Heat transfer enhanced inorganic phase change material compositing carbon nanotubes for battery thermal management and thermal runaway propagation mitigation

Developing technologies that can be applied simultaneously in battery thermal management(BTM)and thermal runaway(TR)mitigation is significant to improving the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Inorganic phase change material(PCM)with nonflammability has the potential to achieve this dual function.This study proposed an encapsulated inorganic phase change material(EPCM)with a heat transfer enhancement for battery systems,where Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O was used as the core PCM encapsulated by silica and the additive of carbon nanotube(CNT)was applied to enhance the thermal conductivity.The microstructure and thermal properties of the EPCM/CNT were analyzed by a series of characterization tests.Two different incorporating methods of CNT were compared and the proper CNT adding amount was also studied.After preparation,the battery thermal management performance and TR propagation mitigation effects of EPCM/CNT were further investigated on the battery modules.The experimental results of thermal management tests showed that EPCM/CNT not only slowed down the temperature rising of the module but also improved the temperature uniformity during normal operation.The peak battery temperature decreased from 76℃to 61.2℃at 2 C discharge rate and the temperature difference was controlled below 3℃.Moreover,the results of TR propagation tests demonstrated that nonflammable EPCM/CNT with good heat absorption could work as a TR barrier,which exhibited effective mitigation on TR and TR propagation.The trigger time of three cells was successfully delayed by 129,474 and 551 s,respectively and the propagation intervals were greatly extended as well.

Theoretical investigation of excited dipole bound states of alkali-containing diatomic anions

Information about electronic excited states of molecular anions plays an important role in investigating electron attachment and detachment processes.Here we present a high-level theoretical study of the electronic structures of 12 alkali-metal-containing diatomic anions MX-(MX = LiH,LiF,LiCl,NaF,NaCl,NaBr,RbCl,KCl,KBr,RbI,KI and CsI).The equation-of-motion electron-attachment coupled-cluster singles and doubles(EOM-EA-CCSD) method is used to calculate the electron binding energies(EBEs) of 10 electronic excited states of each of the 12 molecule anions.With addition of different s-/p-/d-type diffusion functions in the basis set,we have identified possible excited dipole bound states(DBSs) of each anion.With the investigation of EBEs on the 12 MXs with dipole moment(DM) up to 12.1 D,we evaluate the dependence of the number of anionic excited DBSs on molecular DM.The results indicate that there are at least two or three DBSs of anions with a molecular DM larger than 7 D and a molecule with DM > 10 D can sustain a π-DBS of the anion.Our study has some implications for the excited DBS electronic states of alkali-metal-containing diatomic molecules.

In situ generation of oxyanions-decorated cobalt(nickel)oxyhydroxide catalyst with high corrosion resistance for stable and efficient seawater oxidation

The development of efficient and robust anode materials for stable alkaline seawater electrolysis is severely limited by chlorine evolution reaction and chloride corrosion.Here,the sulfur-doped cobalt-nickel bimetallic phosphides(CoNiPS)are specifically designed as a pre-catalyst for navigating a surface reconstruction to fabricate the anions(PO^(3-)_(4) and SO^(2-)_(4))-decorated Co(Ni)OOH catalyst(R-CoNiPS)with exceptional durability and high activity for stable alkaline seawater oxidation(ASO).Various experiment techniques together with theoretical simulations both demonstrate that the in situ-generated PO^(3-)_(4) and SO^(2-)_(4) anions on catalyst surface can improve the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity,regulating and stabilizing the catalytic active species Co(Ni)OOH,as well as make a critical role in inhibiting the adsorp-tion of chloride ions and extending the service life of electrode.Therefore,this R-CoNiPS electrode exhi-bits superb OER activity toward AsO and stands out among the non-precious ASO electrocatalysts reported recently,requiring low overpotentials of 420 and 440 mV to attain large current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm^(-2) in an alkaline natural seawater electrolyte,respectively.Particularly,the catalyst displays a negligible chloride corrosion at room temperature during ASO operation(>200 h)at 500 mA cm^(-2).This work opens up a new viewpoint for designing high-activity and durable electrocata-lystsforseawaterelectrolysis.

Exploration of Ideological and Political Materials for the Course of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry for Environmental and Ecological Engineering Major

Integrating ideological and political theories teaching into the whole process of classroom teaching construction is a new requirement for implementing the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue and playing the role of collaborative education.In order to realize the seamless integration of inorganic and analytical chemistry courses and ideological and political education,this paper summarizes the current situation of ideological and political research on inorganic and analytical chemistry courses in three major databases in China(VIP,CNKI and Wanfang),and sorts out the knowledge points,ideological and political elements and educational goals according to the content of the course chapters,to provide a basic guarantee for the ideological and political education construction of the course.

Research Progress in Mechanochemistry of Inorganic Materials

With the progress of science and technology,China has gradually attached importance to research and exploration in chemistry,and the achievements in exploring mechanochemistry are also quite significant.Therefore,it is necessary to study and explore mechanochemistry.This article mainly discusses the application of mechanochemistry in powder and some silicate materials,as well as in special ceramics,and provides a brief introduction to provide reference for relevant researchers.

国外无机化学教材的研究——以Housecroft&Sharpe的Inorganic Chemistry(5th edition)为例

Catherine Housecroft和Alan G.Sharpe合著的Inorganic Chemistry是一本经历了时间检验的经典教材,其内容涵盖了无机化学的基础原理、元素化学、生物无机化学以及这些知识在催化、工业生产和材料等领域的应用。本文希望通过对该教材的介绍及其与国内教材的编写内容和排版等的对照分析,为国内无机化学的教材编写提供一些有价值的参考,同时为从事无机化学教学的教师提供一个选择参考教材的选项。

Effects of common inorganic anions on the rates of photocatalytic degradation of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate over illuminated titanium dioxide

Experiments were carried out to study the effects of several anions on the photocatalytic degradation rates of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (DBS) with TiO 2 as catalyst. The anions were added as Na 2SO 4, NaNO 3, NaCl, NaHCO 3, NaH 2PO 4 and Na 3PO 4, and two levels of anion content, i.e. 12 mmol/L and 36 mmol/L in terms of Na +, were studied. The results revealed that: Cl -, SO 2- 4, NO - 3 and HCO - 3 retarded the rates of DBS degradation to different degrees; PO 3- 4 increased the DBS degradation rate at low concentration and decreased the rate at high concentration; H 2PO - 4 accelerated the rate of DBS degradation. The mechanism of the effects of anions on DBS degradation was concluded as the following three aspects: anions compete for the radicals; anions are absorbed on the surface of catalyst and block the active site of catalyst; anions added to the solution change the pH value and influence the formation of ·OH radicals and the adsorption of DBS on catalyst.

Separation of Inorganic Anions Using Methacrylate-Based Monolithic Column Modified with Trimethylamine in Ion Chromatography Capillary System

Methacrylate-based monolithic column was prepared in fused-silica capillary (80 ′ 0.32 mm i.d.) by in situ polymerizetion reaction using glycidyl methacrylate as monomer;ethylene dimethacrylate as crosslinker;1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water as porogenic solvents. The monolith matrix was modified with trimethylamine to create strong anion exchanger via ring opening reaction of epoxy groups. The morphology of the monolithic column was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). This column had good mechanical stability and permeability. The effects of various mobile phases for separation of inorganic anions were investigated. Iodate, bromate, nitrite, bromide, and nitrate were separated within 11 min using100 mMpotassium chloride as mobile phase and detected at 210 nm. This method showed good precision of retention time, acceptable linearity and good sensitivity. Under the optimum condition, the RSD of the retention time was in the range of 1.09%-1.75% (n = 6). The calibration curve showed linear relationships between the peak area and the concentration. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were between 0.08-0.18 mM and 0.26-0.61 mM, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of inorganic anions in tap water and ground water samples.

Organic acids and inorganic anions in Bayer liquors by ion chromatography after solid-phase extraction

A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of organic acids and inorganic anions in Bayer liquors was developed by gradient ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Formate, acetate, propionate, oxalate, succinate, glutarate, fluoride, chloride and sulfate were separated and determined in 33 min. The samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction, which has high selectivity for removing a large number of metallic ions in the Bayer liquors, and filtered with a 0.45 μm filter membrane before being injected into the ion chromatographic system. The separation of six organic acids and three inorganic anions was achieved on an IonPac AS11-HC column with KOH as the eluent, and the detection was performed by a conductivity detection mode. No interference is found in the presence of fluorate, chlorate and sulphate when organic acids are determined. The calibration graphs of peak area for all the analytes are linear over a wide range. The relative standard derivation of the peak area of analytes is less than 2.14%. Under optimum conditions the detection ranges from 0.2 to 100.0 mg/L. The average recoveries of the added standards are between 94.3% and 102.8%.

Determination of inorganic anions in ethyl acetate by in-line hollow fiber membrane extraction with ion chromatography

在这个工作，一个新奇空纤维膜抽出者被设置用 deionized 水从乙醇醋酸盐提取无机的阴离子。在稍微可溶的器官的溶剂的无机的阴离子能被结合的同轴的空纤维膜抽出者决定离子层析起初时间。象磁性的激动人心的速度，抽取流动率和抽取时间那样的抽取过程的不同方面被优化完成高抽取效率和好分离结果。令人满意的线性范围，察觉的限制和好重覆性被获得。过程被使用在二件商业乙醇醋酸盐样品分析无机的阴离子。

Tailoring Practically Accessible Polymer/Inorganic Composite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries:A Review

Solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)are widely considered the essential components for upcoming rechargeable lithium-ion batteries owing to the potential for great safety and energy density.Among them,polymer solid-state electrolytes(PSEs)are competitive candidates for replacing commercial liquid electrolytes due to their flexibility,shape versatility and easy machinability.Despite the rapid development of PSEs,their practical application still faces obstacles including poor ionic conductivity,narrow electrochemical stable window and inferior mechanical strength.Polymer/inorganic composite electrolytes(PIEs)formed by adding ceramic fillers in PSEs merge the benefits of PSEs and inorganic solid-state electrolytes(ISEs),exhibiting appreciable comprehensive properties due to the abundant interfaces with unique characteristics.Some PIEs are highly compatible with high-voltage cathode and lithium metal anode,which offer desirable access to obtaining lithium metal batteries with high energy density.This review elucidates the current issues and recent advances in PIEs.The performance of PIEs was remarkably influenced by the characteristics of the fillers including type,content,morphology,arrangement and surface groups.We focus on the molecular interaction between different components in the composite environment for designing high-performance PIEs.Finally,the obstacles and opportunities for creating high-performance PIEs are outlined.This review aims to provide some theoretical guidance and direction for the development of PIEs.

Thixotropic composite hydrogels based on agarose and inorganic hybrid gellants

Water can be used as oxidant in conjunction with metal particles to form metal-water propellant to increase the energy of propellant.For this application,water needs to be stored in form of solid and capable of becoming liquid when use.Stable and thixotropic hydrogel has good potential as water-retaining material and oxidant of metal-based propellant.In this study,we prepared organic/inorganic composite hydrogels by combining inorganic gellants hectorite and fumed silica with organic gellant agarose,respectively.The total content of the gellants can be reduced to less than 2%by adding agarose.The influence of agarose on water content,phase transition temperature,centrifugal stability and other basic physical properties of composite hydrogels were discussed.The results show that the composite hydrogels have better thixotropy and stability than pure inorganic hydrogels,and the gel-sol transformation can be realized by applying shear force or heating to the phase transition temperature.The composite hydrogels have good shear thinning ability and improved mechanical stability.Fumed silica/agarose hydrogels have better physical stability,while the thixotropy and shear thinning ability of hectorite/agarose hydrogels are better.

Interconnected and high cycling stability polypyrrole supercapacitors using cellulose nanocrystals and commonly used inorganic salts as dopants

Polypyrrole(PPy)is wildly used as electrode material in supercapacitors due to its high conductivity,low cost,ease of handling,and ease of fabrication.However,limited capacitance and poor cycling stability hinder its practical application.After developing carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals(CNC-COO^(-))as immobile dopants for PPy to improve its cycling stability,we investigated the effect of different commonly used salts(KCl,NaCl,KBr,and NaClO_(4))as dopants during electrode fabrication by electropolymerization.The film’s capacitance increased from 160.6 to 183.4 F g^(-1)after adding a combination of KCl and NaClO_(4) into the electrodeposition electrolyte.More importantly,the porous and interconnected PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(Cl O_(4)^(-))_0.5 electrode film exhibited an excellent capacitance of 125.0 F g^(-1)(0.78 F cm^(-2))at a high current density of 2.0 Ag^(-1)(20 m A cm^(-2),allowing charging in less than 1 min),increasing almost 204%over PPy/CNC-COO-films.A symmetric PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(ClO_(4)^(-))_0.5 supercapacitor retained its full capacitance after 5000 cycles,and displayed a high energy density of 5.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 25.4 W kg^(-1)(34.5μWh cm^(-2) at 1752.3μW cm^(-2)).These results reveal that the porous structure formed by doping with CNC-COO-and inorganic salts opens up more active reaction areas to store charges in PPy-based films as the stiff and ribbon-like CNC-COO-as permanent dopants improve the strength and stability of PPy-based films.Our demonstration provides a simple and practical way to deposit PPy based supercapacitors with high capacitance,fast charging,and excellent cycling stability.

4‑Terminal Inorganic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells Offer 22%Efficiency

After fast developing of single-junction perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells in the past 10 years,it is becoming harder and harder to improve their power conversion efficiencies.Tandem solar cells are receiving more and more attention because they have much higher theoretical efficiency than single-junction solar cells.Good device performance has been achieved for perovskite/silicon and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells,including 2-terminal and 4-terminal structures.However,very few studies have been done about 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells.In this work,semi-transparent inorganic perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells are used to fabricate 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells,achieving a power conversion efficiency of 21.25%for the tandem cells with spin-coated perovskite layer.By using drop-coating instead of spin-coating to make the inorganic perovskite films,4-terminal tandem cells with an efficiency of 22.34%are made.The efficiency is higher than the reported 2-terminal and 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells.In addition,equivalent 2-terminal tandem solar cells were fabricated by connecting the sub-cells in series.The stability of organic solar cells under continuous illumination is improved by using semi-transparent perovskite solar cells as filter.

Inorganic Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots:A Versatile Nanomaterial Platform for Electronic Applications

Metal halide perovskites have generated significant attention in recent years because of their extraordinary physical properties and photovoltaic performance.Among these,inorganic perovskite quantum dots(QDs)stand out for their prominent merits,such as quantum confinement effects,high photoluminescence quantum yield,and defect-tolerant structures.Additionally,ligand engineering and an all-inorganic composition lead to a robust platform for ambient-stable QD devices.This review presents the state-of-the-art research progress on inorganic perovskite QDs,emphasizing their electronic applications.In detail,the physical properties of inorganic perovskite QDs will be introduced first,followed by a discussion of synthesis methods and growth control.Afterwards,the emerging applications of inorganic perovskite QDs in electronics,including transistors and memories,will be presented.Finally,this review will provide an outlook on potential strategies for advancing inorganic perovskite QD technologies.

Synergistic Optimization of Buried Interface by Multifunctional Organic-Inorganic Complexes for Highly Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

For the further improvement of the power conversion efficiency(PCE)and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the buried interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer is crucial.However,it is challenging to effectively optimize this interface as it is buried beneath the perovskite film.Herein,we have designed and synthesized a series of multifunctional organic-inorganic(OI)complexes as buried interfacial material to promote electron extraction,as well as the crystal growth of the perovskite.The OI complex with BF4−group not only eliminates oxygen vacancies on the SnO_(2) surface but also balances energy level alignment between SnO_(2) and perovskite,providing a favorable environment for charge carrier extraction.Moreover,OI complex with amine(−NH_(2))functional group can regulate the crystallization of the perovskite film via interaction with PbI2,resulting in highly crystallized perovskite film with large grains and low defect density.Consequently,with rational molecular design,the PSCs with optimal OI complex buried interface layer which contains both BF4−and−NH_(2) functional groups yield a champion device efficiency of 23.69%.More importantly,the resulting unencapsulated device performs excellent ambient stability,maintaining over 90%of its initial efficiency after 2000 h storage,and excellent light stability of 91.5%remaining PCE in the maximum power point tracking measurement(under continuous 100 mW cm−2 light illumination in N2 atmosphere)after 500 h.

Determination of Inorganic Anions and Melamine in Fertilizers by Ion Chromatography

A chromatographic analysis method for determining inorganic anions and melamine in fertilizers was established using ion chromatography(IC).The fertilizer samples were extracted by ultrasonic method with 7 g/L trichloroacetic acid solution and centrifuged.The supernatant is purified by a solid phase extraction column.Then,the anions in the solution were purified using SH-AP-1(250 mm×4.0 mm)as a separation column,and measured by a suppressed conductivity detector;the melamine in the solution was separated using SH-CC-4(200 mm×4.0 mm)as a separation column and detected by a UV detector.The results show that the mass concentration of anions had a linear relationship with its peak area within a certain range,the linear correlation coefficient r of the standard curve was greater than 0.999,the recovery rate of spiked samples was 93.4%-104.4%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)of the measured value(n=6)was less than 4%.Thus,this method is widely suitable for detection of anions and cations in a variety of fertilizer samples.

Dimethylammonium cation stabilizes all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

Facing the poor environmental stability of traditional methylammonium or formamidinium-based lead halide per-ovskites,scientists turn their attention to inorganic lead hal-ide perovskites(ILHPs)with narrow bandgaps,excellent thermal stability and reduced ion migration compared to their organic/inorganic counterparts[1−4].Up to now,the PCEs for ILHP solar cells exceed 21%[5].Especially,the preferred black ILHP(e.g.CsPbI3)with the smallest bandgap of~1.7 eV and single-halide composition for avoiding phase separation is crucial for high-performance single-junction solar cells and can be applied in tandem devices as the top cells[6,7].However,small Cs+(167 pm)in CsPbI3 with a tolerance factor close to 0.8 is unsuitable for the 3D PbI3-framework[8].The mis-matched size of cations will induce lattice strain and the per-ovskite spontaneously transforms to undesired non-photoact-ive yellow phase(δ-phase,like NH4CdCl3)(Fig.1(a))[9,10].There-fore,improving lattice symmetry and reducing lattice strain are the strategies for inhibiting the phase transition of ILHPs.

High-performance warm white LED based on thermally stable all inorganic perovskite quantum dots

All inorganic CsPbBr_(3) quantum dots(QDs)are regarded as excellent candidates for next-generation emitters due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)and defect tolerance.However,the poor stability and degraded luminescent performance may impede their further commercialization because of the separation of conventional ligands from the QDs surfaces.Recently,Zang replaced the regular oleic acid with 2-hexyl-decanoic acid(DA),which possesses higher binding energy on the QDs surfaces,to act as ligands of QDs,exhibiting PLQY of 96%and excellent stabilities against ethanol and water.WLEDs with DA-modified CsPbBr_(3) QDs achieved improved thermal stability,a color rendering index of 93,a power efficiency of 64.8 lm/W and a properly correlated color temperature value of 3018 K,implying their prominent applications in solid-state lighting and displays.

A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging

The high-density,vertically aligned retinal neuron array provides effective vision,a feature we aim to replicate with electronic devices.However,the conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)image sensor,based on separate designs for sensing,memory,and processing units,limits its integration density.Moreover,redundant signal communication significantly increases energy consumption.Current neuromorphic devices integrating sensing and signal processing show promise in various computer vision applications,but there is still a need for frame-based imaging with good compatibility.In this study,we developed a dual-mode image sensor based on a high-density all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array.The device can switch between frame-based standard imaging mode and neuromorphic imaging mode by applying different biases.This unique bias-dependent photo response is based on a well-designed energy band diagram.The biomimetic alignment of nanowires ensures the potential for high-resolution imaging.To further demonstrate the imaging ability,we conducted pattern reconstruction in both modes with a 10×10 crossbar device.This study introduces a novel image sensor with high compatibility and efficiency,suitable for various applications including computer vision,surveillance,and robotics.