Effect of fore/aft-loaded rotor on compressor stability under inlet circumferential distortion

A modified small perturbation stability prediction model for axial compressors with circumferential inlet distortions is established and applied to investigate the effect of fore/aft-loaded rotor on compressor stability under circumferentially distorted inlet conditions.The inlet total pressure distribution downstream of the distortion screen is measured in experiments and employed for simulations which are implemented via time-space spectral method.The stall inception prediction results via the stability model indicate that the compressor with aft-loaded rotor not only performs better in terms of stability under uniform inlet,but also maintains a larger stability margin under circumferentially distorted inlet.The experiments for compressors with fore-loaded and aft-loaded rotor are respectively carried out.The results validate the reliability of numerical simulations and the predicted conclusion that the aft-loaded rotor is beneficial for compressor stability.Besides,the ability of the developed theoretical model for compressor stability prediction under circumferential distortions is confirmed.In addition,dynamic pressure signals at rotor tip measured in experiments illustrate that the circumferential distortion has little effect on the compressor stall pattern.

A Methodology for Assessing Axial Compressor Stability with Inlet Temperature Ramp Distortion

Based on a small perturbation stability model for periodic flow,the effects of inlet total temperature ramp distortion on the axial compressor are investigated and the compressor stability is quantitatively evaluated.In the beginning,a small perturbation stability model for the periodic flow in compressors is proposed,referring to the governing equations of the Harmonic Balance Method.This stability model is validated on a single-stage low-speed compressor TA36 with uniform inlet flow.Then,the unsteady flow of TA36 with different inlet total temperature ramps and constant back pressure is simulated based on the Harmonic Balance Method.Based on these simulations,the compressor stability is analyzed using the proposed small perturbation model.Further,the Dynamic Mode Decomposition method is employed to accurately extract pressure oscillations.The two parameters of the temperature ramp,ramp rate and Strouhal number,are discussed in this paper.The results indicate the occurrence and extension of hysteresis loops in the rows,and a decrease in compressor stability with increasing ramp rate.Compressor performance is divided into two phases,stable and limit,based on the ramp rate.Furthermore,the model predictions suggest that a decrease in period length and an increase in Strouhal number lead to improved compressor stability.The DMD results imply that for compressors with inlet temperature ramp distortion,the increase of high-order modes and oscillations at the rotor tip is always the signal of decreasing stability.

环绕式涡桨进气道主流道设计及优化方法

为研究环绕式涡桨进气道主流道设计方法,使用环形截面设计方法进行参数化设计,使用型线方程和3次B样条曲线构建进气道气动型面。使用数值模拟的方法,开展不同上、下型线参数方程和圆心扩展角变化规律对进气道性能影响的研究,通过调整参数得到进气道优化后的构型。结果表明:优化后得到的进气道模型相较于初始模型总压恢复系数提高0.13%,总压畸变降低8.4%。

船舶进气畸变模拟板结构设计与参数分析

Significant aerodynamic engine instability can occur during the operation of marine gas turbines as airflow enters the compressor through a 90°turning and causes inlet distortion.This study adopts the method of simulating board equivalence to provide the target distortion flow field for ship compressors.The characteristics of the flow field behind the simulated board are obtained through experiments and numerical simulations,through which the relationship between the height of the simulated board and the total pressure distortion is elucidated.Subsequently,the study summarizes the prediction formula to achieve a distortion prediction of 0.8%–7.8%.In addition,this work analyzes the effects of drilling methods and diameters on flow nonuniformity by drilling holes into the simulation board.The results indicate that drilling holes on the board can weaken the nonuniformity of the flow field within a certain range and change the distribution pattern of total pressure in the cross-section.Furthermore,the total pressure distortion no longer changes significantly when the number of holes is too large.The proposed double simulation board structure is capable of obtaining the following two types of distorted flow fields:symmetrical dual lowpressure zones and low-pressure zones with high distortion intensity at the compressor inlet.The distortion equivalent simulation method proposed in this work can obtain various types of distortion spectra,thereby meeting the distortion parameter requirements for the antidistortion testing of marine engines.

航空发动机进气试验台畸变数值模拟研究

为了实现对发动机吸入高温燃气现象进行模拟,本文介绍了航空发动机进气温度畸变模拟装置,主要从设备原理、设备组成、设备仿真验证等方面进行说明,通过数值模拟手段对模拟装置的指标进行验证,验证了该装置主、辅喷口在不同流量、温度下,气动参数测量截面(aerodynamic interface plane,AIP)温度分布以及温度畸变强度等指标,主喷口在喷射热流温度550 K、流量20 kg/s下,温度畸变强度可达24.29%;辅助喷口在喷射热流温度450 K、流量20 kg/s下,温度畸变强度可达18.06%,从而对不同喷口位置下AIP截面高温区分布变化进行了验证。通过改变管路喷射流量速率可改变AIP截面的温升速率,证明了该温度畸变模拟装置具有一定的温度畸变指标实现能力和可调节性,可实现对外场现象的复现。

基于平行压气机模型的发动机整机性能计算方法

为了满足航空发动机型号设计、适航审定等阶段所采用的仿真模型能够快速有效计算进气畸变对发动机性能影响的需要,开展了基于平行压气机模型的发动机整机性能计算方法研究。在发动机整机性能通用仿真系统基础上,通过继承、关联等方法,构建平行压气机部件类;以发动机整机性能仿真模型迭代计算参数作为子压气机出口边界约束,进行子压气机工作点迭代计算,从而获得压气机、发动机工作点及发动机整机性能;以某型混合排气加力式双转子涡扇发动机为仿真对象,分别计算了设计点性能和进气畸变条件下的非设计点性能,验证了计算方法的有效性,并分析了进气畸变对压气机及发动机整机性能的影响。

非轴对称静子对压气机气动性能的影响

为降低进气畸变对压气机气动性能的影响,设计了1种压气机非轴对称静子,并对设计方案开展数值模拟研究。仿真结果表明:在最高效率工况下,非轴对称静子能减小畸变区静叶的流动分离,缩小叶尖低密流区域,提升通道的流通能力,压气机的最高效率约增加0.46%,此外,畸变区叶片进口气流角得到改善,在90%叶高处的峰值气流角降低2.5°;在近失速工况下,非轴对称静子能降低畸变区静叶上半叶高的扩压因子,缩小分离范围,虽略微恶化了叶根区域流场,但压气机整体气动性能与流通能力有所提升,能够在更低的流量下工作,稳定裕度增加31.5%。

Coupling Effect between Inlet Distortion Vortex and Fan

In the process of inlet/engine matching,large-scale distortion vortexes would be generated due to lip separation,curved duct,shock-wave boundary layer interaction and other factors of inlet,resulting in complex combination distortion of total pressure and swirl,which would affect the stable and efficient operation of fans/compressors of aero-engine.On the basis of main distortion vortex characteristics of a typical S-shape inlet and its theoretical model of velocity and pressure distribution,this paper establishes an inlet boundary condition definition method to generate three-dimensional distortion vortex,and presents a study of coupling effect between steady distortion vortex and NASA Rotor 67.The results show that the fan’s performance curve would move to smaller mass flow direction under the influence of the co-rotating distortion vortex,while fan’s operation curve would change to the opposite direction if the inlet distortion vortex direction is opposite to the fan’s rotating direction.Compared with co-rotating distortion vortex,the efficiency loss caused by counter-rotating distortion vortex would be larger and total pressure ratio loss would be smaller.The vortex core size has significant influence on the stability margin of the fan,but has little influence on the efficiency and total pressure ratio characteristic.As the vortex core size increases,the range of fan’s tip region with high attack angle would become larger and cause the fan to stall in advance.Due to the non-uniform suction of the downstream fan,the inlet distortion vortex accelerates to mix with the surrounding main flow.The total pressure distortion decreases and swirl distortion increases along sections from inlet boundary to the fan leading edge.

Adaptive feedback control of stability in an axial compressor with circumferential inlet distortion

The adaptive feedback control of stability with circumferential inlet distortion has been experimentally investigated in a low-speed,axial compressor.The flat-baffles with different span heights are used to simulate different distorted inflow cases.Compared with auto-correlation and root-mean-square analysis,cross-correlation analysis used to predict early stall warning does not depend on the distortion position.Hence,the cross-correlation coefficient was used to monitor the stable status of the compressor and provide the feedback signal in the active control strategy when suffering from different distortions.Based on the stall margin improvement of tip air injection obtained under different distorted inflow cases and the sensitivity analysis of cross-correlation coefficients to injected momentum ratios,tip air injection was adopted as the actuator for adaptive feedback control.The digital signal processing controller was designed and applied to achieve adaptive feedback control in distorted inflow conditions.The results show that the adaptive feedback control of air injection nearly achieves the same stall margin improvement as steady air injection under different distortion intensities with a reduced injection mass flow.Thus,the proposed adaptive feedback control method is ideal for the engine operation with circumferential distorted inflow,which frequently occurs in flight.

基于适航标准的短舱进气道迎角特性数值研究

为研究运输类飞机在爬升阶段因大迎角造成短舱进气道内流动分离对进气性能产生的影响,以大涵道比涡扇发动机DGEN380的短舱进气道为研究对象,对其在0°~40°飞行迎角情况下的流场进行数值模拟,发现飞行迎角增大引起短舱进气道内低动量流体堆积和气流分离是引起总压畸变的主要原因。研究结果表明:随着飞行迎角增大,总压恢复系数减小,进气畸变指数增大;在28°~40°飞行迎角范围内,因气流在进气道内发生不同程度的分离,总压恢复系数和进气畸变指数对飞行迎角和马赫数的变化更加敏感,且在该范围内,同一飞行迎角情况下,马赫数越大,气流越容易发生分离。

畸变进气条件下矿用对旋主通风机旋转失速机理研究

为了揭示畸变进气条件下压入式矿用对旋风机的旋转失速机理,基于分离涡模拟方法与节流阀模型,对旋风机内部的非定常流动开展了数值模拟与分析。结果表明:对旋风机两级叶轮内的失速起始扰动均为“突发型”,均首先发生于叶顶区域,但前级叶轮较后级叶轮更早地进入旋转失速状态。后级叶轮叶根区域也同样出现了扰动,但该处扰动是独立产生和发展的。另外,两级叶轮内失速团的传播均是通过相邻叶片通道流入的反流与本叶片通道流出的反流所引起的失速团扰动强度沿叶轮周向的变化来实现的,前级叶轮内失速起始扰动与失速团的传播速度分别为叶轮转速的60.9%和35%,后级叶轮内二者的传播速度分别为叶轮转速的55%和46%。

畸变进气对对旋风机单级运行内流特性及性能的影响

为对压入式矿用对旋风机在畸变进气条件下单级运行方案的合理选择提供理论依据,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对风机前级和后级叶轮单独运行情况下的内部流场进行非定常数值模拟,分析了均匀和畸变两种进气条件下单级叶轮运行时的内流特性,对比了全压和全压效率等风机性能参数。结果表明:当前级叶轮单级运行时,畸变进气对流动的影响集中在前级叶轮上游区域,前级叶轮出口直至扩散器区域内流动扰动较小;后级叶轮单级运行时,畸变进气加剧了前级叶轮作为前导叶对后级叶轮区域内流动产生的不利影响,两级叶轮内熵损失较均匀进气条件显著增大,扩散器内的湍流程度加剧。与后级叶轮单级运行相比,前级叶轮单级运行受畸变进气影响而导致的流动损失较小,全压效率提高约11%。

基于VG/VGJ的喷水推进进口流道流动控制方法

平进口喷水推进器的进口流道背部流动分离所导致的喷水推进泵进流畸变,是喷水推进泵性能与推进器性能下降的主要原因。基于涡流发生器(vortex generator,VG)/射流式涡旋发生器(vortex generator jet,VGJ)抑制流动分离的理论,该文选择某型进口流道模型,在低速风洞上进行模型吹风实验,以模拟平进口进水流道内流动。通过测量进口流道壁面压力和喷水推进泵入口面总压分布,解释了VG/VGJ提升推进性能的机理,获得了VG/VGJ结构尺寸和安装位置对流动控制效果的影响规律。在低进速比(IVR=0.5)工况下,布置合理的VG/VGJ能提高进口流道总压恢复系数和喷水推进泵进流面轴向速度均匀度,可以增加近5%的推力。

畸变指数比例可调的组合插板数值模拟研究

利用畸变发生器开展进气总压畸变试验研究具有较好的安全性与经济性,是航空发动机稳定性评估的重要技术。现有畸变发生器在稳、动态畸变指数比例的调节上具有一定的不足,较大地制约了发动机稳定性的评估。针对该局限性,本文创新设计可调组合插板畸变发生器,用于实现稳、动态畸变指数比例的调节。同时,采用应力混涡模拟(SBES)模型进行数值模拟,旨在提高大尺度分离涡结构的捕捉能力。研究发现,与基于雷诺平均N-S (RANS)方程的模型相比,采用SBES模型模拟的稳、动态畸变指数具有更高的准确度。此外,可调组合插板畸变发生器产生的稳态畸变指数占比可达约19%~58%,相较于单插板约50%的稳态畸变指数占比有了较大范围的拓宽。研究证实了本文设计的可调组合插板畸变发生器具有稳、动态畸变指数比例可调的能力。

双旁侧无隔道超声速进气道参数化设计及流动分析

针对双旁侧无隔道超声速进气道中S弯流道内部流向涡产生的大畸变问题,提出了参数化设计技术,并基于典型飞机前体设计进气道构型,利用Liutex涡识别技术分析S弯流道内部的流动机理,并探索提升进气道出口流场品质的设计技术。研究结果表明:Liutex涡识别理论在进气道流场中能够有效识别流向涡的大小和强度;为抑制流向涡的产生和发展,降低出口畸变,进气道入口处上唇口一侧流道应采用较小的曲率,下唇口一侧则需要增大曲率;S弯流道末端应增大扭曲程度以将流向涡推至进气道出口中间区域。本文研究可有效抑制无隔道超声速进气道出口畸变,为控制S弯流道内部流向涡结构探索新型设计方法。

实验探究周向进气畸变对局部喘振型跨声速轴流压气机进气的影响

为深入探究失速点变化机理,采用实验方法探究了三种不同周向畸变强度的进气边界对压气机失稳演化的影响机理。在试验过程中,通过增加动态测试点以测量转子叶尖的静压和静子尾缘的总压,并在压气机出口容腔内增加测点以检测系统响应。结果表明,当进口存在周向畸变时,失稳点流量的减小是由于压气机的失稳演化过程从局部喘振转变成了突尖波。在均匀进气时,该压气机失速演化过程为局部喘振,扰动以低频轴对称的形式出现在静子叶根区域。当进口存在周向畸变时,静子叶根处仍会出现不稳定低频扰动,但由于周向畸变的存在使其不再具备轴对称性,因此该低频扰动无法进一步发展,最终由于转子叶尖出现了突尖波导致压气机失稳。本研究主要结论为周向进气畸变可以通过改变压气机失速过程进而影响压气机失速点变化。

平行双插板测点布局对稳态周向畸变指数的影响

基于对双侧弦月形平行可移动插板畸变模拟器流动的数值仿真,采用在AIP面上进行空间采样的方法模拟试验方案中的总压测量,研究不同周向均匀测点布局对畸变图谱捕捉能力以及稳态周向畸变指数测量结果的影响规律,获得了合适的周向均布测点数和周向非均匀改进的测点布局,得到较优的测量布局方案。

一种新型动态畸变模拟器数值模拟及试验测量研究

为了更准确地模拟真实进气道出口畸变,更好地评估进发匹配性能,设计了一种新型动态畸变模拟器,其主要利用扰流柱产生流向涡团,形成总压与旋流复合畸变,并利用外部射流形成畸变流场的动态变化。数值模拟结果表明:无射流工况下,模拟器下游可以产生总压与旋流复合畸变流场,畸变有一定的脉动程度;定常射流工况下,时均流场畸变程度增强,但畸变脉动程度降低,流场接近稳态;给定非定常射流后,畸变脉动程度显著增强,总压和旋流畸变指数均有剧烈波动,其中总压畸变指数标准差达到0.089,旋流畸变指数标准差达到0.077。试验测量结果表明:随着进口马赫数增加,非定常射流工况下紊流度占比达到41%~56%,综合畸变指数达到10%以上,满足实际工程中进发匹配试验对进气畸变的要求。

进气径向畸变对燃烧室性能影响研究与预测

针对燃气轮机在实际运行过程中燃烧室进口速度分布不均匀问题,采用数值模拟方法对直流环形燃烧室开展数值模拟计算,分析了不同进气速度畸变位置与畸变强度下燃烧室的流场与温度分布特性,并给出了一种畸变条件下燃烧室性能预测模型。结果表明:不同进气速度径向畸变位置与畸变强度对扩压器内和机匣前段流场形态影响较大,燃烧室空气分配比例改变,温度分布有所差异。燃烧室工况改变对空气分配比例、燃烧效率和总压损失的影响不大。进气速度畸变对燃烧效率影响不大,主要影响到总压损失的变化。随着畸变程度提高,空气分配比例变化明显,总压损失随之增大。进气畸变对燃烧室出口温度分布的影响规律较为复杂,影响程度与进气畸变的不均匀度、畸变形式和工况密切相关,变化范围为-30%~20%。在此基础上,给出了适用于进气径向畸变条件下的燃烧室部件特性预测模型,经验证预测模型的误差在3.5%以下。

进口总压畸变条件下离心压气机流动失稳特性的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法对比分析了畸变进口与均匀进口条件下离心压气机的气动性能。结果发现,离心压气机展现出一定的抗畸变能力,总压畸变对压气机整体性能未造成显著影响。进一步的分析表明,在均匀来流条件下,随着流量的降低,主叶片和分流叶片之间的低速区逐渐向叶顶区域发展,阻碍主流流动,相互排挤并由叶顶间隙溢出;畸变来流条件下,在近失速工况点时,叶顶沿流向流动出现局部负速度,叶顶泄漏涡前移,在进口畸变产生的低压区内吸力面流动分离增大,进而演变出龙卷风涡阻塞流道,并影响到相邻叶片,引发前缘溢流;通过Q-准则方法发现,在畸变来流条件下,近失速工况下的涡结构分为前缘失速涡、叶顶间隙泄漏涡、通道涡和前缘溢出涡。