two mapping functions. In addition, the derivation of the Type 2 Complex Markov process and the initial and stopping conditions in this rotation are mentioned. .

Analysis of China＇s International Oil and Gas Cooperation Environment under the Belt and Road Initiative

China's Belt and Road Initiative has great significance for China's energy security and the economic development of the countries along the route of the Belt and Road Initiative. Focusing on oil and gas cooperation, the paper aims to define the political, economic, legal, and operational conditions required to facilitate the development of the Belt and Road Initiative by analyzing the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and risks of China's current international oil and gas cooperation environment. This will help to drive China's international oil and gas partnerships and increase China's discourse power in the international oil and gas markets by exploring new approaches to improving regional communication mechanisms, financial cooperation frameworks, multilateral legal systems and overall strength of the enterprises in the oil and gas industry.

Numerical Analysis of Plasma Initiated Polymerization

Plasma initiated polymerization is a kind of well-known radical polymerization mechanism, but it has the ＇living＇ polymerization feature and produces ultra-high molecular weight polymer. In order to explain such phenomena, we calculate the basic data of plasma initiated polymerization of methylmethacrylate （MMA） according to the principle of polymer physics and chemistry. It results in that the radical concentration ranges from 10^-12mol/L to 10^-16mol/L corresponding to the radical life in 10^4s to 10^8s, which means the radicals have a long lifetime. Moreover because of the long lifetime radicals it causes a unique feature rather than the common radical polymerization, and also shows no ＂living polymerization＂. It is noticed in experiments that there are two key factors playing important roles. One is the effective radical amount produced during the plasma discharging while the another is the diffusion factor.

Colorectal cancer’s burden attributable to a diet high in processed meat in the Belt and Road Initiative countries

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)plays a significant role in morbidity,mortality,and economic cost in the Belt and Road Initiative(“B and R”)countries.In addition,these countries have a substantial consumption of processed meat.However,the burden and trend of CRC in relation to the consumption of a diet high in processed meat(DHPM-CRC)in these“B and R”countries remain unknown.AIM To analyze the burden and trend of DHPM-CRC in the“B and R”countries from 1990 to 2019.METHODS We used the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study to collate information regarding the burden of DHPM-CRC.Numbers and age-standardized rates(ASRs)of deaths along with the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)were determined among the“B and R”countries in 1990 and 2019.Using joinpoint regression analysis,the average annual percent change(AAPC)was used to analyze the temporal trends of age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDALR)from 1990 to 2019 and in the final decade(2010–2019).RESULTS We found geographical differences in the burden of DHPM-CRC among“B and R”countries,with the three highest-ranking countries being the Russian Federation,China,and Ukraine in 1990,and China,the Russian Federation,and Poland in 2019.The burden of DHPM-CRC generally increased in most member countries from 1990 to 2019(all P<0.05).The absolute number of deaths and DALYs in DHPM-CRC were 3151.15[95%uncertainty interval(UI)665.74-5696.64]and 83249.31(95%UI 15628.64-151956.31)in China in 2019.However,the number of deaths(2627.57-2528.51)and DALYs(65867.39-55378.65)for DHPM-CRC in the Russian Federation has declined.The fastest increase in ASDALR for DHPM-CRC was observed in Vietnam,Southeast Asia,with an AAPC value of 3.90%[95%confidence interval(CI):3.63%-4.16%],whereas the fastest decline was observed in Kyrgyzstan,Central Asia,with an AAPC value of-2.05%(95%CI:-2.37%to-1.73%).A substantial upward trend in ASR of mortality,years lived with disability,years of life lost,and DALYs from DHPM-CRC changes in 1990-2019 and the final decade(2010-2019)for most Maritime Silk Route members in East Asia,South Asia,Southeast Asia,North Africa,and the Middle East,as well as Central Europe,while those of the most Land Silk Route members in Central Asia and Eastern Europe have decreased markedly(all P<0.05).The ASDALR for DHPM-CRC increased more in males than in females(all P<0.05).For those aged 50-74 years,the ASDALR for DHPM-CRC in 40 members exhibited an increasing trend,except for 20 members,including 7 members in Central Asia,Maldives,and 12 high or high-middle social development index(SDI)members in other regions(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION The burden of DHPM-CRC varies substantially across“B and R”countries and threatens public health.Relevant evidence-based policies and interventions tailored to the different trends of countries in SDIs or Silk Routes should be adopted to reduce the future burden of CRC in“B and R”countries via extensive collaboration.

Analysis of Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,and Threats on the Development and Internationalization of China’s Vocational Education in the Context of“The Belt and Road Initiative”Strategy

The belt and road initiative strategy is proposed based on the stable and sustainable cooperation on economy and development between China and neighboring countries.The development of economy can affect every aspect of vocational education development.Therefore,vocational education in China must be moved toward internationalization to achieve sustainable development in the face of the implementation of the belt and road initiative strategy.The analysis data obtained through the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats analysis method on the internationalization of China’s vocational education under the background of the belt and road initiative strategy were the advantages analysis(strengths)of continuous maturity in developing of vocational education,which drives by economic development and the foreign employment and entrepreneurship guidance mechanism;the disadvantages analysis(weaknesses)of lack talent cultivation and weak branding of vocational education;analysis of support opportunities given by national policy;and threats analysis of social culture in the involved countries along the route.To further develop and expand China’s vocational education under the background of the belt and road initiative strategy,some countermeasures were proposed such as improves cultivation or training of talents,to build strong branding of China vocational education,and faces cultural challenges to facilitate the international development of China vocational education.

Effects of Initial and Boundary Conditions on Heavy Rainfall Simulation over the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula:Comparison of ECMWF and NCEP Analysis Data Effects and Verification with Dropsonde Observation

This study evaluated the simulation performance of mesoscale convective system(MCS)-induced precipitation,focusing on three selected cases that originated from the Yellow Sea and propagated toward the Korean Peninsula.The evaluation was conducted for the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)analysis data,as well as the simulation result using them as initial and lateral boundary conditions for the Weather Research and Forecasting model.Particularly,temperature and humidity profiles from 3D dropsonde observations from the National Center for Meteorological Science of the Korea Meteorological Administration served as validation data.Results showed that the ECMWF analysis consistently had smaller errors compared to the NCEP analysis,which exhibited a cold and dry bias in the lower levels below 850 hPa.The model,in terms of the precipitation simulations,particularly for high-intensity precipitation over the Yellow Sea,demonstrated higher accuracy when applying ECMWF analysis data as the initial condition.This advantage also positively influenced the simulation of rainfall events on the Korean Peninsula by reasonably inducing convective-favorable thermodynamic features(i.e.,warm and humid lower-level atmosphere)over the Yellow Sea.In conclusion,this study provides specific information about two global analysis datasets and their impacts on MCS-induced heavy rainfall simulation by employing dropsonde observation data.Furthermore,it suggests the need to enhance the initial field for MCS-induced heavy rainfall simulation and the applicability of assimilating dropsonde data for this purpose in the future.

Study on Multi-Scale Blending Initial Condition Perturbations for a Regional Ensemble Prediction System

An initial conditions （ICs） perturbation method was developed with the aim to improve an operational regional ensemble prediction system （REPS）. Three issues were identified and investigated： （1） the impacts of perturbation scale on the ensemble spread and forecast skill of the REPS; （2） the scale characteristic of the IC perturbations of the REPS; and （3） whether the REPS＇s skill could be improved by adding large-scale information to the IC perturbations. Numerical experiments were conducted to reveal the impact of perturbation scale on the ensemble spread and forecast skill. The scales of IC perturbations from the REPS and an operational global ensemble prediction system （GEPS） were analyzed. A ＂multi-scale blending＂ （MSB） IC perturbation scheme was developed, and the main findings can be summarized as follows： The growth rates of the ensemble spread of the REPS are sensitive to the scale of the IC perturbations; the ensemble forecast skills can benefit from large-scale perturbations; the global ensemble IC perturbations exhibit more power at larger scales, while the regional ensemble IC perturbations contain more power at smaller scales; the MSB method can generate IC perturbations by combining the small-scale component from the REPS and the large-scale component from the GEPS; the energy norm growth of the MSB-generated perturbations can be appropriate at all forecast lead times; and the MSB-based REPS shows higher skill than the original system, as determined by ensemble forecast verification.

Initial Dilution of A Vertical Round Non-Buoyant Jet in Wavy Cross-Flow Environment

The phenomenon of wastewater discharged into coastal waters can be simplified as a turbulent jet under the effect of waves and currents. Previous studies have been carried out to investigate the jet behaviors under the current only or the wave only environment. To obtain better understanding of the jet behaviors in a realistic situation, a series of physical experiments on the initial dilution of a vertical round jet in the wavy cross-flow environment are conducted. The diluted processes of the jet are recorded by a high-resolution camcorder and the concentration fields of the jet are measured with a peristaltic suction pumping system. When the jet is discharged into the wavy cross-flow environment, a distinctive phenomenon, namely ＂effluent clouds＂, is observed. According to the quantitative measurements, the jet width in the wavy cross-flow environment increases more significantly than that does in the cross-flow only environment, indicating that the waves impose a positive effect on the enhancement of jet initial dilution. In order to generalize the experimental findings, a comprehensive velocity scale ua and a characteristic length scale l are introduced. Through dimensional analysis, it is found that the dimensionless centerline concentration trajectories cy/l is in proportion to 1/3 power of the dimensionless downstream distance x/l, and the dimensionless centerline dilution 2c aS Q/（u l） is proportional to the square of the dimensionless centerline trajectory cy/l. Several empirical equations are then derived by using the Froude number of cross-flow Frc as a reference coefficient. This paper provides a better understanding and new estimations of the jet initial dilution under the combined effect of waves and cross-flow current.

Improving convergence of incremental harmonic balance method using homotopy analysis method

We have deduced incremental harmonic balance an iteration scheme in the （IHB） method using the harmonic balance plus the Newton-Raphson method. Since the convergence of the iteration is dependent upon the initial values in the iteration, the convergent region is greatly restricted for some cases. In this contribution, in order to enlarge the convergent region of the IHB method, we constructed the zeroth-order deformation equation using the homotopy analysis method, in which the IHB method is employed to solve the deformation equation with an embedding parameter as the active increment. Taking the Duffing and the van der Pol equations as examples, we obtained the highly accurate solutions. Importantly, the presented approach renders a convenient way to control and adjust the convergence.

Effect of partial remelting time on the initial carbide in semisolid structure of hypereutectic high Cr cast iron

In order to review the effect of partial remelting time on the morphology of initial carbides, semisolid ingots of hypereutectic high Cr17 cast iron were remelted at 1270℃ for four different times, and the changing characteristics of shape factor and the equivalent diameter of initial carbides were analyzed quantitatively using a Leica image analyzer. The results indicate that firstly, the evolution process of the initial carbides' morphology undergoes melting, spheroidization and refining during the partial remelting; secondly, the solute diffusion and interface tension take dominant roles at the primary and the middle-final stages respectively in the process of initial carbide evolution; finally, a perfect structure can be obtained by remelting semisolid ingots at 1270℃ for 15 min.

A New Population Initialization of Particle Swarm Optimization Method Based on PCA for Feature Selection

In many fields such as signal processing,machine learning,pattern recognition and data mining,it is common practice to process datasets containing huge numbers of features.In such cases,Feature Selection(FS)is often involved.Meanwhile,owing to their excellent global search ability,evolutionary computation techniques have been widely employed to the FS.So,as a powerful global search method and calculation fast than other EC algorithms,PSO can solve features selection problems well.However,when facing a large number of feature selection,the efficiency of PSO drops significantly.Therefore,plenty of works have been done to improve this situation.Besides,many studies have shown that an appropriate population initialization can effectively help to improve this problem.So,basing on PSO,this paper introduces a new feature selection method with filter-based population.The proposed algorithm uses Principal Component Analysis(PCA)to measure the importance of features first,then based on the sorted feature information,a population initialization method using the threshold selection and the mixed initialization is proposed.The experiments were performed on several datasets and compared to several other related algorithms.Experimental results show that the accuracy of PSO to solve feature selection problems is significantly improved after using proposed method.

Emerging Trends for Microbiome Analysis： From Single-Cell Functional Imaging to Microbiome Big Data

Method development has always been and will continue to be a core driving force of microbiome science.In this perspective, we argue that in the next decade, method development in microbiome analysis will be driven by three key changes in both ways of thinking and technological platforms:(1) a shift from dissecting microbiota structure by sequencing to tracking microbiota state, function, and intercellular interaction via imaging;(2) a shift from interrogating a consortium or population of cells to probing individual cells;and(3) a shift from microbiome data analysis to microbiome data science. Some of the recent methoddevelopment efforts by Chinese microbiome scientists and their international collaborators that underlie these technological trends are highlighted here. It is our belief that the China Microbiome Initiative has the opportunity to deliver outstanding 'Made-in-China' tools to the international research community, by building an ambitious, competitive, and collaborative program at the forefront of method development for microbiome science.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis on rigid-flexible coupling system of an elastic beam

Previous work examined the effect of the attached stiffness matrix terms on stability of an elastic beam undergoing prescribed large overall motion. The aim of the present work is to extend the nonlinear formulations to an elastic beam with free large overall motion. Based on initial stress method, the nonlinear coupling equations of elastic beams are obtained with free large overall motion and the attached stiffness matrix is derived by solving sub-static formulation. The angular velocity and the tip deformation of the elastic pendulum are calculated. The analytical results show that the simulation results of the present model are tabled and coincide with the one-order approximate model. It is shown that the simulation results accord with energy conservation principle.