RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF FRP LAMINATED PLATES WITH CONSIDERATION OF BOTH INITIAL IMPERFECTION AND FAILURE SEQUENCE

A probabilistic progressive failure analyzing method is applied to estimating the reliability of a simply supported laminated composite plate with an initial imperfection under bi-axial compression load. The initial imperfection and the strength parameters are considered as random variables. Ply-level failure probability is evaluated by the first order reliability method (FORM) together with the Tsai-Wu strength criterion and Tan criterion. Current stresses in the laminated structure are calculated by the classical lamination theory with the stiffness modified based on the last step ply failure. Probabilistically dominant ply-level failure sequences leading to overall system failure are identified, based on which the system failure probability is estimated. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the methodology proposed. Through parameter studies it is shown that the deviation of the initial imperfection and some of the strength parameters largely influence the system reliability.

Analysis on column-bracing forces considering random initial imperfections

A large number of column-bracing systems were modeled and analyzed by second-order analysis using finite element program ANSYS,in which the random combination of the initial imperfections between columns and horizontal braces was well considered by Monte Carlo Method.According to the analysis results,four kinds of instability modes of column-bracing systems were found,the probability density function of the mid-height horizontal bracing forces was established based on probability statistics,and the design bracing forces were also obtained.The results indicated that the above design bracing forces are smaller than that proposed by the "Code for design of steel structures"(GB50017-2003) when the top axial compressions on the braced columns are equal,and much smaller than the latter when the top axial compressions on the braced columns are unequal.The results also indicated that the random combination of the initial imperfections between columns and horizontal braces leads to the randomness of the mid-height horizontal bracing forces in compression or in tension,so that the design bracing forces can be reduced.

Mathematical Modelling and 3D FEM Analysis of the Influence of Initial Stresses on the ERR in a Band Crack’s Front in the Rectangular Orthotropic Thick Plate

This paper deals with the mathematical modelling and 3D FEM study of the energy release rate(ERR)in the band crack’s front contained in the orthotropic thick rectangular plate which is stretched or compressed initially before the loading of the crack's edge planes.The initial stretching or compressing of the plate causes uniformly distributed normal stress to appear acting in the direction which is parallel to the plane on which the band crack is located.After the appearance of the initial stress in the plate it is assumed that the crack's edge planes are loaded with additional uniformly distributed normal forces and the ERR caused with this additional loading is studied.The corresponding boundary value problem is formulated within the scope of the so-called 3D linearized theory of elasticity which allows the initial stress on the values of the ERR to be taken into consideration.Numerical results on the influence of the initial stress,anisotropy properties of the plate material,the crack’s length and its distance from the face planes of the plate on the values of the ERR,are presented and discussed.In particular,it is established that for the relatively greater length of the crack’s band,the initial stretching of the plate causes a decrease,but the initial compression causes an increase in the values of the ERR.

Research on Strengthening Method of Concave Cone-toroid-cylinder Combined Shell with Initial Imperfection

As a new joint structure,the impact of initial imperfection to stress of Concave cone-toroid-cylinder combined shell was analyzed. Firstly the location and shape of combined shell's initial imperfection caused by welding was studied. Secondly dominated stress was chosen after comparing varioustypical stress. Then it was analyzed that the influence of imperfection to dominated stress via changing the shape of frame's deflection and shell's concave-convex. At last the strengthening case for combined shell with imperfection was pointed out. The conclusions are:(1) Stress of frame 9 is more sensitive to initial imperfection than circumferential stress of toroidmidsurface,which is a new concern;(2) To strength the frames in the sides of toroid not only can decrease the stress of frame,but also can reduce the circumference stress of toroid's midsurface.

Vertical Upheaval Buckling of Submarine Buried Heated Pipelines with Initial Imperfection

In this paper,a theoretical solution of vertical buckling is proposed with regard to the typical initial imperfection cases of submarine pipelines.Analytical tools are applied to predicting the occurrence and consequence of inservice buckling of a buried heated pipeline in Bohai Gulf.An evaluation is performed to ensure the pipeline structural integrity during operation under loading conditions.Different protection measures are proposed and their validities are analyzed.Analyses show that for the same magnitude of initial imperfection,the upheaval buckling of pipeline with isolated prop model is the most likely to occur.The empathetic model represents a special sub-case of continuous prop model,and the calculated buckle temperature is between the first stage and the second stage of post-upheaval buckling of continuous prop model.And the larger the initial imperfection,the less the axial force required for the upheaval buckling.Meanwhile,it can be seen that a peak point appears on the curves of temperature difference against buckling amplitude for small initial imperfection.Besides,trenching-burial is one kind of protection measures preventing the pipeline from thermal upheaval.The covered depth-to-diameter ratio depends on the design conditions and subsoil properties.For the given pipeline in this paper,the covered depth-to-diameter ratio is recommended to be 5.

Characteristics of bifurcation and buckling load of space truss in consideration of initial imperfection and load mode

This study investigated characteristics of bifurcation and critical buckling load by shape imperfection of space truss,which were sensitive to initial conditions.The critical point and buckling load were computed by the analysis of the eigenvalues and determinants of the tangential stiffness matrix.The two-free-nodes example and star dome were selected for the case study in order to examine the nodal buckling and global buckling by the sensitivity to the eigen buckling mode and the analyses of the influence,and characteristics of the parameters as defined by the load ratio of the center node and surrounding node,as well as rise-span ratio were performed.The sensitivity to the imperfection of the initial shape of the two-free-nodes example,which occurs due to snapping at the critical point,resulted in bifurcation before the limit point due to the buckling mode,and the buckling load was reduced by the increase in the amount of imperfection.The two sensitive buckling patterns of the numerical model are established by investigating the displaced position of the free nodes,and the asymmetric eigenmode greatly influenced the behavior of the imperfection shape whether it was at limit point or bifurcation.Furthermore,the sensitive mode of the two-free-nodes example was similar to the in-extensional basis mechanism of a simplified model.The star dome,which was used to examine the influence among several nodes,indicated that the influence of nodal buckling was greater than that of global buckling as the rise-span ratio was higher.Besides,global buckling is occurred with reaching bifurcation point as the value of load ratio was higher,and the buckling load level was about 50%-70% of load level at limit point.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plates with Scanned Initial Geometrical Imperfection

The study of the ultimate strength of stiffened plates is a hot topic in ocean engineering. The ultimate strength and behavior of collapse of stiffened plates were investigated using experimental and numerical methods. Two stiffened plates, with one and two half-bays in both longitudinal and transverse directions, were tested under the uniaxial compression. There were clamped boundaries at both ends of the stiffened panels and a restrained boundary on the transverse frames. The novel three-dimensional laser scanning technology was used to measure the initial geometric imperfections and the ultimate deformation of the stiffened panels after the test. The initial geometric deformation was imported into the finite element model, and the ultimate strength and behavior of collapse of the stiffened plates were calculated using the finite element analysis. FE analysis results based on the measured initial geometric imperfections were compared with the test results. It is concluded that structural deformation can be well measured by three-dimensional laser scanning technology, and can be conveniently imported into the finite element analysis. With the measured initial geometric imperfections considered, the FE analysis results agree well with the experimental results in ultimate strength, behavior of collapse, and the ultimate displacement distribution of the stiffened panels.

除尘器箱体立柱稳定性增强方法研究

除尘器箱体立柱主要的破坏方式是丧失稳定性。为提高其承载能力,优化除尘装备结构设计,研究箱体立柱稳定性增强构造方法。采用非线性有限元方法,针对除尘器箱体加劲钢墙板—H型钢立柱结构体系,考虑初始缺陷影响,研究箱体立柱失稳机理。受墙板蒙皮作用,立柱呈现为前翼缘与腹板组成前半部分截面整体弯扭与腹板局部鼓曲相伴发生的相关失稳,且失稳发生在邻近柱顶的高压应力区域。针对失稳特征提出立柱稳定性增强构造措施,即在顶部区域立柱前翼缘两侧加焊加固钢板,加固钢板上、下边界与L形横隔板焊接连接。考察了加固钢板宽度、厚度,L形横隔板厚度以及加固钢板布置范围等因素对于立柱稳定承载力的影响,在此基础上提出了立柱稳定性增强构造的合理设计方法。采取该稳定性增强构造措施后,立柱稳定承载力得以明显提高。

Oblique and Herringbone Buckling Analysis of Steel Strip by Spline FEM

The tilted waves in steel strip during rolling and leveling of sheet metal can be classified into two different types of buckling, oblique and herringbone buckling, respectively. Numerical considerations of oblique and herringbone buckling phenomena are dealt with by the spline finite element method （FEM）. It is pointed out that the shear stress due to residual strains caused by the rolling process or applied non-uniform loading is the main reason of oblique and herringbone buckle. According to the analysis of stress distribution in plane, the appropriate initial strain patterns are adopted and the corresponding buckling modes are calculated by the spline FEM. The developed numerical model provides an estimation of buckling critical load and wave configuration.

轴压荷载作用下双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙中钢板屈曲性能研究

双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙作为建筑物中的抗侧力构件,具有承载力高、耗能能力强和延性好等优点。在高层和超高层建筑结构中,双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙需要承担一定的竖向荷载,钢板在正常使用阶段要求不发生弹性屈曲。钢板初始几何缺陷是影响双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙轴压荷载下钢板屈曲应力的重要指标,而在以往的研究中,钢板屈曲应力的计算方法并未予以考虑。基于前期的双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙轴压试验研究,采用分析软件ABAQUS建立了双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙轴压试件有限元模型,模型中引入了钢板的初始几何缺陷,从钢板屈曲应变、荷载-位移曲线和破坏模态等方面与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型分析结果的合理性。在此基础上进行参数分析,系统研究了钢板初始几何缺陷、钢板距厚比和钢材屈服强度等参数对钢板屈曲性能的影响规律,基于试验和数值模拟分析结果,提出了考虑钢板初始几何缺陷影响的双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙钢板屈曲应力计算方法。

基于内聚力单元的石拱桥数值模拟

古石拱桥一般由块石砌筑而成,材料有明显的非匀质性,且古石拱桥在长期荷载作用下很容易产生累计变形改变拱圈几何形状,进而影响其结构受力,采用传统整体式有限元模型很难准确模拟古石拱桥的受力性能。因此,为精确模拟古石拱桥实际受力状态,分析承载力影响因素,采用参数化建模的方法建立两相数值模型,用内聚力单元模拟材料非线性,并通过自编程序引入初始缺陷。分析了几何参数及材料参数对拱桥承载能力和破坏模式的影响。结果表明几何参数与材料参数显著影响结构的承载能力和破坏模式,为石拱桥的设计及修复、加固工作提供依据。

单层网壳结构初始几何缺陷场模拟方法研究进展

单层网壳结构的安全性很大程度上取决于其稳定承载力,而其制作及安装过程中产生的节点几何偏差初始缺陷对其稳定承载力具有重大影响。对单层网壳结构初始几何缺陷场模拟方法的研究进展和现行规范的规定进行了系统综述和分析,结果表明既有的随机性模拟法、确定性模拟法和半随机性模拟法均存在一定问题,规范所推荐的初始缺陷模拟方法脱离实际,因而无法准确确定单层网壳结构稳定承载力的真实概率模型。因此,亟待提出一种考虑结构拓扑约束、基本假定合理、计算成本可控的初始几何缺陷场模拟方法,为完善单层网壳结构整体稳定分析方法提供科学依据,并为分析其稳定可靠度提供理论基础。

轴向循环载荷下扁钢加筋板极限强度研究

为分析带板厚度、加强筋尺寸及循环加载模式对扁钢加筋板极限强度的影响,采用有限元软件ABAQUS,基于初始变形、焊接残余应力和鲍辛格效应,针对不同带板厚度和加强筋尺寸的扁钢加筋板开展了3种轴向循环载荷模式下的极限强度数值模拟。研究结果表明:当扁钢加筋板的带板厚度相同时,经循环载荷后,加筋板的极限强度随加强筋尺寸的增加而下降,其下降程度减缓;当加强筋尺寸相同时,经循环载荷后,加筋板的极限强度随带板厚度的增加而下降,其下降程度加剧;当循环载荷的幅值由大到小时,扁钢加筋板的极限强度下降程度最大;在等幅循环载荷时,扁钢加筋板循环后的极限强度下降程度最小。

THE IMPACT TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF ELASTIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS WITH ARBITRARY FORM IMPERFECTION

A perturbation analysis for the impact torsional buckling of imperfective elastic cylindrical shells subjected to a step torque is given The imperfection is supposed to be small and has arbitrary form. It is shown that only the imperfection which has the shape of static torsional buckling mode could influence the critical step torque. Finally a formula is presented for the critical step torque.

深圳前海博物馆结构分析与设计

深圳前海博物馆建筑造型独特,采用钢管混凝土框架-核心筒结构体系,结合竖向交通对称布置了8个剪力墙核心筒作为抗侧力构件,环周边布置12根外斜的钢管混凝土柱作为竖向承重构件;顶部3层布置跨层钢管混凝土拱架,形成948m跨度的无柱大空间,拱架面外与核心筒通过钢梁连接,面内与楼层梁柱刚接,提高了结构稳定性;通过布置平行折梁实现层层三角形立面叠檐造型,折梁之间通过竖向桁架、斜面内交叉拉杆连接成整体,形成折板的受力机制,叠檐与楼层错开引起的局部内力由斜柱承担。经过抗震性能化设计、拱架稳定性分析、叠檐和斜柱受力、复杂节点等专项分析,论证了结构体系的合理性。

The Effect of Initial Defects on Overall Mechanical Properties of Concrete Material

Considering the fact that the initial defects,like the imperfect interfacial transition zones(ITZ)and the micro voids in mortar matrix,weaken the mechanical properties of concrete,this study develops corresponding constitutive models for ITZ and matrix,and simulates the concrete failure with finite element methods.Specifically,an elastic-damage traction-separation model for ITZ is constructed,and an anisotropic plastic-damage model distinguishing the strength-difference under tension and compression for mortar matrix is proposed as well.In this anisotropic plastic-damage model,the weakening effect of micro voids is reflected by introducing initial isotropic damage,the distinct characteristic of tension and compression which described by decomposing damage tensor into tensile and compressive components,and the plastic yield surface which established on the effective stress space.Furthermore,by tracking the damage evolution of concrete specimens suffering uniaxial tension and compression,the effects of imperfect status of ITZ and volume fraction of initial voids on the concrete mechanical properties are investigated.

A Spring-Layer Model for a Bi-Layered Plate-Strip with Initial Stress Through Imperfect Contact Interface

In this paper,we present our report on the forced vibration of a bi-layered plate-strip with initial stress resting on a rigid foundation induced by a time-harmonic force.The investigation is carried out according to the piecewise homogeneous body model with utilizing the three-dimensional linearized theory of elastic waves in initially stressed bodies(TLTEWISB).The materials of the body are chosen to be linearly elastic,homogeneous,and isotropic.The interface between the layers is assumed to be imperfect,and is simulated by the spring-layer model.A similar degree of imperfection on the interface is realized in the normal and tangential directions.The mathematical model for the problem under consideration is designed,and the system of the equations of motion is approximately solved by employing the finite element method(FEM).The numerical results explaining the influence of the parameter that characterizes the degree of corresponding imperfectness on the dynamic response of the plate-strip are presented.In particular,we demonstrate that the distributions of the normal stress become flat,as the normal-spring parameter increases.

A Study on the Initial Fracture Behavior of CF/GF Intra-Hybrid Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites

In this paper, woven fabrics of glass fiber/carbon fiber intra-hybrid in plain structure were used to fabricate fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite by hand lay-up method. The investigation on tensile property was carried out on specimens in 7 orientations including 0°/5°/15°/75°/85°/90° in previous works. With the specimen parameters and experimental data, FEM model was built by the software of Marc. By combining the experimental results and finite element analysis, the modulus was simulated and calculated at the first stage. Then interfacial stress of the 0 degree and 90 degree was also calculated. By the initial fracture stress data from experiment as well as the simulation value of interfacial strength of 0 and 90 degree, the initial fracture stress of the off-axial specimens wascalculated and predicted. The result shows that the interfacial strength of the glass fiber bundle is higher than that of the carbon fiber bundle in transverse direction. By using the interfacial strength and according to the Von Mises yielding criterion, the initial fracture stress was predicted, which can be a contribution to the design or predict of the material properties.

小样本数据下圆柱薄壳初始缺陷不确定性量化的极大熵方法

具有不确定性特征的初始缺陷被认为是导致薄壳结构实际临界载荷值与理论解不相符并呈现分散特征的主要原因.对实际薄壳结构初始缺陷的建模至少需要考虑两个方面的不确定性量化,一是对缺陷分布形式和幅值等固有随机性的量化,二是对小样本量和不准确测量所导致缺陷统计量的不确定性的量化.本文在利用随机场的Karhunen-Loeve展开法对薄壳初始几何缺陷建模的基础上,提出一种基于极大熵原理的缺陷建模方法.首先,采用极大熵分布来估计Karhunen-Loeve随机变量的概率密度函数,以适应不能使用高斯随机场进行缺陷随机场建模的情况.随后,通过将经典的等式约束极大熵模型扩展为区间约束极大熵模型,实现对实际工程中仅能获得少量薄壳结构几何缺陷样本数据所导致的认知不确定性的量化.最后,将所提方法用于对国际缺陷数据库的A-Shell进行缺陷建模和临界载荷预测.研究表明,所提基于区间约束极大熵原理的随机场建模方法在能够有效表征实测数据高阶矩信息的同时,还具备量化小样本数据导致的认知不确定性的能力,并且高斯随机场模型和基于等式约束极大熵原理的随机场模型是本文所提建模方法的两种特殊情况.

大空心率中空夹层钢管混凝土构件的抗撞性能研究

大空心率中空夹层钢管混凝土构件的抗撞击性能有其自身特点,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立考虑初始几何缺陷的中空夹层钢管混凝土构件的侧向撞击模型,对比了不同初始几何缺陷组合下空心率范围为0.2~0.9构件的抗撞击性能;在此基础上讨论了初始几何缺陷对空心率为0.8构件撞击响应的影响,并对影响大空心率构件撞击响应的主要参数进行分析;最后基于参数分析结果和静态荷载作用下的荷载-局部压痕关系,给出大空心率中空夹层钢管混凝土构件在侧向撞击荷载作用下撞击力-局部变形简化预测公式。结果表明:与无几何缺陷构件相比,考虑初始几何缺陷时构件的撞击力平台值降低,局部变形增大,当空心率达到0.8时,几何缺陷的不利影响最显著,构件的撞击力平台值下降10.6%,跨中局部变形增大20.4%。提高名义含钢率和减小内钢管径厚比可有效减小初始几何缺陷对该类构件抗撞击性能的不利影响,而改变材料强度对该类构件抗撞性能影响相对较小。给出的简化计算公式可以较好地预测有无初始几何缺陷的大空心率构件在侧向撞击荷载下的撞击力-局部变形曲线。