Objective:This review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose(CBG)testing and insulin injection,as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.Metho...Objective:This review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose(CBG)testing and insulin injection,as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.Methods:Databases,including PubMed,Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),Scopus,and Google Scholar,were searched to extract the relevant articles.Initially,the terms used to retrieve related studies were"fear of blood glucose monitoring","anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection","psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection","diabetes management",and"diabetes mellitus".Results:Results showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose.This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection.Inadequate information,inappropriate perception,and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.Conclusions:The expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection.Moreover,family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear,anxiety,and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.展开更多
Objective:to investigate the current situation of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses under KAP(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice)model on Linzhi,Tibet,and to discuss and analyse the influence factors.Methods:usin...Objective:to investigate the current situation of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses under KAP(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice)model on Linzhi,Tibet,and to discuss and analyse the influence factors.Methods:using a selfdesign questionnaire a questionnaire about the current situation of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses under KAP model on Linzhi,Tibet to investigate 268 clinical nurses in Linzhi,Tibet,who were chosen through random sampling method,in order to analyse the‘KAP’scoring and the influencing factors.Results:The scoring of‘Knowledge’is(65.642±10.313),the scoring of‘Attitude’is(55.478±8.099),the scoring of‘Practice’is(42.493±6.647),the total scoring is(163.612±19.292).The related influence factors,including hospital,department,academic credentials,professional qualifications and whether receiving diabetes specialized training,have statistical significance(P value<0.5).Conclusion:The KAP of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses in Linzhi,Tibet is on middle level.For nursing managers,it is strongly advised that a normative.展开更多
Objective: Evidence supporting the twice-daily administration of insulin glargine as an approach to address its waning effectiveness at the end of a 24 hour period is sparse. We hypothesized that insulin concentration...Objective: Evidence supporting the twice-daily administration of insulin glargine as an approach to address its waning effectiveness at the end of a 24 hour period is sparse. We hypothesized that insulin concentrations determined during the last four hours of a 24 hour period would be greater when identical doses of insulin glargine were administered twice-daily as compared to once-daily among type 1 diabetes patients. Research Methods: Ten subjects with insulin deficient type 1 diabetes were admitted for two 38-hour studies at least one week apart. Patients received full-dose insulin glargine once daily at 0800 and half-dose insulin glargine twice-daily at 0800 and 2000 for at least one week in random order prior to overnight studies. Overnight glucose was stabilized with intravenous insulin on the evening prior to study, and subjects fasted and did not receive short acting insulin during the study period. Insulin concentrations were assessed every 30 minutes with an ultrasensitive assay between study hours 20 and 24. Results: Insulin concentrations for the final four hours of study period did not differ between once-daily and twice-daily insulin glargine administration (p = 0.38). Home glucose testing results and overnight plasma glucose concentrations did not differ between study conditions. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that insulin concentrations are equivalent during the last four hours of a 24-hour period when insulin glargine is administered once- or twice-daily. These findings do not support a role for twice-daily insulin glargine in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes.展开更多
Impulsive injections of glucose and insulin analogues are very important strategies for the control of diabetes mellitus. We mainly imitate diabetes patients take insulin before eating, and eating approximately as a p...Impulsive injections of glucose and insulin analogues are very important strategies for the control of diabetes mellitus. We mainly imitate diabetes patients take insulin before eating, and eating approximately as a pulse blood glucose injection, as a result, a new mathematical model with impulsive injections of both glucose and insulin at different fixed times is formulated in this paper. Using the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, we show that the existence and uniqueness of a positive globally asymptotically stable periodic solution for type I diabetes. By impulsive comparison theorem, we obtain the glucose concentration level of the system is uniformly bounded above and below for type Ⅱ diabetes. Numerical analysis verifies our theoretical results.展开更多
Objective To analyze the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec and liraglutide injection(IDegLira)compared with insulin glargine plus insulin aspart(IGar plus IAsp)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)ba...Objective To analyze the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec and liraglutide injection(IDegLira)compared with insulin glargine plus insulin aspart(IGar plus IAsp)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)based on the price of IDegLira before and after it was successfully admitted to the National Reimbursable Drug List(NRDL).Methods Cost and effectiveness parameters were obtained through systematic retrieval from PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI,and Wanfang database.A cost-effectiveness analysis(CEA)model was established to analyze the economics using IDegLira for T2DM patients with 1 to 5 years of medication.Results and Conclusion Before IDegLira was admitted to NRDL,its economic advantages over the IGlar plus Iasp regimen became more significant as patients’medication time prolonged.After being admitted to NRDL,with 1 year of medication,the medical cost of IDegLira decreased by 2853.91 yuan and the quality adjusted life years(QALY)increased by 0.12055 than IGar plus IAsp.The sensitivity analysis was highly consistent with the results of the baseline result.After being admitted to NRDL,for patients with T2DM who have poor blood glucose control,IDegLira is absolutely an economic advantage scheme compared with IGar plus IAsp.展开更多
Aim: This study investigated the lifestyle convenience of Insulin therapy for adult women patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants were type 1 diabetes adult women patients who switched from multiple daily...Aim: This study investigated the lifestyle convenience of Insulin therapy for adult women patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants were type 1 diabetes adult women patients who switched from multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) therapy. We conducted semi-structured interviews with participants. To analyze, we referenced the classification table of Hamada’s study comparing the usefulness of both the NovoPen? and CSII. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the research subjects. The questions focused mainly on diabetes management, instrument operation, everyday life, and social, psychological and lifestyle convenience aspects during MDI and CSII. Results: Research subjects were 4 women patients with type 1 diabetes. The average age was 35.3 ± 6.24 (SE) years old. Participants were undergoing MDI therapy;however, in the middle, they switched to CSII therapy. CSII therapy is convenient in terms of diabetes management, social and psychological. MDI therapy is convenient in terms of instrument operation and daily life. Compared to MDI therapy, CSII therapy is less convenient in terms of instrument operation and everyday life. However, since CSII therapy has more stable HbA1c and blood glucose levels compared to MDI therapy, it is more convenient in terms of social and psychological aspects and reduces those burdens. About economy CSII therapy, patients paid about 5000 yen more per month compared to MDI therapy. Conclusion: It is believed that patients prioritize therapeutic effects, and choose CSII, which is stable in psychological and social aspects, even though it is inconvenient with life.展开更多
目的分析2型糖尿病患者使用德谷门冬双胰岛素注射液联合二甲双胍治疗后的血糖水平、不良反应,判断其治疗效果。方法选择76例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组38例。对照组患者给予二甲双胍治疗,观察组在对照组基础...目的分析2型糖尿病患者使用德谷门冬双胰岛素注射液联合二甲双胍治疗后的血糖水平、不良反应,判断其治疗效果。方法选择76例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组38例。对照组患者给予二甲双胍治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予德谷门冬双胰岛素注射液治疗。比较两组治疗前后的血糖[空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)]水平,不良反应发生率,治疗前后的胰岛功能[空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]、疗效。结果两组治疗后FPG、HbA1c、2 h PG均低于治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后FPG(6.30±1.12)mmol/L、HbA1c(6.37±0.49)%、2 h PG(8.05±1.12)mmol/L明显低于对照组的(7.29±1.34)mmol/L、(7.32±0.83)%、(9.62±1.70)mmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组的23.68%相比,观察组治疗期间不良反应发生率5.26%明显较低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的FINS、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR均较治疗前改善,且观察组患者FINS(14.03±1.52)mU/L、HOMA-β(80.35±10.36)明显高于对照组的(11.52±1.30)mU/L、(72.15±9.21),HOMA-IR(3.19±0.21)明显低于对照组的(3.81±0.42),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组的73.68%相比,观察组患者治疗总有效率92.11%明显较高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经过德谷门冬双胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗后,2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平明显改善,安全性高,总体疗效较好,对于治疗2型糖尿病有着重大意义。展开更多
基金the Layanan Beasiswa dan Pendanaan Riset Indonesia(LPDP)Scholarship scheme for supporting this study。
文摘Objective:This review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose(CBG)testing and insulin injection,as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.Methods:Databases,including PubMed,Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),Scopus,and Google Scholar,were searched to extract the relevant articles.Initially,the terms used to retrieve related studies were"fear of blood glucose monitoring","anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection","psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection","diabetes management",and"diabetes mellitus".Results:Results showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose.This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection.Inadequate information,inappropriate perception,and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.Conclusions:The expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection.Moreover,family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear,anxiety,and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.
文摘Objective:to investigate the current situation of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses under KAP(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice)model on Linzhi,Tibet,and to discuss and analyse the influence factors.Methods:using a selfdesign questionnaire a questionnaire about the current situation of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses under KAP model on Linzhi,Tibet to investigate 268 clinical nurses in Linzhi,Tibet,who were chosen through random sampling method,in order to analyse the‘KAP’scoring and the influencing factors.Results:The scoring of‘Knowledge’is(65.642±10.313),the scoring of‘Attitude’is(55.478±8.099),the scoring of‘Practice’is(42.493±6.647),the total scoring is(163.612±19.292).The related influence factors,including hospital,department,academic credentials,professional qualifications and whether receiving diabetes specialized training,have statistical significance(P value<0.5).Conclusion:The KAP of insulin injection provided by clinical nurses in Linzhi,Tibet is on middle level.For nursing managers,it is strongly advised that a normative.
文摘Objective: Evidence supporting the twice-daily administration of insulin glargine as an approach to address its waning effectiveness at the end of a 24 hour period is sparse. We hypothesized that insulin concentrations determined during the last four hours of a 24 hour period would be greater when identical doses of insulin glargine were administered twice-daily as compared to once-daily among type 1 diabetes patients. Research Methods: Ten subjects with insulin deficient type 1 diabetes were admitted for two 38-hour studies at least one week apart. Patients received full-dose insulin glargine once daily at 0800 and half-dose insulin glargine twice-daily at 0800 and 2000 for at least one week in random order prior to overnight studies. Overnight glucose was stabilized with intravenous insulin on the evening prior to study, and subjects fasted and did not receive short acting insulin during the study period. Insulin concentrations were assessed every 30 minutes with an ultrasensitive assay between study hours 20 and 24. Results: Insulin concentrations for the final four hours of study period did not differ between once-daily and twice-daily insulin glargine administration (p = 0.38). Home glucose testing results and overnight plasma glucose concentrations did not differ between study conditions. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that insulin concentrations are equivalent during the last four hours of a 24-hour period when insulin glargine is administered once- or twice-daily. These findings do not support a role for twice-daily insulin glargine in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes.
基金Supported by the Universities Young Teachers Program of Henan Province(2014GGJS-093)Supported by the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province(17HASTIT011)
文摘Impulsive injections of glucose and insulin analogues are very important strategies for the control of diabetes mellitus. We mainly imitate diabetes patients take insulin before eating, and eating approximately as a pulse blood glucose injection, as a result, a new mathematical model with impulsive injections of both glucose and insulin at different fixed times is formulated in this paper. Using the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, we show that the existence and uniqueness of a positive globally asymptotically stable periodic solution for type I diabetes. By impulsive comparison theorem, we obtain the glucose concentration level of the system is uniformly bounded above and below for type Ⅱ diabetes. Numerical analysis verifies our theoretical results.
文摘Objective To analyze the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec and liraglutide injection(IDegLira)compared with insulin glargine plus insulin aspart(IGar plus IAsp)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)based on the price of IDegLira before and after it was successfully admitted to the National Reimbursable Drug List(NRDL).Methods Cost and effectiveness parameters were obtained through systematic retrieval from PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI,and Wanfang database.A cost-effectiveness analysis(CEA)model was established to analyze the economics using IDegLira for T2DM patients with 1 to 5 years of medication.Results and Conclusion Before IDegLira was admitted to NRDL,its economic advantages over the IGlar plus Iasp regimen became more significant as patients’medication time prolonged.After being admitted to NRDL,with 1 year of medication,the medical cost of IDegLira decreased by 2853.91 yuan and the quality adjusted life years(QALY)increased by 0.12055 than IGar plus IAsp.The sensitivity analysis was highly consistent with the results of the baseline result.After being admitted to NRDL,for patients with T2DM who have poor blood glucose control,IDegLira is absolutely an economic advantage scheme compared with IGar plus IAsp.
文摘Aim: This study investigated the lifestyle convenience of Insulin therapy for adult women patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants were type 1 diabetes adult women patients who switched from multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) therapy. We conducted semi-structured interviews with participants. To analyze, we referenced the classification table of Hamada’s study comparing the usefulness of both the NovoPen? and CSII. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the research subjects. The questions focused mainly on diabetes management, instrument operation, everyday life, and social, psychological and lifestyle convenience aspects during MDI and CSII. Results: Research subjects were 4 women patients with type 1 diabetes. The average age was 35.3 ± 6.24 (SE) years old. Participants were undergoing MDI therapy;however, in the middle, they switched to CSII therapy. CSII therapy is convenient in terms of diabetes management, social and psychological. MDI therapy is convenient in terms of instrument operation and daily life. Compared to MDI therapy, CSII therapy is less convenient in terms of instrument operation and everyday life. However, since CSII therapy has more stable HbA1c and blood glucose levels compared to MDI therapy, it is more convenient in terms of social and psychological aspects and reduces those burdens. About economy CSII therapy, patients paid about 5000 yen more per month compared to MDI therapy. Conclusion: It is believed that patients prioritize therapeutic effects, and choose CSII, which is stable in psychological and social aspects, even though it is inconvenient with life.
文摘目的分析2型糖尿病患者使用德谷门冬双胰岛素注射液联合二甲双胍治疗后的血糖水平、不良反应,判断其治疗效果。方法选择76例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组38例。对照组患者给予二甲双胍治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予德谷门冬双胰岛素注射液治疗。比较两组治疗前后的血糖[空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)]水平,不良反应发生率,治疗前后的胰岛功能[空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]、疗效。结果两组治疗后FPG、HbA1c、2 h PG均低于治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后FPG(6.30±1.12)mmol/L、HbA1c(6.37±0.49)%、2 h PG(8.05±1.12)mmol/L明显低于对照组的(7.29±1.34)mmol/L、(7.32±0.83)%、(9.62±1.70)mmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组的23.68%相比,观察组治疗期间不良反应发生率5.26%明显较低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的FINS、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR均较治疗前改善,且观察组患者FINS(14.03±1.52)mU/L、HOMA-β(80.35±10.36)明显高于对照组的(11.52±1.30)mU/L、(72.15±9.21),HOMA-IR(3.19±0.21)明显低于对照组的(3.81±0.42),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组的73.68%相比,观察组患者治疗总有效率92.11%明显较高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经过德谷门冬双胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗后,2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平明显改善,安全性高,总体疗效较好,对于治疗2型糖尿病有着重大意义。