Influence of heat input on the microhardness and microstructure of the welding interface between nickel-based alloy and low-alloy steel

The evolution of microstructure and local properties near the welding interface is essential for the service safety of dissimilar metal welded joints between nickel-based alloy(NA) and low-alloy steel(LA).In this work,NA filler metal was deposited on LA substrate under different heat inputs by tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding.Microstructural characterization and microhardness tests were carried out near the prepared cladding interfaces.Optical and scanning electron microscopes show the lack of evident hardening transition layer along the welding interface.As the heat input increases,the mean hardness of the deposited layer also increases remarkably due to the rising dilution rate.Microstructural characterization shows a significant composition gradient across the cladding interface,but the diffusion gradient is limited to a small range.Under high heat input,a planar grain zone is generated along the interface due to the large temperature gradient across the interface region.

Influence of heat input on microhardness and microstructure across the welding interface between stainless steel and low alloy steel

The welding interface is crucial to the service safety of dissimilar metal weld(DMW)joints between stainless steel(SS)and low alloy(LA)steel.Different status of welding interfaces was prepared by cladding SS consumables to LA steel substrates with different heat inputs via tungsten inert gas arc welding(TIG),followed by a series of microstructural characterizations and hardness tests.Results showed that a hardening and transition layer(TL)would be generated along the welding interface,and the width and hardening degree of the TL would increase with the heat input.Meanwhile,heavy load hardness tests showed that highly severe inhomogeneous plastic deformation and the microcrack would be generated in the interfacial region and the welding interface respectively in the highest heat input sample(1.03 kJ/mm).These results indicate that the increase in heat input would deteriorate the bonding performance of DMW joints.Further microstructural observations showed that the higher hardening degree of the highest heat input sample was mainly attributed to the stronger grain boundary,solution,and dislocation strengthening effects.

Effects of heat input on layer heterogeneity of selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V components

Due to the layer-by-layer manufacturing characteristics,metallurgical process of selective laser melting(SLM)is inherently dif-ferent in the building direction because of varying conditions,thereby resulting inter-layer heterogeneity.To mitigate such anisotropy,it is of great significance to understand the effects of processing parameters on the property evolution and thus metallurgy of fabrication process.This research proposes one-factor-at-a-time experiment to investigate the influences of laser power and scanning speed on the surface qual-ity,microstructures and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V parts.Surface quality is assessed by roughness around the printings while mechanical properties are evaluated through microhardness and tensile strengths.Phases in microstructure are quantified by XRD to correlate with mechanical properties.Fracture morphology is analyzed to understand the effect of defects and microstructure on mechanical performance.The optimized parameter corresponding to best surface quality and mechanical properties has been found respect-ively in laser power of 190 W and scanning speed of 800 mm/s.After optimization,surface roughness has decreased by 44.47%for upper surface.Yielding strength,tensile strength and elongation rate have improved by 13.17%,43.34%and 64.51%,respectively,with similar hardness and Young’s modulus.In addition,heterogeneity of mechanical properties has great improvement by a range of 31.63%-92.68%.

Effect of welding heat input and post-welded heat treatment on hardness of stir zone for friction stir-welded 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

The microstructure and hardness of the stir zone （SZ） with different welding heat inputs were investigated for friction stir-welded 2024-T3 aluminum by transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter and Vickers micro-hardness test. The results show that welding heat input has a significant effect on the hardness of the SZ. Under high welding heat input condition, a higher welding speed is beneficial for improving the hardness of the SZ. However, when the welding heat input is low, the hardness of the SZ elevates with increasing the rotation speed. The hardness of the SZ decreases after post-welded heat treatment due to overaging. The joints welded at 500 r/min and 100 mm/min show a high resistance to overaging. The reduction of hardness in the SZ is only 3.8%, while in other joints, the reduction is more than 10%. The morphology of strengthening precipitates plays important roles for the improvement of hardness.

Effects of aging treatment and heat input on the microstructures and mechanical properties of TIG-welded 6061-T6 alloy joints

Aging treatment and various heat input conditions and mechanical properties of TIG welded 606I-T6 alloy joints were adopted to investigate the microstructural evolution by microstructural observations, microhardness tests, and tensile tests. With an increase in heat input, the width of the heat-affected zone （HAZ） increases and grains in the fusion zone （FZ） coarsen. Moreover, the hardness of the HAZ decreases, whereas that of the FZ decreases initially and then increases with an increase in heat input. Low heat input results in the low ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints due to the presence of partial penetrations and pores in the welded joints. After a simple artificial aging treatment at 175℃ for 8 h, the microstructure of the welded joints changes slightly. The mechanical properties of the welded joints enhance significantly after the aging process as few precipitates distribute in the welded seam.

Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 07MnCrMoVR Weld Joints

As a new type of low cracking suscepbility high strength steel,07MnCrMoVR steel has excellent weldability,with low carbon equivalent and cold cracking susceptibility coefficient.However,there are still some problems when this steel is on the outdoor actual welding condition,such as having some extend cold cracking suscepbility and embrittlement of heat affected zone.Currently, researching works for the welding of this steel mostly focus on the evaluation the weldability of it,only few works are concentrated in how the heat input affecting the embrittlement of HAZ.The goal of this research is to study the effect of heat input on the embrittlement of the heat affected zone so as to get the optimal welding heat input range for it.In this paper,38 mm 07MnCrMoVR steel made by Shougang is welded by manual arc welding technology,and the effect of heat input on the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld joints is also investigated by use of optical microscope（OM）,scanning electron microscope（SEM）,mechanical properties testing machines and Viker hardness tester.The microstructure and fractography observation results and the mechanical properties testing results indicate that the 07MnCrMoVR steel made by Shougang has a wide adaptable range for heat input,and when the heat input is in the range of 15-42 kJ/cm,the toughness of the weld joints is well.With the increase of heat input,the impact toughness of weld zone and heat affected zone decrease,whereas the tensile strength of the weld joints does not change at all.The microstructure of the weld is acicular ferrite with small amount of proeutectoid ferrite,and with the increase of heat input,the ratio of proeutectoid ferrite and the amount of M-A constituent increase,as well as the grain size and the width of the bainite lath in coarsened grain heat affected zone. Fractography results show that with the increase of heat input,the number of dimples in impact fracture specimens decreases,and the cleavage patterns increase,inducing the fracture from ductility to embrittlement.This research provides a theory support for guiding the penstock constructor how to use 07MnCrMoVR steel in actual welding.

Process forces and heat input as function of process parameters in AA5083 friction stir welds

AA5083 friction stir welds were produced using systematic experimental design, the process forces and heat input with varying parameters were studied. Helpful empirical models were developed in designing friction stir welding （FSW） tools and FSW welders. These models may be further helpful for making process parameter choice for this sort of alloy, defining welding program and control of process parameters by using computer numerical control friction stir welding welders. The results show that tool rotational speed, welding speed and tool shoulder diameter are most significant parameters affecting axial force and heat input, while longitudinal force is significantly affected by welding speed and probe diameter.

Effect of welding heat input and post-weld aging time on microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075-AA5086

The effects of welding heat input and post-weld heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural aspects of dissimilarfriction stir welds of age-hardened AA7075-T6and strain hardenable AA5086-H32aluminium alloys were investigated.X-raydiffraction(XRD)residual stress analysis and tensile testing together with optical metallography and transmission electronmicroscopy(TEM)were performed to assess the effects of process parameters on welded joints.It was discovered that jointsproduced without heat sink exhibited more homogeneous stir zones than other joints.Of the natural aging time studied,higheramount of solid solution during rapid cooling of welds produced higher driving force for increase in hardness in the AA7075sideduring natural aging.Natural aging within stirring zone and thermo-mechanical affected zone of AA7075side resulted in a10to25MPa reduction in the residual stress in these zones;its effect decreased considerably in the welds performed without heat sink.Inaddition,natural aging had no noticeable effect on the joint strength.

Effect of welding heat input on HAZ character in ultra-fine grain steel welding

In this essay, we studied how heat input affected the microstructure, hardness, grain size and heat-affected zone(HAZ) dimension of WCX355 ultra-fine grain steel which was welded respectively by the ultra narrow-gap welding (UNGW) process and the overlaying process with CO 2 as protective atmosphere and laser welding process. The experimental results show when the heat input changed from 1.65 kJ/cm to 5.93 kJ/cm, the width of its HAZ ranged from 0.6 mm to 2.1 mm.The average grain size grew up from 2～5 μm of base metal to 20～70 μm and found no obvious soften phenomenon in overheated zone. The width of normalized zone was generally wide as 2/3 as that of the whole HAZ, and the grain size in this zone is smaller than that in base metal. Under the circumstance of equal heat input, the HAZ width of UNGW is narrower than that of the laser welding.

Effects of heat input in friction stir welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA3003-H18 plates

The non-heat-treatable AA3003-H18 plates were joined by friction stir welding（FSW） to achieve a proper joint by optimizing the welding parameters.For this purpose,the effects of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded samples were investigated by changing the ratios of rotational speed（800-1200 r/min） to travel speed（40-100 mm/min）（w/v）.It was revealed that the grain growth rate was strongly increased with the increase of the heat input by rotational speed at constant travel speed,while the grain growth rate was slightly increased with the increase of the heat input by travel speed at constant rotational speed.Subsequently,hardness reduction was observed in the stir zone at higher rotational speed compared with that at lower one.An interesting observation was that various welding parameters do not have noticeable effect on the tensile strength of the FSW joints.Also,it has been observed that the fracture location of tensile test specimens was placed in the heat-affected zone（HAZ）on the advancing side at lower travel speed,while at higher travel speed,it was placed at the HAZ/thermomechanical affected zone（TMAZ） interface on the retreating side.

Effect of the heat input on microstructure and properties of submerged arc welded joint of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel

SAW308L submerged arc welding wire and SJ601A submerged arc welding flux were selected to weld the 12 mm 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N low nickel and high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel plates with three different welding heat input,and microstructure,tensile properties,microhardness and corrosion properties of the welded joints were studied.The results show that no defects are found in the three groups of welded joints,and the welded joints have better performance.The tensile strength of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is slightly lower than that of the base metal,and fracture occurs in the weld zone,and the hardness of the weld zone is lower than that of the base metal.The weld microstructure of stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is composed of austenite+δferrite,and ferrite is uniformly distributed in austenite.With the increase of the welding heat input,the ferrite content in the weld zone decrease gradually,the grain size in the thermal affected zone increase gradually,and the impact toughness reduce.

Effect of Heat Input and M-A Constituent on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Heat Affected Zone in Low Carbon Steel

Microstructure evolution and impact toughness of simulated heat affected zone（HAZ） in low carbon steel have been investigated in this study. Thermal simulator was used to simulate microstructure evolution in HAZ with heat input of 10-100 kJ/cm welding thermal cycle. Results indicated that microstructure of HAZ mainly consisted of acicular ferrite（AF） inside grain and high volume fraction of grain boundaries ferrite（GBF） at prior austenite boundaries; the size of GBF and effective grain size increased with increasing heat input. Excellent impact toughness（more than 150 J at-40 ℃） was obtained in HAZ with heat input less than 50 k J/cm. When heat input was 100 kJ/cm, the impact toughness of HAZ decreased to 18 J because of the presence of large M-A constituent with lath-form in HAZ, assisting the micro-crack initiation and decreasing the crack initiation energy seriously. Effect of inclusions on acicular ferrite transformation in HAZ was also discussed.

Laboratory development of high performance steel plates with excellent HAZ toughness at large heat inputs

Presented in this study is the result of steel plates developed at laboratory by using the technique of chemistry design based on microstructure evolution.It has been shown that the produced 50mm thickness steel plates with yield and tensile strength being 420 MPa and 530 MPa respectively exhibit excellent large heat input weldability:the Charpy impact tests in the whole range of heat affected zone(HAZ) including the fusion line at the welded joint with large heat input of 100 -300 kJ/cm showed uniform impact toughness of above 140 J at -40℃.Welding simulations were also performed for heat inputs of 200-600 kJ/cm,which showed far better toughness at -20℃.Analysis on the results of the simulations and the practical welding tests were done and the microstructure evolution mechanisms were proposed.Finally suggestions were given to improve the simulation processes as well as chemistry modification.

Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of welded joint in magnesium alloy AZ31B

Using the optical microscope, tensile test machine and micro hardness meter, the effect of heat input on the microstructure and mechanical properties in fusion welding joints of AZ31B wrought alloys was investigated systematically, the mechanism on joint properties losing was analyzed, and a valid method to improve joint properties of the magnesium alloy fusion welding was explored. The results show that the heat input has an obvious effect on the microstructure and properties. Under the condition of penetration, with the heat input decreasing, the crystal grain in the weld and heat affected zone (HAZ) becomes fine, the width of HAZ becomes obviously narrow, and the molding of the weld is improved, so the tensile strength and elongation are increased and the hardness of joints is improved. When the heat input reaches 60 J/mm, the high quality joints can be gained.

Effect of heat input and postweld heat treatment on microstructure and toughness of heat-resistant steel E911 deposited metal

The microstructure of E911 deposited metal was observed and the effect of heat input and postweld heat treatment on microstructure and impact toughness was investigated. The microstructure consists of tempered martensite and residual δ- ferrite. The morphology of tempered martensite is columnar and the residual δ-ferrite is polygonal. With the increase in heat input, the width of columnar martensite grain and the size of residual δ-ferrite increased, whereas the volume fraction of residual δ-ferrite varied slightly. The impact toughness decreased as heat input increased. The result reveals that coarsening columnar martensite grain and δ-ferrite have greater effect on impact toughness than volume fraction of residual δ-ferrite. As the time of postweld heat treatment is exceeded 8h, aggregation of M23 C6occurs in some grain boundaries or lath interfaces. The partial aggregation of M23 C6 results in the decrease in impact toughness.

Effect of Zr-Ti combined deoxidation on impact toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone with high heat input welding

In this study, the effects of Zr-Ti combined deoxidation and AI deoxidation on the impact toughness of coarse- grained heat-affected zone in high-strength low-alloy steels were investigated. More fine oxides were formed in the Zr-Ti-killed steel than in Al-killed steel. It was also found that more acicular ferrite grains were formed in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone in the Zr-Ti-killed steel than in Al-killed steel. The impact toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Zr-Ti-kiUed steel was higher than that of Al-killed steel. The good impact toughness was attributable to the pinning effect of fine oxides and the formation of acicular ferrite grains on fine oxides.

Correlation between laser-wire distance and Nd：YAG laser ＋ P-GMA hybrid welding heat input parameters

In laser ＋ P-GMA hybrid welding, laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc. The experiments results show that the optimal laser-wire distance with the deepest weld penetration increases with welding current and laser power being increased and decreases with welding speed being increased. Welding current, laser power and welding speed determine the hybrid welding heat input in laser ＋ arc hybrid welding process, so there is a correlation between the optimal laser-wire distanee and the hybrid heat input welding parameters for the deepest weld penetration： the optimal laser-wire distance increases with the heat input being increased. The positive correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid welding heat input is induced by the characteristics of the limited influence of P-GMA welding process on laser transmission and the dependence of weld penetration of hybrid welding on laser power.

Finite element analysis of welding residual stress of aero engine blisk by controlling heat input

In order to improve aero engine performance, it is necessary to reduce the welding residual stress of aero engine blisk. In this paper, finite element method was employed to simulate electron beam welding process of blisk, in accordance with the deducing formula（ p = kh ） , the heat input is changed with the weld depth to control welding residual stress of blisk. The calculation results show that welding residual stress of blisk can be controlled effectively by reducing the heat input on the conditions of meeting the demand of weld penetration and guaranteeing the welding quality, a new theoretical method and some numerical data are provided for controlling welding residual stress of blisk.

Development of steel plate for large-heat input welding by nanometer precipitates

The mechanism of the improvement of heat affected zone(HAZ) toughness with nanometer precipitates is discussed in this paper.The austenite grain growth during welding process can be effectively prevented with the aid of the pinning effect of fine particles,so that the steel plate can be improved in large-heat input welding performance.The oxide metallurgy technology with strong deoxidizers is developed in Baosteel.Large number of nanometer precipitates are formed during deoxidation,solidification and phase transformation processes.With the pinning effect of these fine particles,after welding with large-heat input of 400 kJ/cm,the average austenite grain size is 61μm in HAZ,the average energy absorbed value is 142 J for V-notch Charpy test at - 20℃.

微量元素对超大线能量EH36船板热影响区粗晶区组织和性能的影响

通过焊接热模拟研究了在超大线能量下焊接时Al元素、Mg元素和Ti元素含量对EH36高强船板钢热影响区粗晶区组织、性能的影响规律,采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算与SEM,EDS测试相结合的方法揭示了Al元素、Mg元素和Ti元素含量与母材中氧化物类型、尺寸、数量及粗晶区相变的关系.结果表明,Al_(2)O_(3)无法诱导针状铁素体相变,当Al元素质量分数低于0.005%时,钢中可形成Mg元素、Ti元素或其复合氧化物,可促进粗晶区针状铁素体相变.Mg元素和Ti元素联合添加时,当Mg元素质量分数由0.0042%降低为0.0013%,氧化物类型由MgO转变为Mg_(2)TiO_(4),经统计20个视场内的氧化物数量由408个提高到503个,平均直径由1.37μm减小到1.10μm,显著提高了非均匀形核的比表面积,抑制了晶界铁素体的形成,使t8/5=300 s时粗晶区热模拟试样-20℃冲击吸收能量由43 J提升到127 J.