Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous litera...Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle's involvement in abiotic stress mitigation,the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear.Currently,nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants'adapted stress tolerance mechanisms.Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators.To address this,we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators(signaling molecules,phytohormones,nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction,fungi,plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts)to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses.Their co-applications augment the plant's growth,nutrient uptake,antioxidant defense system,water absorption,cell viability,water use efficiency,and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators,a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants.It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.展开更多
The present work aims to investigate the effect of heating temperature(400,600 and 800°C)and inoculating elements(Ca,Ca-Ba,Ca-RE)on oxidation behavior of ductile irons containing 5.25%Si and 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo in dry ...The present work aims to investigate the effect of heating temperature(400,600 and 800°C)and inoculating elements(Ca,Ca-Ba,Ca-RE)on oxidation behavior of ductile irons containing 5.25%Si and 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo in dry air and combustion gas containing water vapour(natural gas burning).The oxidation is influenced by the gas atmosphere type,the iron alloying system,and the inoculating elements depending on the heating temperature.The weight gain increases from 0.001%-0.1%(400°C)to 0.05%-0.70%(600°C)and up to 0.10%-2.15%(800°C).No particular effects of the considered influencing factors are found when heating at 400°C,while at 600°C,mainly the oxidation gas atmosphere type shows a visible influence.At the highest heating temperature of 800°C,a limited increase of the weight gain is found for dry air atmosphere(up to 0.25%),but it drastically increases for combustion atmospheres(0.65%-2.15%).The water vapour presence in the combustion atmosphere is an important oxidising factor at 600-800°C.The alloying system appears to influence the oxidation behavior mainly at a heating temperature of 800°C in the combustion atmosphere,as evidenced by the lower weight gain in 5.25%silicon cast iron.Positive effects of inoculating elements increase with the heating temperature,with Ca and Ba-FeSi inoculation generally showing better performance.Irons inoculated with CaRE-FeSi exhibit a higher degree of oxidation.These results are in good relationship with the previous reported data:Ca-Ba-inoculation system appears to be better than simple Ca for improving the graphite parameters,while RE-bearing inoculant negatively affects the compactness degree of graphite particles in high-Si ductile irons.As the lower compactness degree is typical for graphite nodules in high-Si ductile irons,which negatively affects the oxidation resistance,it is necessary to employ specific metallurgical treatments to improve nodule quality.Inoculation,in particular,is a potential method to achieve this improvement.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioratio...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Intensive agricultural practices have undeniably reduced soil fertility and crop productivity.Furthermore,alkaline calcareous soils represent a significant challenge for agricultural production,particularly durum whea...Intensive agricultural practices have undeniably reduced soil fertility and crop productivity.Furthermore,alkaline calcareous soils represent a significant challenge for agricultural production,particularly durum wheat,which is vital for ensuring food security.It is therefore essential to explore new cereal management strategies to maintain food production and promote crop sustainability.The application of soil microorganisms,particularly plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR),as inoculants to enhance crop production is a growing area of interest.This study investigates the effects of the rhizobacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa SGH1 and SGK2,applied both individually and in combination,on the growth and productivity of durum wheat in alkaline calcareous soil.We conducted field experiments over two growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with three blocks,considering four treatments:non-inoculated wheat grains(T0),inoculation with the P.polymyxa SGH1 strain(T1),inoculation with the P.polymyxa SGK2 strain(T2),and co-inoculation with both strains(T3).The results clearly showed that SGH1 and SGK2 inoculation improved the morphometric characteristics of wheat plants,with co-inoculation of both strains that induced more pronounced improvements compared to T0 in terms of collar diameter(+16.9%),tillers plant-1(+89.8%),and SA/RA ratio(+35.5%).Co-inoculation was also the most effective treatment for improving the wheat grain yield(+41.1%in season I and+16.6%in season Ⅱ).In addition,T3 significantly increased the grain starch content(+220%).T1 determined the highest grain protein content in both seasons(9.5%in season Ⅰand 9.66%DW in season Ⅱ).This study demonstrated that bacterial inoculation and co-inoculation strategies can significantly enhance wheat productivity and grain quality in alkaline calcareous soils while reducing at the same time the ecological footprint of agriculture.展开更多
The combined effects of direct current pulsed magnetic field (DC-PMF) and inoculation on pure aluminum were investigated, the grain refinement behavior of DC-PMF and inoculation was discussed. The experimental resul...The combined effects of direct current pulsed magnetic field (DC-PMF) and inoculation on pure aluminum were investigated, the grain refinement behavior of DC-PMF and inoculation was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the solidification micro structure of pure aluminum can be greatly refined under DC-PMF. Refinement of pure aluminum is attributed to electromagnetic undercooling and forced convection caused by DC-PMF. With single DC-PMF, the grain size in the equiaxed zone is uneven. However, under DC-PMF, by adding 0.05% (mass fraction) Al5Ti-B, the grain size of the sample is smaller, and the size distribution is more uniform than that of single DC-PMF. Furthermore, under the combination of DC-PMF and inoculation, with the increase of output current, the grain size is further reduced. When the output current increases to 100 A, the average grain size can decrease to 113 μn.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to explore the inoculation effects of Dendrobium officinale mycorrhizal fungi on their plantlets. [Method] Endophytic strains Tj1, Tj2 and Tj3 were obtained by isolation and purification f...[Objective] This study aimed to explore the inoculation effects of Dendrobium officinale mycorrhizal fungi on their plantlets. [Method] Endophytic strains Tj1, Tj2 and Tj3 were obtained by isolation and purification from mycorrhiza of wild Dendrobium officinale and inoculated on the root system of Dendrobium officinale for inoculation test. [Result] Under tissue-culture conditions, at early stage, Tj1 strain hadn't shown promotion effect on Dendrobium officinale, Tj2 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, and Tj3 strain had promoted the growth of roots; at late stage, Tj1 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, Tj2 strain had shown the best inoculation effects and the strongest promotion effects, while Tj3 strain had caused root and seedling rot problems of the plantlets; under outdoor conditions, after inoculation with Tj2 strain, the number of leaves and lateral buds were increased, the growth of lateral root and the increase of plant height were significant, the leaves of Dendrobium officinale plantlets were large and dark green and an obvious root enlargement phenomenon was observed. [Conclusion] The two inoculation methods both indicate that Tj2 strain has relatively strong promotion effects on the growth of Dendrobium officinale roots and shoots, the increase of plant number and plant height, and the germination of new shoots and roots, which proved the effective establishment of symbiotic relationship between Tj2 strain and Dendrobium officinale. Therefore, T2 strain has practical application values on the successful cultivation of Dendrobium officinale plantlets.展开更多
[Objective]The aim of this study was to identify transient expression of movement protein (MP) gene in Nicotinana benthaminana rapidly and further investigate the function of this exogenous gene. [Method]The movemen...[Objective]The aim of this study was to identify transient expression of movement protein (MP) gene in Nicotinana benthaminana rapidly and further investigate the function of this exogenous gene. [Method]The movement protein gene of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was cloned into potato virus X (PVX) viral vector of pGR107,and PVX-recombinant vector was obtained. After electroporation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,PVX was inoculated into the lower leaves of tobacco by Agrobacterium infiltration assay to observe the infection of virus on tobacco. [Result]After infection for 7 days,upper non-inoculated leaves of tobacco infected by the PVX-recombinant vector showed the virus infection symptoms,while the control group had no viral infection phenomenon. Daily follow-up observations for two groups revealed that tobacco infected by PVX-recombinant vector had severe symptoms of virus infection and curling leaves,or even led to necrosis both in infiltrated and systemic leaves in late period. However,tobacco infected by PVX vector had only slight symptoms of virus infection and could recover from infection. RT-PCR of the infected tobacco indicated that exogenous gene BYDV-MP had a normal transcription and expression in tobacco. [Conclusion]As a determinant factor for viral disease,BYDV-MP promotes the systemic infection rate of PVX and its symptom. In addition,it is feasible to express exogenous MP gene in Nicotiana benthaminan via PVX expression vector.展开更多
Mg-3%Al alloy was modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. The effects of Fe addition and addition sequence on the grain refinement were investigated. A higher grain refining efficiency could be obta...Mg-3%Al alloy was modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. The effects of Fe addition and addition sequence on the grain refinement were investigated. A higher grain refining efficiency could be obtained for the Mg-Al alloy modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. Fe addition and addition sequence had no obvious effect on the grain refinement. Ca addition could effectively avoid grain-coarsening resulting from Fe in the carbon-inoculated Mg-Al alloy. The Al-C-O particles, actually being Al4C3, should act as potent substrates for a-Mg grains in the sample treated by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. However, the duplex-phase particles of AI4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe should be the potent substrates for a-Mg grains if Fe existed in the Mg-Al melt. Ca addition can contribute to the formation of the particles of Al4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe, regardless of the Fe addition sequence. The poisoning effect of Fe was effectively inhibited in the carbon-inoculated of Mg-Al alloy due to Ca addition, namely, Ca has a poisoning-free effect.展开更多
To fit the special needs of gray cast iron as a new engineering material,i.e.,higher σ b and lower HB,or lower σ b and higher HB,using the method of heat analyzing and polyparameters analytic figures,the ...To fit the special needs of gray cast iron as a new engineering material,i.e.,higher σ b and lower HB,or lower σ b and higher HB,using the method of heat analyzing and polyparameters analytic figures,the synthetic rules of carbon saturation degree,inoculation degree and mechanical properties can be exposed.The result shows that,according to the needs of the part′s mechanical properties,referring to the synthetic rules of gray cast iron,the corresponding technological measure and composition proportion can be defined,by which we will get the exact mechanical properties that could achieve the result expected completely.Thus,the casting for gray cast iron might be 'designed'from'selected'.展开更多
Mathematical model is formulated for description of thermophysical processes at laser welding of metal plates for the case when modifying nanoparticles of refractory compounds (nanopowder inoculators – NPI) are intro...Mathematical model is formulated for description of thermophysical processes at laser welding of metal plates for the case when modifying nanoparticles of refractory compounds (nanopowder inoculators – NPI) are introduced into the weld pool. Specially prepared nanoparticles of refractory compounds serve here as crystallization centers, i.e. in fact they are exogenous inoculants on which surface clusters are grouped. This can be used to control the melt crystallization process and formation of its structure, and, therefore, properties of the weld seam. As an example, calculation results of the butt welding of aluminum alloy and steel plates are presented. The results of calculation and experimental data comparison are shown.展开更多
Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis (Lam.) trees. Typical changes ...Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis (Lam.) trees. Typical changes in the length and light intensity of the resulting discoloration were observed after three and six month periods following inoculation. Wood samples were observed microscopically and classified into several light intensity groups. The discoloration length was meas-ured longitudinally. The duration after inoculation affected the mean of discoloration length: the 6-month old sample (1.70 cm) had a wider discoloration zone when compared to the 3-month old sample (1.17 cm). When measuring the discoloration intensity, a positive relationship with time was perceived. Digital images, captured using a camera-equipped microscope, revealed that wood samples collected after six months appeared to be 1.8-times darker than after three months. We concluded that time, not the species of any of the tested fungi, had significant effect on discoloration length and intensity. Gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry (GCMS) analysis of the 6-month old sample yielded some important agarwood compounds such as benzylacetone, anisylacetone, guaiene and palustrol. This demonstrates that the tested fungi have the ability to induce agarwood formation in nurseryA. malaccensis trees.展开更多
Background:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(BA)and Bacillus subtilis(BS)are usually used as feed supplements directly or bacterial inoculants in biological feeds for animals.However,few research have reported the effects of...Background:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(BA)and Bacillus subtilis(BS)are usually used as feed supplements directly or bacterial inoculants in biological feeds for animals.However,few research have reported the effects of BA and BS on fermentation characteristics and bacterial community successions of whole-plant corn silage during ensiling.If the BA and BS inoculants have positive effects on silages,then they could not only improve fermentation characteristics,but also deliver BA or BS viable cells to ruminants,which would play its probiotic effect.Therefore,the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of BA and BS on the fermentation,chemical characteristics,bacterial community and their metabolic pathway of whole-plant corn silage.Results:Freshly chopped whole-plant corn was inoculated without or with BA and BS,respectively,and ensiled for1,3,7,14 and 60 d.Results showed that BA and BS inoculations increased lactic acid concentrations of whole-plant corn silages compared with control,and BA inoculation decreased acetic acid concentrations,whereas BS inoculation decreased fiber contents and increased crude protein(CP)content.Higher water-soluble carbohydrate contents and lower starch contents were observed in BA-and BS-inoculated silages compared with that in control.The decreased CP content and increased non-protein nitrogen content were observed in BA-inoculated silage,which was consistent with the higher amino acid metabolism abundances observed in BA-inoculated silage.In addition,it was noteworthy that BA and BS inoculations increased the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins,and decreased the relative abundances of drug resistance:antimicrobial pathways.We also found that the bacterial metabolism pathways were clearly separated into three clusters based on the ensiling times of whole-plant corn silage in the present study.There were no significant differences in bacterial community compositions among the three groups during ensiling.However,BA and BS inoculations decreased the relative abundances of undesirable bacteria such as Acetobacter and Acinetobacter.Conclusion:Our findings suggested that the BS strain was more suitable as silage inoculants than the BA strain in whole-plant corn silage in this study.展开更多
The effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi( Acaulospora lavis ) on the degradation of di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in soil was studies. Cowpea plants (Pigna sinensis) were used as host p...The effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi( Acaulospora lavis ) on the degradation of di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in soil was studies. Cowpea plants (Pigna sinensis) were used as host plants and grown in a specially designed rhizobox. The experimental results indicated that, both in sterile and non sterile soil, mycorrhizal colonization rates were much higher in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non mycorrhizal plants. Addition of 4 mg/kg DEHP slightly affected mycorrhizal colonization, but the addition of 100 mg/kg DEHP significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. DEHP degradation in the mycorrhizosphere(Ms) and hyphosphere(Hs), especially in the Hs, increased after inoculation with Acaulospora lavis . It is concluded that mycorrhizal hyphae play an important role in the plant uptake, degradation and translocation of DEHP. The mechanism might be attributed to increased numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes and activity of dehydrogenase, urease and acid phosphatase in the Ms and Hs by mycorrhizal fungi.展开更多
As a potent nucleating substrate forα-Mg grain,MgAl_(2)O_(4) powder was used to inoculate the Mg-Al melt in this study.The effects of MgAl_(2)O_(4)amount,holding time and Al content on the grain size and grain refini...As a potent nucleating substrate forα-Mg grain,MgAl_(2)O_(4) powder was used to inoculate the Mg-Al melt in this study.The effects of MgAl_(2)O_(4)amount,holding time and Al content on the grain size and grain refining ratio of the inoculated Mg-Al alloys are systematically investigated.The results show that the minimum grain size of Mg-3Al alloy is achieved by adding 2wt.%MgAl_(2)O_(4)powder and this alloy exhibits higher grain refining ratio than Mg-5Al and Mg-8Al alloys.The crystallographic misfit calculation indicates the wellmatching and possible orientation relationships(ORs)betweenα-Mg and MgAl_(2)O_(4).Among these predicted ORs,[10–10]α−Mg//[110]MgAl2O4 in(0002)α−Mg//(1–13)MgAl2O4 possesses the smallest misfit,i.e.,2.34%(fr).Both results of the experiment and crystallographic calculation demonstrate that the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys is attributed to the MgAl_(2)O_(4)particles acting as the heterogeneous nucleation substrates forα-Mg grains.展开更多
Gyrinops walla Gaertn. is the only species growing in Sri Lanka that belongs to the agarwood family,Thymelaeaceae. Although agarwood resin induction and extraction from Aquilaria species of the same family have been p...Gyrinops walla Gaertn. is the only species growing in Sri Lanka that belongs to the agarwood family,Thymelaeaceae. Although agarwood resin induction and extraction from Aquilaria species of the same family have been practised for many decades in Southeast Asian region,the ability of producing agarwood resins in G. walla was discovered recently. Since previous studies were on agarwood resins formed due to natural causes, the present study was conducted to identify the potential fungal species that are capable of artificially inducing agarwood resin formation in G. walla. Since this is the first ever study conducted on artificial inducement of agarwood resin formation in G.walla, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani were selected owing to their high abundance in the naturally formed agarwood resinous tissues collected from 25 G. walla trees.Both fungal species were separately grown in yeast extract glucose agar and used to inoculate healthy G. walla trees under aseptic conditions. Three holes were made for each tree and 2 g of fungal culture including the medium were placed in each hole. Tissue discoloration, characteristic aroma, resin content and resin constituents were checked at10 cm intervals above and below the inoculation points for a period of 1 year. Results revealed that tissue discoloration and resin content were higher in the trees inoculated with A. niger. Other than at 10 cm above and below the inoculation points, samples collected at all locations had significantly higher resin contents when inoculated with A. niger compared to F. solani. Sixteen agarwood resin constituents, which were also recorded in Aquilaria species, were identified from the discolored tissues using GC–MS analysis. Jinkohol, agarospirol and 2(2-phenyl)chromone derivatives were found in all discolored tissues collected at 10-cm intervals of the trees inoculated with both fungi. b-Seline, c-eudesmol and valerenal were found in nine of 10 sample points on the stem. c-Elemene was recorded only in one sample. The characteristic aroma during burning was stronger for dark-colored tissues than the light-colored ones. The present study confirmed the potential use of certain fungal species to induce agarwood resin in G. walla and that A. niger is more effective than F.solani.展开更多
Phosphorus (P) is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and ...Phosphorus (P) is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans (Glycine max L.) was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content (r = 0.92**). At an inoculation level of 102 cells mL-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 103.5 and 105 cells mL-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.展开更多
The paper reviews original data obtained by the present authors,revealed in recent separate publications,describing specific procedures for high quality grey irons,and reflecting the forecast needs of the worldwide ir...The paper reviews original data obtained by the present authors,revealed in recent separate publications,describing specific procedures for high quality grey irons,and reflecting the forecast needs of the worldwide iron foundry industry.High power,medium frequency coreless induction furnaces are commonly used in electric melting grey iron foundries.This has resulted in low sulphur(<0.05wt.%)and aluminium(<0.005wt.%)contents in the iron,with a potential for higher superheating(>1,500°C),contributing to unfavourable conditions for graphite nucleation.Thin wall castings are increasingly produced by these electric melt shops with a risk of greater eutectic undercooling during solidification.The paper focused on two groups of grey cast irons and their specific problems:carbides and graphite morphology control in lower carbon equivalent high strength irons(CE=3.4%-3.8%),and austenite dendrite promotion in eutectic and slightly hypereutectic irons(CE=4.1%-4.5%),in order to increase their strength characteristics.There are 3 stages and 3 steps involving graphite formation,iron chemistry and iron processing that appear to be important.The concept in the present paper sustains a threestage model for nucleating flake graphite[(Mn,X)S type nuclei].There are three important groups of elements(deoxidizer,Mn/S,and inoculant)and three technological stages in electric melting of iron(superheat,pre-conditioning of base iron,final inoculation).Attention is drawn to a control factor(%Mn)x(%S)ensuring it equals to 0.03–0.06,accompanied by 0.005wt.%–0.010wt.%Al and/or Zr content in inoculated irons.It was found that iron powder addition promotes austenite dendrite formation in eutectic and slightly eutectic,acting as reinforcement for the eutectic cells.But,there is an accompanying possible negative influence on the characteristics of the(Mn,X)S type graphite nuclei(change the morphology of nuclei from polygonal compact to irregular polygonal,and therefore promote chill tendency in treated irons).A double addition(iron powder+inoculant)appears to be an effective treatment to benefit both austenite and graphite nucleation,with positive effects on the final structure and chill tendency.展开更多
Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inocula...Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical characteristics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specific gravity, and ratio of water containing were distinct when the inoculate sludge was different. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter(DOM) of municipal solid waste(MSW) consists of minerals, water, ash and humic substances, and is known to enhance plant growth. In this study, inoculating microbes(Z J, MS) were used in ...Dissolved organic matter(DOM) of municipal solid waste(MSW) consists of minerals, water, ash and humic substances, and is known to enhance plant growth. In this study, inoculating microbes(Z J, MS) were used in municipal solid wastes composting, and composting implemented a industrialized technology. During composting, dissolved organic matter was extracted from the compost and purified. The spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter was determined by fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectroscopy. Fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectra characterized by different relative fluorescent intensities and peaks over time. Fluorescence spectra were similar to that of fulvic acid in sewage sludge, indicating the presence of dissolved organic matter with aromatic structures and a high degree of molecular polymerization. Compared with the controls with no microbial inoculation, the microbe-inoculated treatments exhibited the increase of aromatic polycondensation, in the following order: MS + ZJ 〉 ZJ 〉 MS 〉 CK.展开更多
基金funded by the Jiangsu Province Excellent Postdoctoral Program (2023ZB859)the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271587,32350410400)。
文摘Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle's involvement in abiotic stress mitigation,the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear.Currently,nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants'adapted stress tolerance mechanisms.Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators.To address this,we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators(signaling molecules,phytohormones,nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction,fungi,plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts)to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses.Their co-applications augment the plant's growth,nutrient uptake,antioxidant defense system,water absorption,cell viability,water use efficiency,and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators,a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants.It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.
基金supported by a grant from National Program for Research of the National Association of Technical Universities-GNAC ARUT 2023.
文摘The present work aims to investigate the effect of heating temperature(400,600 and 800°C)and inoculating elements(Ca,Ca-Ba,Ca-RE)on oxidation behavior of ductile irons containing 5.25%Si and 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo in dry air and combustion gas containing water vapour(natural gas burning).The oxidation is influenced by the gas atmosphere type,the iron alloying system,and the inoculating elements depending on the heating temperature.The weight gain increases from 0.001%-0.1%(400°C)to 0.05%-0.70%(600°C)and up to 0.10%-2.15%(800°C).No particular effects of the considered influencing factors are found when heating at 400°C,while at 600°C,mainly the oxidation gas atmosphere type shows a visible influence.At the highest heating temperature of 800°C,a limited increase of the weight gain is found for dry air atmosphere(up to 0.25%),but it drastically increases for combustion atmospheres(0.65%-2.15%).The water vapour presence in the combustion atmosphere is an important oxidising factor at 600-800°C.The alloying system appears to influence the oxidation behavior mainly at a heating temperature of 800°C in the combustion atmosphere,as evidenced by the lower weight gain in 5.25%silicon cast iron.Positive effects of inoculating elements increase with the heating temperature,with Ca and Ba-FeSi inoculation generally showing better performance.Irons inoculated with CaRE-FeSi exhibit a higher degree of oxidation.These results are in good relationship with the previous reported data:Ca-Ba-inoculation system appears to be better than simple Ca for improving the graphite parameters,while RE-bearing inoculant negatively affects the compactness degree of graphite particles in high-Si ductile irons.As the lower compactness degree is typical for graphite nodules in high-Si ductile irons,which negatively affects the oxidation resistance,it is necessary to employ specific metallurgical treatments to improve nodule quality.Inoculation,in particular,is a potential method to achieve this improvement.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4202102)the Key R&D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2022BEG02003)the Excellent Member of Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No.Y202085)。
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金QK22020008(National Agency of Agricultural Research of the Czech Republic)TQ03000234(Technological Agency of the Czech Republic)MZE-RO0123(Ministry of Agriculture,CR).
文摘Intensive agricultural practices have undeniably reduced soil fertility and crop productivity.Furthermore,alkaline calcareous soils represent a significant challenge for agricultural production,particularly durum wheat,which is vital for ensuring food security.It is therefore essential to explore new cereal management strategies to maintain food production and promote crop sustainability.The application of soil microorganisms,particularly plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR),as inoculants to enhance crop production is a growing area of interest.This study investigates the effects of the rhizobacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa SGH1 and SGK2,applied both individually and in combination,on the growth and productivity of durum wheat in alkaline calcareous soil.We conducted field experiments over two growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with three blocks,considering four treatments:non-inoculated wheat grains(T0),inoculation with the P.polymyxa SGH1 strain(T1),inoculation with the P.polymyxa SGK2 strain(T2),and co-inoculation with both strains(T3).The results clearly showed that SGH1 and SGK2 inoculation improved the morphometric characteristics of wheat plants,with co-inoculation of both strains that induced more pronounced improvements compared to T0 in terms of collar diameter(+16.9%),tillers plant-1(+89.8%),and SA/RA ratio(+35.5%).Co-inoculation was also the most effective treatment for improving the wheat grain yield(+41.1%in season I and+16.6%in season Ⅱ).In addition,T3 significantly increased the grain starch content(+220%).T1 determined the highest grain protein content in both seasons(9.5%in season Ⅰand 9.66%DW in season Ⅱ).This study demonstrated that bacterial inoculation and co-inoculation strategies can significantly enhance wheat productivity and grain quality in alkaline calcareous soils while reducing at the same time the ecological footprint of agriculture.
基金Projects(51074031,51271042,50874022)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013M530913)supported by the China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(DUT12RC(3)35)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘The combined effects of direct current pulsed magnetic field (DC-PMF) and inoculation on pure aluminum were investigated, the grain refinement behavior of DC-PMF and inoculation was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the solidification micro structure of pure aluminum can be greatly refined under DC-PMF. Refinement of pure aluminum is attributed to electromagnetic undercooling and forced convection caused by DC-PMF. With single DC-PMF, the grain size in the equiaxed zone is uneven. However, under DC-PMF, by adding 0.05% (mass fraction) Al5Ti-B, the grain size of the sample is smaller, and the size distribution is more uniform than that of single DC-PMF. Furthermore, under the combination of DC-PMF and inoculation, with the increase of output current, the grain size is further reduced. When the output current increases to 100 A, the average grain size can decrease to 113 μn.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Project of Neijiang Normal Unverisity(No:07NJZ-03)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to explore the inoculation effects of Dendrobium officinale mycorrhizal fungi on their plantlets. [Method] Endophytic strains Tj1, Tj2 and Tj3 were obtained by isolation and purification from mycorrhiza of wild Dendrobium officinale and inoculated on the root system of Dendrobium officinale for inoculation test. [Result] Under tissue-culture conditions, at early stage, Tj1 strain hadn't shown promotion effect on Dendrobium officinale, Tj2 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, and Tj3 strain had promoted the growth of roots; at late stage, Tj1 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, Tj2 strain had shown the best inoculation effects and the strongest promotion effects, while Tj3 strain had caused root and seedling rot problems of the plantlets; under outdoor conditions, after inoculation with Tj2 strain, the number of leaves and lateral buds were increased, the growth of lateral root and the increase of plant height were significant, the leaves of Dendrobium officinale plantlets were large and dark green and an obvious root enlargement phenomenon was observed. [Conclusion] The two inoculation methods both indicate that Tj2 strain has relatively strong promotion effects on the growth of Dendrobium officinale roots and shoots, the increase of plant number and plant height, and the germination of new shoots and roots, which proved the effective establishment of symbiotic relationship between Tj2 strain and Dendrobium officinale. Therefore, T2 strain has practical application values on the successful cultivation of Dendrobium officinale plantlets.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30870109)~~
文摘[Objective]The aim of this study was to identify transient expression of movement protein (MP) gene in Nicotinana benthaminana rapidly and further investigate the function of this exogenous gene. [Method]The movement protein gene of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was cloned into potato virus X (PVX) viral vector of pGR107,and PVX-recombinant vector was obtained. After electroporation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,PVX was inoculated into the lower leaves of tobacco by Agrobacterium infiltration assay to observe the infection of virus on tobacco. [Result]After infection for 7 days,upper non-inoculated leaves of tobacco infected by the PVX-recombinant vector showed the virus infection symptoms,while the control group had no viral infection phenomenon. Daily follow-up observations for two groups revealed that tobacco infected by PVX-recombinant vector had severe symptoms of virus infection and curling leaves,or even led to necrosis both in infiltrated and systemic leaves in late period. However,tobacco infected by PVX vector had only slight symptoms of virus infection and could recover from infection. RT-PCR of the infected tobacco indicated that exogenous gene BYDV-MP had a normal transcription and expression in tobacco. [Conclusion]As a determinant factor for viral disease,BYDV-MP promotes the systemic infection rate of PVX and its symptom. In addition,it is feasible to express exogenous MP gene in Nicotiana benthaminan via PVX expression vector.
基金Project (50901034) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)Project (2010-1174) supported by Scientific Research Foundation (SRF) for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (ROCS), State Education Ministry (SEM)Project (2012ZZ0005)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, South China University of Technology, China
文摘Mg-3%Al alloy was modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. The effects of Fe addition and addition sequence on the grain refinement were investigated. A higher grain refining efficiency could be obtained for the Mg-Al alloy modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. Fe addition and addition sequence had no obvious effect on the grain refinement. Ca addition could effectively avoid grain-coarsening resulting from Fe in the carbon-inoculated Mg-Al alloy. The Al-C-O particles, actually being Al4C3, should act as potent substrates for a-Mg grains in the sample treated by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. However, the duplex-phase particles of AI4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe should be the potent substrates for a-Mg grains if Fe existed in the Mg-Al melt. Ca addition can contribute to the formation of the particles of Al4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe, regardless of the Fe addition sequence. The poisoning effect of Fe was effectively inhibited in the carbon-inoculated of Mg-Al alloy due to Ca addition, namely, Ca has a poisoning-free effect.
文摘To fit the special needs of gray cast iron as a new engineering material,i.e.,higher σ b and lower HB,or lower σ b and higher HB,using the method of heat analyzing and polyparameters analytic figures,the synthetic rules of carbon saturation degree,inoculation degree and mechanical properties can be exposed.The result shows that,according to the needs of the part′s mechanical properties,referring to the synthetic rules of gray cast iron,the corresponding technological measure and composition proportion can be defined,by which we will get the exact mechanical properties that could achieve the result expected completely.Thus,the casting for gray cast iron might be 'designed'from'selected'.
文摘Mathematical model is formulated for description of thermophysical processes at laser welding of metal plates for the case when modifying nanoparticles of refractory compounds (nanopowder inoculators – NPI) are introduced into the weld pool. Specially prepared nanoparticles of refractory compounds serve here as crystallization centers, i.e. in fact they are exogenous inoculants on which surface clusters are grouped. This can be used to control the melt crystallization process and formation of its structure, and, therefore, properties of the weld seam. As an example, calculation results of the butt welding of aluminum alloy and steel plates are presented. The results of calculation and experimental data comparison are shown.
基金supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia Research University Grant Scheme(Project No.03-03-11-1438RU)
文摘Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis (Lam.) trees. Typical changes in the length and light intensity of the resulting discoloration were observed after three and six month periods following inoculation. Wood samples were observed microscopically and classified into several light intensity groups. The discoloration length was meas-ured longitudinally. The duration after inoculation affected the mean of discoloration length: the 6-month old sample (1.70 cm) had a wider discoloration zone when compared to the 3-month old sample (1.17 cm). When measuring the discoloration intensity, a positive relationship with time was perceived. Digital images, captured using a camera-equipped microscope, revealed that wood samples collected after six months appeared to be 1.8-times darker than after three months. We concluded that time, not the species of any of the tested fungi, had significant effect on discoloration length and intensity. Gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry (GCMS) analysis of the 6-month old sample yielded some important agarwood compounds such as benzylacetone, anisylacetone, guaiene and palustrol. This demonstrates that the tested fungi have the ability to induce agarwood formation in nurseryA. malaccensis trees.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(project no.31872417)。
文摘Background:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(BA)and Bacillus subtilis(BS)are usually used as feed supplements directly or bacterial inoculants in biological feeds for animals.However,few research have reported the effects of BA and BS on fermentation characteristics and bacterial community successions of whole-plant corn silage during ensiling.If the BA and BS inoculants have positive effects on silages,then they could not only improve fermentation characteristics,but also deliver BA or BS viable cells to ruminants,which would play its probiotic effect.Therefore,the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of BA and BS on the fermentation,chemical characteristics,bacterial community and their metabolic pathway of whole-plant corn silage.Results:Freshly chopped whole-plant corn was inoculated without or with BA and BS,respectively,and ensiled for1,3,7,14 and 60 d.Results showed that BA and BS inoculations increased lactic acid concentrations of whole-plant corn silages compared with control,and BA inoculation decreased acetic acid concentrations,whereas BS inoculation decreased fiber contents and increased crude protein(CP)content.Higher water-soluble carbohydrate contents and lower starch contents were observed in BA-and BS-inoculated silages compared with that in control.The decreased CP content and increased non-protein nitrogen content were observed in BA-inoculated silage,which was consistent with the higher amino acid metabolism abundances observed in BA-inoculated silage.In addition,it was noteworthy that BA and BS inoculations increased the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins,and decreased the relative abundances of drug resistance:antimicrobial pathways.We also found that the bacterial metabolism pathways were clearly separated into three clusters based on the ensiling times of whole-plant corn silage in the present study.There were no significant differences in bacterial community compositions among the three groups during ensiling.However,BA and BS inoculations decreased the relative abundances of undesirable bacteria such as Acetobacter and Acinetobacter.Conclusion:Our findings suggested that the BS strain was more suitable as silage inoculants than the BA strain in whole-plant corn silage in this study.
基金TheNationalKeyBasicScienceResearchProjectofChina (No .G1 9990 1 1 80 6)
文摘The effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi( Acaulospora lavis ) on the degradation of di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in soil was studies. Cowpea plants (Pigna sinensis) were used as host plants and grown in a specially designed rhizobox. The experimental results indicated that, both in sterile and non sterile soil, mycorrhizal colonization rates were much higher in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non mycorrhizal plants. Addition of 4 mg/kg DEHP slightly affected mycorrhizal colonization, but the addition of 100 mg/kg DEHP significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. DEHP degradation in the mycorrhizosphere(Ms) and hyphosphere(Hs), especially in the Hs, increased after inoculation with Acaulospora lavis . It is concluded that mycorrhizal hyphae play an important role in the plant uptake, degradation and translocation of DEHP. The mechanism might be attributed to increased numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes and activity of dehydrogenase, urease and acid phosphatase in the Ms and Hs by mycorrhizal fungi.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51871100).
文摘As a potent nucleating substrate forα-Mg grain,MgAl_(2)O_(4) powder was used to inoculate the Mg-Al melt in this study.The effects of MgAl_(2)O_(4)amount,holding time and Al content on the grain size and grain refining ratio of the inoculated Mg-Al alloys are systematically investigated.The results show that the minimum grain size of Mg-3Al alloy is achieved by adding 2wt.%MgAl_(2)O_(4)powder and this alloy exhibits higher grain refining ratio than Mg-5Al and Mg-8Al alloys.The crystallographic misfit calculation indicates the wellmatching and possible orientation relationships(ORs)betweenα-Mg and MgAl_(2)O_(4).Among these predicted ORs,[10–10]α−Mg//[110]MgAl2O4 in(0002)α−Mg//(1–13)MgAl2O4 possesses the smallest misfit,i.e.,2.34%(fr).Both results of the experiment and crystallographic calculation demonstrate that the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys is attributed to the MgAl_(2)O_(4)particles acting as the heterogeneous nucleation substrates forα-Mg grains.
基金financially supported by the University of Sri Jayewardenepura,Sri Lanka and Sadaharitha Plantations Limited,Sri Lanka
文摘Gyrinops walla Gaertn. is the only species growing in Sri Lanka that belongs to the agarwood family,Thymelaeaceae. Although agarwood resin induction and extraction from Aquilaria species of the same family have been practised for many decades in Southeast Asian region,the ability of producing agarwood resins in G. walla was discovered recently. Since previous studies were on agarwood resins formed due to natural causes, the present study was conducted to identify the potential fungal species that are capable of artificially inducing agarwood resin formation in G. walla. Since this is the first ever study conducted on artificial inducement of agarwood resin formation in G.walla, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani were selected owing to their high abundance in the naturally formed agarwood resinous tissues collected from 25 G. walla trees.Both fungal species were separately grown in yeast extract glucose agar and used to inoculate healthy G. walla trees under aseptic conditions. Three holes were made for each tree and 2 g of fungal culture including the medium were placed in each hole. Tissue discoloration, characteristic aroma, resin content and resin constituents were checked at10 cm intervals above and below the inoculation points for a period of 1 year. Results revealed that tissue discoloration and resin content were higher in the trees inoculated with A. niger. Other than at 10 cm above and below the inoculation points, samples collected at all locations had significantly higher resin contents when inoculated with A. niger compared to F. solani. Sixteen agarwood resin constituents, which were also recorded in Aquilaria species, were identified from the discolored tissues using GC–MS analysis. Jinkohol, agarospirol and 2(2-phenyl)chromone derivatives were found in all discolored tissues collected at 10-cm intervals of the trees inoculated with both fungi. b-Seline, c-eudesmol and valerenal were found in nine of 10 sample points on the stem. c-Elemene was recorded only in one sample. The characteristic aroma during burning was stronger for dark-colored tissues than the light-colored ones. The present study confirmed the potential use of certain fungal species to induce agarwood resin in G. walla and that A. niger is more effective than F.solani.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Nos. 2005CB121101 and 2003CCB001)the Basic Research Program of Heilongjiang Province (Nos. GB05C201-01 and CC055303)the Field Station Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Phosphorus (P) is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans (Glycine max L.) was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content (r = 0.92**). At an inoculation level of 102 cells mL-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 103.5 and 105 cells mL-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.
文摘The paper reviews original data obtained by the present authors,revealed in recent separate publications,describing specific procedures for high quality grey irons,and reflecting the forecast needs of the worldwide iron foundry industry.High power,medium frequency coreless induction furnaces are commonly used in electric melting grey iron foundries.This has resulted in low sulphur(<0.05wt.%)and aluminium(<0.005wt.%)contents in the iron,with a potential for higher superheating(>1,500°C),contributing to unfavourable conditions for graphite nucleation.Thin wall castings are increasingly produced by these electric melt shops with a risk of greater eutectic undercooling during solidification.The paper focused on two groups of grey cast irons and their specific problems:carbides and graphite morphology control in lower carbon equivalent high strength irons(CE=3.4%-3.8%),and austenite dendrite promotion in eutectic and slightly hypereutectic irons(CE=4.1%-4.5%),in order to increase their strength characteristics.There are 3 stages and 3 steps involving graphite formation,iron chemistry and iron processing that appear to be important.The concept in the present paper sustains a threestage model for nucleating flake graphite[(Mn,X)S type nuclei].There are three important groups of elements(deoxidizer,Mn/S,and inoculant)and three technological stages in electric melting of iron(superheat,pre-conditioning of base iron,final inoculation).Attention is drawn to a control factor(%Mn)x(%S)ensuring it equals to 0.03–0.06,accompanied by 0.005wt.%–0.010wt.%Al and/or Zr content in inoculated irons.It was found that iron powder addition promotes austenite dendrite formation in eutectic and slightly eutectic,acting as reinforcement for the eutectic cells.But,there is an accompanying possible negative influence on the characteristics of the(Mn,X)S type graphite nuclei(change the morphology of nuclei from polygonal compact to irregular polygonal,and therefore promote chill tendency in treated irons).A double addition(iron powder+inoculant)appears to be an effective treatment to benefit both austenite and graphite nucleation,with positive effects on the final structure and chill tendency.
文摘Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical characteristics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specific gravity, and ratio of water containing were distinct when the inoculate sludge was different. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.
文摘Dissolved organic matter(DOM) of municipal solid waste(MSW) consists of minerals, water, ash and humic substances, and is known to enhance plant growth. In this study, inoculating microbes(Z J, MS) were used in municipal solid wastes composting, and composting implemented a industrialized technology. During composting, dissolved organic matter was extracted from the compost and purified. The spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter was determined by fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectroscopy. Fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectra characterized by different relative fluorescent intensities and peaks over time. Fluorescence spectra were similar to that of fulvic acid in sewage sludge, indicating the presence of dissolved organic matter with aromatic structures and a high degree of molecular polymerization. Compared with the controls with no microbial inoculation, the microbe-inoculated treatments exhibited the increase of aromatic polycondensation, in the following order: MS + ZJ 〉 ZJ 〉 MS 〉 CK.