Corrigendum to“Nitrosamines crisis in pharmaceuticals-Insights on toxicological implications,root causes and risk assessment:A systematic review”[J.Pharm.Anal.14(2024)100919]

Original statement in the Section 2:2.Literature search Our primary screening of 180 articles yielded the relevant data for this study.2.1.Study selection A total of 180 articles spanning from 1960 to the present day,including original research,reviews,case reports and studies reporting nitrosamine impurities above the no-observed-adverse-effect levels(NOAEL)established by regulatory agencies,were initially screened.During the primary screening,we considered factors such as relevance,publication date,access to the full article text,and content.

Design,fabrication and performance test of an integrated exploding foil initiator system OA

The integration method of exploding foil initiator system(EFIs) used to be researched to broaden its application range in military and aerospace in the last few decades.In order to lower the firing voltage below 1 kV,an integrated EFIs with enhanced energy efficiency was designed.Corresponding exploding foil initiator chips were fabricated in batch via micro electromechanical systems technology by integrating a unified foil,a flyer layer and a barrel on a glass substrate successively,meanwhile its package of the whole system was proposed at a volume of 2.194 cm^(3).The structural parameters were determined by predicted performance including flyer velocity,impact behavior and conduction property via the proposed theoretical models and the static electric field simulation.As expect,this integrated EFIs exhibited excellent functions,which could accelerate the flyer to a terminal velocity over 4 km/s and preeminently initiate HNS-IV pellet at a circuit of 0.24 μF/0.9 kV.Furthermore,the theoretical design,fabrication and performance test have been all included to validate the feasibility of this integrated EFIs that was beneficial for its commercial development in the future.

Numerical simulation for the initial state of avalanche in polydisperse particle systems

Numerical simulation is employed to investigate the initial state of avalanche in polydisperse particle systems.Nucleation and propagation processes are illustrated for pentadisperse and triadisperse particle systems,respectively.In these processes,particles involved in the avalanche grow slowly in the early stage and explosively in the later stage,which is clearly different from the continuous and steady growth trend in the monodisperse system.By examining the avalanche propagation,the number growth of particles involved in the avalanche and the slope of the number growth,the initial state can be divided into three stages:T1(nucleation stage),T2(propagation stage),T3(overall avalanche stage).We focus on the characteristics of the avalanche in the T2 stage,and find that propagation distances increase almost linearly in both axial and radial directions in polydisperse systems.We also consider the distribution characteristics of the average coordination number and average velocity for the moving particles.The results support that the polydisperse particle systems are more stable in the T2 stage.

Drone systems for delivering defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrests

Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),or drones,that were initially developed for military use during World War I[1],have evolved into highly sophisticated aircraft that can be navigated remotely using global positioning systems.With constant improvements,drones have become more efficient,and cost-effective,with longer battery life and greater loading capacity.Today,UAVs have proven to be an effective and affordable solution for enhancing healthcare accessibility for patients who face geographical or infrastructural barriers.Using drone networks can greatly reduce the time transporting life-saving equipment,such as delivering automated external defibrillators(AEDs),to cardiac arrest victims,and can provide quick assistance to reduce travel time for the patients.

BeiDou-3 Global Positioning System Officially Initiates Construction

China’s Bei Dou-3 global positioning system has been officially initiated construction with four global networking satel ites to be launched by the end of this year,according to the announcement at the Sixth China Annual Meeting of Satellite Navigation and Location Services in Shenzhen on September 16 and the First Satellite Application International Exposition held.

VINYL RADICAL POLYMERIZATION INITIATED WITH CERIC ION AND ETHYL N, N-DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMYL ACETATE SYSTEM

Acrylamide polymerization initiated with a redox initiation system consisting of eerie ion and ethyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl acetate (EDCA) has been studied. It was found that the polymerization rate equation is in good agreement with that of a redox initiated polymerization, and the overall activation energy of the polymerization was determined to be 25.2 kJ.mol(-1). Accordingly, the system belongs to a redox initiator. The initiation mechanism was proposed based on the end group analysis using FT-IR, UV spectroscopies. Analysis results revealed that the N, N-diethyldithiocarbamyl radical produced from the redox reaction of EDCA with eerie ion can initiate acrylonitrile (AN) polymerization and form the end group on PAN. The resulting PAN was photopolymerized with butyl acrylate (BE) to form PAN-b-PBA block copolymer.

PHOTOINITIATED POLYMERIZATION BY ARYLIODONIUM SALT/BENZOPHENONE/TERTIARY AMINE BINARY PHOTOSENSITIZATION SYSTEM

A novel binary photosensitization system composed of benzophenone (BP)/diphenyliodonium chloride (DPIOC) Ariethylamine (TEA), exhibiting a good photoresponse at near UV and visible light regions, was used as the initiator for photopolymerization of MMA. The radical photogeneration in the binary system consists mainly of two parallel reactions, i. e. , BP/TEA photohydrogen-abstraction and DPIOC/TEA complex photodecomposition, but the latter is more active than the former. The results of comparative study indicate that the rate of polymerization induced by the binary system (BDT)is remarkably higher than those by the corresponding single systems The polymerization rates are proportional to [BP]^(0.16), [DPIOC]^(0.32) [TEA]^(0.45) and [MMA]. The mechanism is also discussed.

A NEW METHOD ON THE CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF DOPED POLYPYRROLE INITIATED BY CuCl_2-C_2H_5OH SYSTEM

Our objectives were to develop a new chemical method for the polymerization of pyrrole. CuCl_2 dissolved in C_2H_5OH solvent is primarily used for the initiation polymerization of pyrrole. The polymers with different yield and conductivity were obtained by raring the initial concentration of Cu^(2+). The initial concentrations of Cu^(2+) varied from 1.2 × 10^(-4) mole to 6.48 × 10^(-3) mole Cu^(2+) with 2.16 × 10^(-2) mole pyrrole. The polypyrrole obtained was characterized with elemental analyzer, XPS, IR spectroscopy, Four-point probe and SEM.

VINYL RADICAL POLYMERIZATION INITIATED WITH CERIC ION AND N-(SUBSTITUTED PHENYL) ACETAMIDE SYSTEMS

The polymerization of acrylamide (AAM)in H_2O/DMF or in H_2O/CH_3CN mixed solvent initiated with ceric ion (Ce^(4+) )/N-(substituted phenyl)-acetamide systems have been studied. The redox polymerization was revealed by the low value of overall activation energy (E_α) of AAM polymerization using ceric ion/N-(substituted phenyl) acetamide system as an initiator. The end group of polymer formed was detected by IR spectrum analysis method, it revealed the presence of N-(m-acetoxy-methylphenyl) acetamide (m-AAe) moiety end group in the polymer obtained with ceric ion/m-AAe initiation system.

The multiple pleiotropic effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiorenal system

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT2i),including empagliflozin,dapagliflozin,and canagliflozin,are now widely approved antihyperglycemic therapies.Although initially considered to be only glucose-lowering agents,the effects of SGLT2i have expanded far beyond that,and their use is now being studied in the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease,even in patients without diabetes.Because of their unique glycosuric mechanism,SGLT2i also reduce weight.Perhaps more important are the osmotic diuretic and natriuretic effects contributing to plasma volume contraction,and decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures by 4 to 6 and 1 to 2 mm Hg,respectively,which may underlie cardiovascular and kidney benefits.

Study on Multi-Scale Blending Initial Condition Perturbations for a Regional Ensemble Prediction System

An initial conditions （ICs） perturbation method was developed with the aim to improve an operational regional ensemble prediction system （REPS）. Three issues were identified and investigated： （1） the impacts of perturbation scale on the ensemble spread and forecast skill of the REPS; （2） the scale characteristic of the IC perturbations of the REPS; and （3） whether the REPS＇s skill could be improved by adding large-scale information to the IC perturbations. Numerical experiments were conducted to reveal the impact of perturbation scale on the ensemble spread and forecast skill. The scales of IC perturbations from the REPS and an operational global ensemble prediction system （GEPS） were analyzed. A ＂multi-scale blending＂ （MSB） IC perturbation scheme was developed, and the main findings can be summarized as follows： The growth rates of the ensemble spread of the REPS are sensitive to the scale of the IC perturbations; the ensemble forecast skills can benefit from large-scale perturbations; the global ensemble IC perturbations exhibit more power at larger scales, while the regional ensemble IC perturbations contain more power at smaller scales; the MSB method can generate IC perturbations by combining the small-scale component from the REPS and the large-scale component from the GEPS; the energy norm growth of the MSB-generated perturbations can be appropriate at all forecast lead times; and the MSB-based REPS shows higher skill than the original system, as determined by ensemble forecast verification.

THE SINGULARLY PERTURBED NONLOCAL REACTION DIFFUSION SYSTEM

In this paper the singularly perturbed initial boundary value problems for the nonlocal reaction diffusion system are considered. Unsing the iteration method and the comparison theorem, the existence, uniqueness and its asymptotic behavior of solution for the problem are studied.

A fast and accurate initial alignment method for strapdown inertial navigation system on stationary base

In this work,a fast and accurate stationary alignment method for strapdown inertial navigation system （SINS） is proposed. It has been demonstrated that the stationary alignment of SINS can be improved by employing the multiposition technique,but the alignment time of the azimuth error is relatively longer. Over here, the two-position alignment principle is presented. On the basis of this SINS error model, a fast estimation algorithm of the azimuth error for the initial alignment of SINS on stationary base is derived fully from the horizontal velocity outputs and the output rates, and the novel azimuth error estimation algorithm is used for the two-position alignment. Consequently, the speed and accuracy of the SINS＇ s initial alignment is enhanced greatly. The computer simulation results illustrate the efficiency of this alignment method.

Aberrant activation of latent transforming growth factor-β initiates the onset of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis

There is currently no effective medical treatment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJ-OA) due to a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. This study was undertaken to investigate the key role of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)signalling in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the TMJ using a temporomandibular joint disorder(TMD) rat model, an ageing mouse model and a Camurati–Engelmann disease(CED) mouse model. In the three animal models, the subchondral bone phenotypes in the mandibular condyles were evaluated by μCT, and changes in TMJ condyles were examined by TRAP staining and immunohistochemical analysis of Osterix and p-Smad2/3. Condyle degradation was confirmed by Safranin O staining, the Mankin and OARSI scoring systems and type X collagen(Col X), p-Smad2/3 a and Osterix immunohistochemical analyses. We found apparent histological phenotypes of TMJ-OA in the TMD, ageing and CED animal models, with abnormal activation of TGF-βsignalling in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β receptor I attenuated TMJ-OA progression in the TMD models. Therefore, aberrant activation of TGF-β signalling could be a key player in TMJ-OA development.

ENSO hindcast skill of the IAP-DecPreS near-term climate prediction system:comparison of full-field and anomaly initialization

Model initialization is a key process of climate predictions using dynamical models. In this study, the authors evaluated the performances of two distinct initialization approaches--anomaly and full-field initializations--in ENSO predictions conducted using the IAP-DecPreS near-term climate prediction system developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics （lAP）. IAP-DecPreS is composed of the FGOALS-s2 coupled general circulation model and a newly developed ocean data assimilation scheme called＇ensemble optimal interpolation-incremental analysis update＇ （EnOI-IAU）. It was found that, for IAP-DecPreS, the hindcast runs using the anomaly initialization have higher predictive skills for both conventional ENSO and El Nino Modoki, as compared to using the full-field initialization. The anomaly hindcasts can predict super El Nino/La Nina 10 months in advance and have good skill for most moderate and weak ENSO events about 4-7 months in advance.The predictive skill of the anomaly hindcasts for El Nino Modoki is close to that for conventional ENSO. On the other hand, the anomaly hindcasts at 1- and 4-month lead time can reproduce the major features of large-scale patterns of sea surface temperature, precipitation and atmospheric circulation anomalies during conventional ENSO and El Nino Modoki winter.

Algorithm for Calculating Torque Base in Vehicle Traction Control System

Existing research on the traction control system（TCS） mainly focuses on control methods, such as the PID control, fuzzy logic control, etc, aiming at achieving an ideal slip rate of the drive wheel over long control periods. The initial output of the TCS （referred to as the torque base in this paper）, which has a great impact on the driving performance of the vehicle in early cycles, remains to be investigated. In order to improve the control performance of the TCS in the first several cycles, an algorithm is proposed to determine the torque base. First, torque bases are calculated by two different methods, one based on states judgment and the other based on the vehicle dynamics. The confidence level of the torque base calculated based on the vehicle dynamics is also obtained. The final torque base is then determined based on the two torque bases and the confidence level. Hardware-in-the-loop（HIL） simulation and vehicle tests emulating sudden start on low friction roads have been conducted to verify the proposed algorithm. The control performance of a PID-controlled TCS with and without the proposed torque base algorithm is compared, showing that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of the TCS over the first several cycles and enhances about 5% vehicle speed by contrast. The proposed research provides a more proper initial value for TCS control, and improves the performance of the first several control cycles of the TCS.

Sensitivity of intrinsic mode functions of Lorenz system to initial values based on EMD method

Extreme sensitivity to initial values is an intrinsic character of chaotic systems. The evolution of a chaotic system has a spatiotemporal structure containing quasi-periodic changes of different spatiotemporal scales. This paper uses an empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method to decompose and compare the evolution of the time-dependent evolutions of the x-component of the Lorenz system. The results indicate that the sensitivity of intrinsic mode function （IMF） component is dependent on initial values, which provides some scientific evidence for the possibility of long-range climatic prediction.

A new nudging scheme for the current operational climate prediction system of the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center of China

A new nudging scheme is proposed for the operational prediction system of the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center(NMEFC)of China,mainly aimed at improving El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)predictions.Compared with the origin nudging scheme of NMEFC,the new scheme adds a nudge assimilation for wind components,and increases the nudging weight at the subsurface.Increasing the nudging weight at the subsurface directly improved the simulation performance of the ocean component,while assimilating low-level wind components not only affected the atmospheric component but also benefited the oceanic simulation.Hindcast experiments showed that the new scheme remarkably improved both ENSO and IOD prediction skills.The skillful prediction lead time of ENSO was up to 11 months,1 month longer than a hindcast using the original nudging scheme.Skillful prediction of IOD could be made 4–5 months ahead by the new scheme,with a 0.2 higher correlation at a 3-month lead time.These prediction skills approach the level of some of the best state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models.Improved ENSO and IOD predictions occurred across all seasons,but mainly for target months in the boreal spring for the ENSO and the boreal spring and summer for the IOD.

The Ring-opening Polymerization of D, L-Lactide Initiated with Stannous Octoate

The ring-opening polymerization of D, L-lactide in the melt was systematically investigated by using stannous octoate as the initiator. The molecular weight of poly (D, L-lactide) was characterized with M,. Mn and Mw respectively. The results indicated that five variables, namely purity of monomer, initiator to monomer ratio, vacuum level, polymerization temperature and polymerization time had different influences on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of poly(D. L-lactide).