Effect of Six Bacterial Strains on the Activity of Second Instar Larvae and Egg Hatching of Meloidogyne incognita

[Objectives]The paper was to screen effective biocontrol strains against Meloidogyne incognita.[Methods]The effect of six bacterial strains sourced from the research group s strain library on the activity of second instar larvae of M.incognita,as well as on egg hatching,was evaluated.[Results]The treatment of fermentation supernatant derived from the X-2 strain exhibited a pronounced lethal effect on M.incognita,with a corrected mortality rate reaching 97%within 72 h.Additionally,this treatment significantly inhibited egg hatching,achieving an inhibition rate of 94.69%at a 20-fold dilution.The strain was identified as Bacillus velezensis,belonging to the genus Bacillus,and was designated as RKN1111.[Conclusions]This study presents alternative strains and a theoretical framework for the biological control of M.incognita.

Antennal morphology of the cicada Meimuna mongolica (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a deduction of its nymphal instars and discussion of the antennal morphological variations in relation to niche changes

The morphology of antennal sensilla of both nymphs and adults in the cicada Meimuna mongolica （Distant） were studied. Four instars of M. mongolica （Distant） were preliminarily determined using Dyar＇s rule and a regression analysis of the head width of nymphs, combined with the comparative morphology of antennae of different stage nymphs and adults. The antennae of nymphs in different instars and adults show great morphological variations. The numbers, types and distribution of antennal sensilla in nymphs and adults of M. mongolica are significantly different, which should be closely related to the niche changes of the nymphs and adults, and provide implications for the development stages of this cicada.

Characterization of larval instars of artemisia weevil,Adosomus sp.

The artemisia weevil, Adosomus sp., has become an important wormwood （Artemisa ordosoca and A. sphaerocephala） pest in recent years in Ningxia Province, China. The number of larval instars should be determined before further studies on its life history, biology and integrate management of pest （IMP）. In this study, we measured the length and width of head capsule, based on frequency histograms and Dyar＇s law, from which we concluded that the larvae ofAdosomus sp. have four instars. Of the two variables measured, the width of head capsule provided the best division of instars. The average width of head capsule of the 1st instar larvae was 1.348±0.152 mm, the 2nd 2.109±0.199 mm, the 3rd 3.563±0.492 mm and the 4th 5.974±0.581 mm.

Laboratory Observations Regarding Different Instars of Cyclosainsulana(Costa, 1834)(Araneidae ) During Developmental Stages

The current experiment was conducted to find out the optimal conditions for mass rearing and developmental changes of Cyclosainsulana. The lab. conditions were maintained at （27±2）℃ and （65±5）% RH. The clear perplex cages and natural diet consisting of the aphids, larvae of the house fly and larvae of drosophila were used for rearing. C. insulana took （123.12±7.26） days to develop from eggs to adults passing through eight instars under prevailing vivo conditions. The eggs were greenish white in color with average size of 0.57 mm ±0.034. The eggs spent （7.52±1.64） days in emergence. Maximum number of spiderlings survived at the 5th instar （84%） and minimum at the 1st instar （34%）. The measurements of different body parts including the total body length, cephalothorax and pedipalps of the both male and female C. insulana were done with the help of micrometer and presented as mean± SD. The measurements varied in the each developing instar. It was concluded that spiders were difficult to rear in the lab. conditions and each developing stage which was regarded as instars showed variations in size colors and body characteristics.

Larval Instars and Division Features of Apriona germari

Apriona germari larvae were obtained via sample collection in woodland and indoor rearing. In this study, larval instars were divided by Dyar＇s law, and the results showed that the larval stage of A. germari comprised six instars, while the width of head capsule was the best instar-dividing structure. On the basis of instar division, tubercle numbers on the transverse furrow downside of first abdominal dorsal ambulatory ampullae, seta numbers of abdominal telson and lateral seta numbers of mandible were observed and statistically calculated. The accuracy of instar-dividing was verified by comparing with the Dyar＇s law. The coincidence rate of two instar-dividing results was 90. 47%. It is approved that the above morphological features could be used in instar division ofA. germari larvae.

Residual effects of TMOF-Bti formulations against 1^(st) instar Aedes aegypti Linnaeus larvae outside laboratory

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating ecstatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis(TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti)(L) larvae at UKM Campus Kuala Lumpur.Methods:Twenty first instar Ae.aegypti larvae were added in each bucket containing 4 L of water supplied with crushed dried-leaf powder as their source of food.Combination of TMOF-Bti in rice husk formulation with the following weights viz 10,25,50 and 100 mg,respectively in duplicate was distributed in the buckets;while TMOF-Bti in wettable powder formulation each weighing viz 2,5,10 and 20 mg,respectively in duplicate was also placed in the buckets.The control buckets run in duplicate with 4 L of water and 20 first instar Ae.aegypti larvae.All buckets were covered with mosquito netting.Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and weekly for five weeks.A new batch of 20 1^(st) instar larvae Ae.aegypti was introduced into each bucket weekly without additional TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation or wettable powder.The experiment was repeated for four times.Results:The result of the study showed that all formulations were very effective on the first two weeks by giving 100% larval mortality for all concentrations applied.The TMOF(2%) + Bti(2%) had a good residual effect until the end of 3^(rd) week,TMOF(4%) + Bti(4%) until 4^(th) week,wettable powder TMOF(20%) + Bti(20%) until the third week.Condusions:From the results it can be concluded that the TMOF-Bti formulations can be utilized in dengue vector control.

番茄潜叶蛾种群定殖与种群重建及延续能力研究

【背景】番茄潜叶蛾(Tuta absoluta)是一种对番茄等作物最具毁灭性危害的世界检疫性害虫,2017年首次在我国西北新疆伊犁的露地番茄发现,2018年又在我国西南云南临沧的保护地番茄发生,目前已快速传播至我国20余个省级区域。【目的】以成虫为对象在室内笼罩条件下,研究明确番茄潜叶蛾的种群定殖、种群重建及延续能力。【方法】每笼接入不同数量(2、4、6、8、10头)的番茄潜叶蛾成虫(性比1:1),通过评价其产卵量和幼虫孵化率,研究繁殖体数量对番茄潜叶蛾种群定殖能力的影响;以1对成虫(2头,性比1:1)为起始繁殖体数量,通过种群数量动态监测、虫态(龄期)个体数量占比及丰富度指数R评价,研究番茄潜叶蛾的种群重建和延续能力。【结果】以5个繁殖体数量(2、4、6、8、10头,性比1:1)接入番茄潜叶蛾成虫,各繁殖体数量的总计产卵量分别为93.1、194.9、271.3、311.5和400.2粒,差异显著;平均单雌产卵量分别为93.1、97.4、90.4、77.9和80.0粒,差异显著,且繁殖体数量为1♀:1♂、2♀:2♂和3♀:3♂的平均单雌产卵量明显高于4♀:4♂和5♀:5♂;此外,在5个繁殖体起始数量处理中,卵孵化为幼虫的比率均比较高,为91.3%—92.7%;综合分析结果显示,种群定殖能力大小依次为5♀:5♂>3♀:3♂>4♀:4♂>2♀:2♂>1♀:1♂。1对(2头,性比1:1)番茄潜叶蛾成虫即可重新建立种群,约90 d(3个世代)后种群即可达到稳定状态。在168 d(约5个世代)的种群重建和种群延续过程中,仅在最初的0—91 d范围观察到3个较为明显的种群发生高峰(世代),高峰日总计虫量(蛹未予计入)较起始繁殖体数量分别增加77.8、60.5和60.1倍,其中,成虫数量分别增加6.4、4.1和7.7倍;之后,各虫态(卵、1—4龄幼虫、成虫)同时发生,世代重叠现象明显,种群数量趋于稳定并波动增长,总计种群数量持续稳定在96.6—140.6头,不同虫态(龄期)个体数量占比在16.67%上下波动,丰富度指数R稳定在1.011—1.094。【结论】番茄潜叶蛾1对成虫即具有较高的生殖与存活能力,传入的起始繁殖体数量越大,番茄潜叶蛾成功定殖的可能性越大;1头雌虫和1头雄虫即可重新建立种群并使种群得以稳定延续。1对成虫的传入即具有较大的入侵风险并产生足够多的后代以满足种群延续和扩张,因此,在番茄潜叶蛾防控工作中,应加强对该虫的监测预警,并力争在其点片发生期予以灭除。

基于k-means聚类算法的兴义维蚋幼虫龄数的估算

目的探讨基于k-means聚类算法估算兴义维蚋幼虫的龄数,以明确虫龄与日龄及鳃斑发育阶段的关系。方法采集贵州青岩河流中兴义维蚋虫卵,于实验室的蚋类饲养系统中培育至幼虫,每日收集幼虫至大量化蛹,持续20 d;收集到幼虫1112头,于体视显微镜下测量头壳长(HCW)、后颊长(PGL)、上颚基横骨长(MPL)及体长(BL),观察不同虫龄幼虫的破卵器、鳃斑及性腺的形态学特征,并判断其龄期、分析虫龄与日龄和鳃斑发育关系;选取具有明显腮斑发育的兴义维蚋幼虫10头、制作石蜡切片,采用HE染色鉴定精巢和卵巢、辅助确认性别鉴定结果;采用k-means聚类方法划分形态计量学数据、利用Brooks-Dyar定律检测k-means聚类结果,R语言下行聚类与Brooks-Dyar定律检验、t检验等,根据拟合度分析判断兴义维蚋幼虫龄数。结果1112头兴义维蚋幼虫中有破卵器89头,出现鳃斑发育334头,6~7龄幼虫320头,有预蛹特征34头;Brooks-Dyar定律与破卵器、鳃斑形态特征显示7龄幼虫假设符合昆虫幼虫生长规律;组织学观察见幼虫精巢为椭圆形、体积大、外有几丁质层包裹,卵巢为长条形、体积小、后端有色素细胞包裹;鉴定6、7龄幼虫性别结果,仅7龄幼虫雌雄性PGL有差异(P<0.05);幼虫虫龄与日龄、鳃斑发育关系结果显示,约2~3 d对应1个幼虫生长龄期,第17天首见幼虫蛹化,6龄幼虫出现明显的鳃斑。结论兴义维蚋幼虫具7龄,实验室下幼虫发育约需3周,最短17 d;腮斑发育起始于6龄,7龄出现明显形态学特征。

小线角木蠹蛾幼虫龄数的划分

为了确定自然条件下小线角木蠹蛾Streltzoviella insularis幼虫的龄数,从野外定时采集小线角木蠹蛾幼虫,测量其头壳宽、体长、体宽、前胸背板宽、上颚长、上颚宽6项指标,利用变异系数、Brooks指数、Grosby指数、频次分布图进行统计分析,并建立6项指标的回归方程。结果表明,小线角木蠹蛾幼虫13龄,头壳宽是判定小线角木蠹蛾幼虫龄数的最佳指标;并确定了各龄幼虫的龄期。结果可为小线角木蠹蛾发生规律的研究和防控方案的准确制定提供理论参考。

继代培养球孢白僵菌对斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒力和产孢量的影响及菌株复壮研究

【目的】明确球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)在连续继代培养过程中对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)二龄幼虫毒力、产孢量的影响,并进行菌种复壮研究,为进一步利用球孢白僵菌对斜纹夜蛾的生物防治提供参考。【方法】将球孢白僵菌SCAUJH19继代培养10代,得到F_(1)~F_(10)代菌株并测定产孢量。采用浸虫法分别用F_(1)~F_(10)代菌株处理斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫,测定其对斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫的毒力;建立模型分析球孢白僵菌继代培养代数、毒力与产孢量的关系及毒力退化规律。采用活虫复壮法对F_(4)、F_(6)、F_(8)、F_(10)代菌株进行复壮,比较复壮前后对斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫的毒力效果,并测定产孢量。【结果】球孢白僵菌F_(1)~F_(5)代菌株对二龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒力无显著差异,处理7 d时校正死亡率为42.44%~45.22%,而F_(6)、F_(8)、F_(10)代菌株对二龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的校正死亡率分别降至37.00%、22.94%、12.17%。F_(1)~F_(5)代菌株产孢量为9.65~10.43×10^(8)CFU/mL,F_(6)、F_(8)、F_(10)代菌株产孢量分别降至7.62×10^(8)、5.14×10^(8)、4.69×10^(8)CFU/mL。建立模型发现,菌株继代培养到F_(5)代后,产孢量随培养代数呈现指数下降,且产孢量与毒力存在一定的正相关关系,继代培养代数较少的菌株产孢量较高,对斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫的致病力较强。通过活虫复壮法对F_(4)、F_(6)、F_(8)、F_(10)代菌株进行复壮后,菌株对斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫的校正死亡率均>50%,且均高于原始菌株的最高致死率,复壮后菌株的产孢量均高于复壮前的产孢量。【结论】球孢白僵菌在继代培养4~5代后,产孢量逐代下降,对斜纹夜蛾二龄幼虫的毒力也逐代降低,需进行菌种复壮;采用活虫复壮法可将继代后的球孢白僵菌恢复或提高至原有特性;同一菌株的产孢量可作为评价其毒力的参考指标。

大头金蝇3龄幼虫细菌多样性分析及其分离菌株分解纤维素的应用研究

Illumina高通量测序平台Novaseq,对大头金蝇(Chrysomya megacephala)3龄幼虫体表与体内细菌进行测序分析。大头金蝇3龄幼虫体表与体内贮存细菌样本中共注释396 OTUs,共注释到13门19纲49目82科137属119种细菌。体内贮存细菌的优势菌属为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella,57.87%),通过纤维素筛选培养基培养,纯化后得到单一菌落,经鉴定为密歇根克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella michiganensis),制成菌液后进行室内、外模拟秸秆分解试验,室内秸秆平均分解效率为87.31%,室外模拟农田中的秸秆平均分解率为88.52%,进一步对其施用于农业废弃物搭建的人工模拟土壤中,模拟土壤肥力增加,在泥土:麦麸:锯末:豆饼的比例为10:2:2:1和10:2.5:2.5:1时种子发芽指数较高,种子平均发芽指数分别达到80.25%和78.45%。结果表明,大头金蝇3龄幼虫体表携带细菌与体内贮存菌的组成结构及多样性复杂,为其分解纤维素能力及土壤改良等提供理论依据。

Inhibitory Kinetics of p-Substituted Benzaldehydes on Polyphenol Oxidase from the Fifth Instar of Pieris Rapae L.

Polyphenol oxidase （PPO） is the enzyme responsible for enzymatic browning during the growth of insects. It is also involved in defense reactions and is related with immunities in insects. PPO a metalloenzyme oxidase, catalyzes the oxidation of o-diphenol to o-quinone. The present paper describes the effects of benzaldehyde and its p-substituted derivatives on the activity of PPO from the fifth instar of Pieris rapae L. PPO from the fifth instar of Pieris rapae L. was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme kinetics was characterized using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine （L-DOPA） as substrate. The results show that benzaldehyde, phydroxybenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, and p-cyanobenzaldehyde can inhibit the PPO activity for the oxidation of L-DOPA. The inhibitor concentration leading to 50% activity lost, IC50, was estimated to be 5.90, 5.62, 2.83, and 2.91 mmol/L for the four tested inhibitors, respectively. Kinetic analyses show that the inhibitory effects of these compounds are reversible. Benzaldehyde, phydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-chlorobenzaldehyde are noncompetitive inhibitors while p-cyanobenzaldehyde is a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition constants were determined for all four inhibitors. p-chlorobenzaldehyde and p-cyanobenzaldehyde were more potent inhibitors than the other compounds. These results provide a basis for developing PPO inhibition-based pesticides.

4个家蚕品种对人工饲料的摄食性及相关基因的表达检测

家蚕人工饲料育可实现工厂化养蚕,研究家蚕的摄食性遗传机制及选育人工饲料适应性家蚕品种则是实现这一目标的重要基础。分别采用全龄人工饲料育和全龄桑叶育饲养A姬、872、菁松、苏春4个家蚕品种,调查5龄蚕体质量和5龄起蚕的摄食性。结果显示:872和苏春采用2种饲养方式的5龄蚕体质量差异显著,而A姬和菁松的差异不显著;在全龄人工饲料育试验组,A姬、872、菁松3个品种的5龄起蚕80%以上能选择人工饲料饷食,苏春则仅有20%选择人工饲料饷食,在全龄桑叶育试验组,872、菁松、苏春3个品种的5龄起蚕均选择桑叶饷食,A姬则仅有70%选择桑叶饷食。进一步以体质量差异显著、人工饲料摄食性最差的苏春和体质量差异不显著、人工饲料摄食性好的A姬的5龄第3天幼虫下颚为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR法(qRT-PCR)对2个品种的普通气味结合蛋白基因GOBP 1、GOBP 2和嗅觉受体基因OR 56进行差异表达分析。结果表明,苏春下颚中GOBP 1、GOBP 2的表达量显著高于A姬(P<0.01、P<0.001),而A姬下颚中OR 56的表达量显著高于苏春(P<0.05)。以上结果再次证实了家蚕的人工饲料摄食性与品种有关系,并且食性差异家蚕品种的嗅觉相关基因表达水平不同,此可以作为家蚕人工饲料适应性品种选育的基础依据之一。

红火蚁雄蛹的发育过程及其形态变化

红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)是一种危害性极强的入侵生物,但其蛹的详细发育过程并不清楚。本文通过显微观察详细研究了红火蚁幼虫化蛹、雄蛹发育及雄成虫羽化的整个过程及其形态变化。化蛹前幼虫腹部两侧及端部变扁,形成裙边一样的透明结构。幼虫化蛹分为4个阶段,第一阶段虫体呈圆筒形,蛹头部和前胸明显分化;第二阶段附肢开始发育,胸腹连接处向内缢缩;第三阶段腹部分节明显,呈现出蛹形态;第四阶段幼虫蜕皮化蛹。雄蛹发育分为7个阶段,第一阶段为新化蛹;第二阶段复眼和单眼黑色;第三阶段腹部(除结节)灰色;第四阶段头、胸部灰棕色,腹部深灰色;第五阶段头、胸部深灰色,颜色弱于复眼,腹部灰黑色;第六阶段足跗节及触角端半部浅红棕色,其余灰褐色;第七阶段蛹(除翅膀)完全黑化,即将羽化。成虫羽化分为身体蜕皮期和展翅期两个阶段。本研究结果将为进一步研究红火蚁生殖发育及其分子机制奠定基础。

番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的龄数和龄期测定

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)源产于南美洲的秘鲁,是世界番茄的毁灭性害虫,2017年8月首次在我国新疆发现,对我国番茄及其他茄科粮蔬作物生产安全构成了潜在巨大威胁。龄期划分是深入研究番茄潜叶蛾生物学习性,明确其种群发生规律,提高预测预报和防治(如基于幼虫寄生蜂利用的生物防治)效果的基础。头壳宽度是幼虫分龄的重要指标。本研究通过逐日测量幼虫的头壳宽度和虫体长度,并运用频次分布、Dyar法则、Crosby指数、Brook指数和回归分析对测量的数据进行统计分析,研究番茄潜叶蛾的幼虫龄期划分。研究结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾幼虫头壳宽度符合Dyar法则和Crosby生长法则,并呈现出明显的指数回归关系,可作为幼虫龄期划分的重要形态指标。番茄潜叶蛾幼虫划分为4个龄期,各龄期幼虫头壳宽度分别为0.1375~0.1575 mm、0.2125~0.2725 mm、0.3200~0.4100 mm和0.4975~0.5800 mm。与之对应龄期的幼虫体长分别为0.80~1.52 mm、0.91~3.33 mm、2.42~4.89 mm和4.18~7.32 mm,可作为判定龄期数的辅助指标。于室内27℃温度下饲养幼虫,平均历期约13 d,其中1~4 d为第1龄、3~6 d为第2龄、4~7d为第3龄、6~15d为第4龄。头壳宽度可作为幼虫龄期划分的重要指标,番茄潜叶蛾幼虫分为4个龄期;同一龄期内幼虫体长变异性较大,各龄期重叠程度较高,可作为幼虫龄期划分的辅助指标。

不同家蚕品种五龄幼虫期与蛹期中肠细菌组成与功能差异分析

【目的】分析生命力及茧层率不同的家蚕Bombyx mori品种间中肠细菌组成的差异及其对生命力与蚕茧量等性状的影响。【方法】基于长期的家蚕资源饲养调查成绩,选取了高生命力家蚕品种932G和高丝量品种2041J作为实验材料,收集5龄幼虫和蛹的中肠,采用高通量测序平台对中肠细菌16S rDNA进行测序分析,比较不同品种及不同发育阶段家蚕中肠细菌组成及其功能的差异。【结果】分别获得932G和2041J 5龄幼虫期中肠细菌399和453个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),蛹期OTU数目分别为138和162个。5龄幼虫期中肠优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)及放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),优势属是甲基杆菌属Methylobacterium,丰度最高,其次为葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus。有多个菌属的相对丰度在932G和2041J间差异显著,其中德沃斯菌属Devosia、罗尔斯通菌属Ralstonia、硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira、短杆菌属Brachybacterium、罗氏菌属Rothia、葡萄球菌属及劳氏菌属Lawsonella等在932G 5龄幼虫中肠中的丰度显著高于在2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的,而假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、甲基杆菌属、不动杆菌属Acinetobscter、管道杆菌属Cloacibacterium、明串珠菌属Leuconostoc、丙酸杆菌属Propionibacteriaceae、嗜冷杆菌属Psychrobacter、鞘氨醇菌属Sphingobium和拟杆菌属Bacteroides等在2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的相对丰度显著高于932G 5龄幼虫中肠中的。932G和2041J 5龄幼虫中肠细菌分别有77%和78%的功能基因富集在KEGG代谢通路上,其次是富集在环境信息处理和遗传信息处理通路的功能基因;932G的5龄幼虫中肠中硝酸盐还原、氮气呼吸、硝酸盐呼吸、亚硝酸盐呼吸及固氮等功能菌群占比高于2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的,2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中化学异养、尿素分解、甲醇氧化等功能菌群占比高于932G 5龄幼虫中肠中的。5龄幼虫中肠细菌组成与蛹的显著不同,蛹中肠变形菌门欧文氏菌属Erwinia为优势属,且蛹期两个品种间欧文氏菌属相对丰度无显著差异;932G蛹中肠细菌氨基酸转运与代谢、胞外分泌与转运、碳水化合物转运与代谢和无机盐转运与代谢等功能基因相对丰度显著高于5龄幼虫中的。【结论】家蚕5龄幼虫期中肠细菌组成和预测功能在家蚕高生命力品种932G与高丝量品种2041J间差异显著,蛹期中肠细菌组成与功能与5龄期显著不同,且蛹期中肠细菌的相对丰度在两个品种间无显著差异。这些研究结果可以为进一步探讨肠道微生物在家蚕抗逆、耐药、抗病及其蛋白质合成与转化等方面的作用及其家蚕品种选育提供参考。

苏云金芽孢杆菌对二化螟致病力及与助剂协同作用研究

二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]作为水稻害虫,严重威胁我国水稻生产安全,为提高苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)对二化螟杀虫效果,采用生物测定法研究Bt对二化螟致病力及与助剂协同作用。结果表明,8株Bt菌株对二化螟致病力不同,菌株Bt64致病力最高,对1~4龄幼虫致死中浓度LC50分别为4.81×10^(5)、2.09×10^(5)、2.89×10^(6)、3.73×10^(7)芽孢·mL^(-1),对1~2龄幼虫杀虫活性显著高于3~4龄。室外条件下,菌株Bt645×10^(8)芽孢·mL^(-1)浓度对二化螟3龄初幼虫第7天防治效果达67.35%,显著高于对照商品Bt制剂防治效果;激健、八神、有机硅3种助剂与菌株Bt64混用对二化螟幼虫杀虫效果均高于菌株Bt64单用,协同增效作用表现为激健>八神>有机硅,助剂激健对菌株Bt64协同增效作用最好。室外条件下,提高菌株Bt64对二化螟防治效果达12%以上。研究结果对Bt生物农药开发和利用、提高田间Bt防治二化螟杀虫效果和减少化学农药使用量具有重要意义。

梨星毛虫虫龄的划分及末龄幼虫头部形态和感器观察

为明确梨星毛虫Illidcris pruni的龄期,了解其头部感受器的种类、形态和分布,通过测量梨星毛虫的头壳宽度与体长两项指标,根据所得数据的频率分布直方图以及结合Dyar定律明确幼虫虫龄数,并利用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法对得出的结果进行验证;并采用扫描电镜对末龄幼虫头部形态及感受器进行观察。结果表明,梨星毛虫体长和头壳宽的频次分布均呈显著的5个峰,因此推断梨星毛虫为5个虫龄。各龄的体长变幅分别为2.96~4.04 mm、5.27~6.27 mm、7.76~8.36 mm、9.47~10.45 mm和11.83~12.11 mm,头壳宽变幅分别为0.316~0.358 mm、0.397~0.459 mm、0.538~0.598 mm、0.687~0.735 mm和0.947~1.011 mm。头壳宽符合戴氏法则和Crosby生长法则,并呈现明显的线性关系,因此头壳宽可作为梨星毛虫龄期划分的重要指标,体长可作为分龄的辅助指标。梨星毛虫末龄幼虫头部感器共有栓锥形感器、锥形感器和刺形感器3种感器,主要分布于触角、口器、上颚和下颚须。

褐带卷蛾茧蜂对不同龄期红脉穗螟幼虫的选择性和适应性

[目的]本研究为明确褐带卷蛾茧蜂对红脉穗螟不同龄期幼虫的偏好和适应性。[方法]采用室内生物学方法研究了寄生蜂对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及寄主幼虫龄期对寄生蜂发育、存活、寿命、子代性比等的影响。[结果]在选择性试验中,褐带卷蛾茧蜂可寄生红脉穗螟3~5龄幼虫,而在非选择性条件下可以寄生红脉穗螟2~5龄幼虫,且寄生率随寄主龄期的升高而增加。褐带卷蛾茧蜂在红脉穗螟2~5龄幼虫体上均可完成世代发育。其中以2龄幼虫为寄主时,褐带卷蛾茧蜂总发育历期(卵-成虫)最长,为18.50 d,而以红脉穗螟5龄幼虫为寄主时发育历期最短,仅为12.75 d,两者之间相差5.75 d。以红脉穗螟5龄幼虫为寄主时,褐带卷蛾茧蜂单雌产卵量最高(34.85粒),寿命最长(14.50 d),而以2龄幼虫为寄主时单雌产卵量最低(5.29粒),寿命最短(11.15 d),与5龄幼虫为寄主相比分别降低84.82%和23.10%。褐带卷蛾茧蜂的生命表参数内禀增长率(rm)、净增值率(R0)、世代时间(T)和有限增长率(λ)均在寄生红脉穗螟5龄幼虫时达到最大,rm、R0、T和λ的值分别为0.29、123.21、16.50和1.34。[结论]褐带卷蛾茧蜂更偏好选择红脉穗螟高龄幼虫寄生,且高龄寄主幼虫有利于褐带卷蛾茧蜂个体和种群发育。

20种杀虫剂对不同龄期不同地理种群草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力测定

为有效防控新入侵的迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾,指导科学用药,本研究采用饲料表面涂药法测定了13类20种杀虫剂对云南省玉溪市红塔区(红塔种群)、广东省广州市花都区(花都种群)、广西壮族自治区钦州市钦南区(钦南种群)、云南省玉溪市华宁县(华宁种群)、海南省海口市秀英区(秀英种群)5个种群草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力;进而,以红塔种群为相对敏感种群,以华宁种群为抗性种群,测定甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺、杀铃脲、虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯、茚虫威和氟苯虫酰胺9种杀虫剂对2个种群草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,20种杀虫剂对5个种群草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序依次为:甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺>虱螨脲、杀铃脲、氟铃脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺>高效氯氟氰菊酯、虫螨腈、多杀霉素>溴氰虫酰胺、茚虫威、唑虫酰胺>氟苯虫酰胺、联苯菊酯、甲氧虫酰肼>毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷>噻虫嗪>啶虫脒、甲萘威;9种杀虫剂对2个种群草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序依次为:甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺>氯虫苯甲酰胺>虱螨脲>杀铃脲>虫螨腈>高效氯氟氰菊酯、茚虫威>氟苯虫酰胺,研究结果表明,甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺4种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾3龄和5龄幼虫具有很高的活性,是防治草地贪夜蛾的理想药剂,该研究为合理选择有效杀虫剂进行田间防治提供了科学依据。