The impact of nurses’organizational commitment on their perceptions of the work environment:Strong mediating effect of the psychological contract

Objective:The objective is to assess the direct and indirect effects of nurses’organizational commitment(OC)on their work environment perceptions(WEP)and the role of the psychological contr act(PC).Methods:A cross‑sectional quantitative study of 3047 registered nurses in four Chinese hospitals was conducted.The Essentials of Magnetism II(Chinese version),OC,and PC scales were used in the study,and the structural equation modeling was used to assess the connections among variables.Results:The results showed that OC was positively correlated with WEP(r=0.561,P<0.001),and PC was negatively correlated with the WEP(r=−0.717,P<0.001),and OC(r=−0.739,P<0.001).Nurses’PC played a strong mediating role between OC and WEP,accounting for 87.64%of the total effect.Besides,PC played an important role in creating a healthy work environment.Conclusions:The exploration of the relationships among WEP,PC,and OC provides new insights for hospital managers to build a better work environment for nurses,which is conducive to maintaining a stable nurse team and providing high‑quality nursing services for patients.

CEOs’Diverse Career Experiences and the Effectiveness of Compensation Contracts:Evidence from Compensation Stickiness

CEO compensation stickiness represents an important indicator to measure the effectiveness of compensation contracts.This study uses CEO career experience data and compensation stickiness data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2020 to investigate the compensation contracts’effectiveness of CEOs with diverse career experiences.The findings are as follows:1)Compensation stickiness is more pronounced for CEOs with diverse career experiences.According to the mechanism test,these CEOs with diverse career experiences can obtain compensation incentives by reducing corporate uncertainty perception and improving total factor productivity.This approach leads to increased compensation stickiness and the effectiveness of compensation contracts.CEOs with diverse career experiences may receive excess compensation by raising agency costs,which intensifies compensation stickiness and weakens the effectiveness of compensation contracts.2)Compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant in companies with lower investor protection,which brings about less effective compensation contracts.In contrast,in companies with higher diversification,the compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant,which delivers more effective compensation contracts.The conclusions deepen the research of CEO compensation contracts and provide a helpful reference for CEO compensation management practices.

CONTRACTED EFFECT OF BELL-SHADE SHAPE WELDING ARC AND ACCOMPANIED MAGNETIC FIELD WITH SPIRAL PIPE SHAPE

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Synthesis of 9-Halo Prostaglandin Derivatives and Their Effect on Uterus Contraction

Four 9-halo prostaglandin derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by IR,~1HNMR, MS, etc. The effect on uterus contraction of ratswas studied in vitro. It was found that compound g-Br seemed to be the most sensitive andγ-Cl somewhat less, while a-Cl and a-Br had almost no action as compared with oxytocin(1 IU/ml).

Effectiveness of China's Labor Contract Law——Evidence from China Employer-Employee Survey

Using micro-level data from China Employer-Employee Survey(CEES), this paper conducts an empirical analysis of firms' heterogeneous characteristics in the implementation of the Labor Contract Law and its effects on employees. Our findings are as follows: With China's economic development, firms more proactively implement the Labor Contract Law, resulting in a higher percentage of employees with labor contracts. Labor contracts significantly increase the probability of employees in receiving social insurances, such as pension, health, unemployment, work injury and birth insurances, and have a significantly positive effect on wage income. Longer term of labor contract corresponds to stronger employment protection, and such an effect is highly robust. Larger firms with higher capital-labor ratios have better results in implementing the Labor Contract Law. And employees of private and labor-intensive firms have poorer coverage of employment and social protection; such firms should be given focal attention in the law's implementation.

Myofiber Permeability and Force Production of Rat Muscles Following Eccentric Contractions: The Repeated Bout Effect Depends on the Interval

Past eccentric contraction (ECC)-induced muscle injury reduces the severity of symptoms of subsequent muscle injury;this phenomenon is known as a repeated bout effect (RBE). It has been reported that increases in the duration of the interval between the first and second bouts are linked to weakening of the RBE. However, the histology following the attenuation of the RBE remains unclear. We examined the sustained effects of the second bout with regard to myofiber permeability and muscle force. Sixty-four male rats were randomly assigned to eight groups that varied in the number of exercise sessions and the duration of the interval between the first and second bouts: the non-ECC (Control);the single-injury (Post 1st bout);groups that were allowed to recover for 1, 2, and 4 weeks after a single injury (Pre 2nd bout_1w, Pre 2nd bout_2w, and Pre 2nd bout_4w);and groups that were subjected to second injuries 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the first (Post 2nd bout_1w, Post 2nd bout_2w, and Post 2nd bout_4w). The tibialis anterior was electrically stimulated in each ECC group. Twenty-four hours before muscle sampling, Evans blue dye (EBD) (a marker of myofiber damage) was administered. The maximal isometric contraction tension was measured immediately before sampling. The number of EBD-positive (+) fibers was determined via histological analysis. An RBE was revealed by functional examination at the 1- and 2-week and histological examination at the 1-, 2-, and 4-week time points (P < 0.05). In terms of myofiber permeability, prolongation of the interval before the second bout weakened this effect (P < 0.05). Experiments with 1-, 2-, and 4-week intervals indicated that prolongation of the interval before the second bout weakened the RBE with regard to myofiber permeability.

Using blockchain and semantic web technologies for the implementation of smart contracts between individuals and health insurance organizations

Blockchains and smart contracts are gaining momentum as enabling technologies for a wide set of applications where data distribution and sharing among decentralized infrastructures is required.In this work,we present a distributed application developed using blockchain technologies that allows individuals and health insurance organizations to come into agreement during the implementation of the healthcare insurance policies in each contract.For this purpose,health standards and semantic web technologies were used for the formal expression of both the insured individual's data and contract terms.Accordingly,a fine-grained data access policy was applied for evaluating contract terms on the basis of relevant data captured in healthcare settings.A prototype was implemented involving the development of several different smart contracts for the Ethereum platform as well as the necessary visual environment for accessing them.The developed system validates various features related to blockchain and smart contract features that are briefly discussed in this work,part of which can be mitigated or resolved through the use of a private permissioned blockchain.The application of well-established techniques for potential malfunctions of external services could also boost the security of the system and prevent it from potential attacks.

CVaR-hedging and its applications to equity-linked life insurance contracts with transaction costs

This paper analyzes Conditional Value-at-Risk(CVaR)based partial hedging and its applications on equity-linked life insurance contracts in a Jump-Diffusion market model with transaction costs.A nonlinear partial differential equation(PDE)that an option value process inclusive of transaction costs should satisfy is provided.In particular,the closed-form expression of a European call option price is given.Meanwhile,the CVaR-based partial hedging strategy for a call option is derived explicitly.Both the CVaR hedging price and the weights of the hedging portfolio are based on an adjusted volatility.We obtain estimated values of expected total hedging errors and total transaction costs by a simulation method.Furthermore,our results are implemented to derive target clients’survival probabilities and age of equity-linked life insurance contracts.

保险条款通俗化规制的法律意义:基于美国经验

保险条款通俗化是降低保险人与被保险人之间信息不对称的重要手段。如果将保险条款通俗化作为一项强制性要求来进行监管,那么,就需要明确其标准。从美国的经验和汉语特点来看,采取主观标准与客观标准相结合的方式比较适宜。由于我国目前关于汉语文本易读性测试标准的研究尚不成熟,在一定程度上影响到了我国保险监管机构对保险条款通俗化的规制。如果某一保险条款未达到保险监管机构制定的保险条款通俗化的要求,保险监管机构可以拒绝批准、责令更改或进行行政处罚,但是,保险合同在当事人之间的效力不受影响。

数字经济发展与城市收缩——来自夜间灯光数据的证据

数字经济正成为社会经济发展的新动能,它对于抑制城市收缩、促进城市协调发展具有深远影响。利用2011—2021年夜间灯光数据,识别城市收缩,并考察数字经济发展对城市收缩的影响。研究发现,数字经济发展可以显著抑制城市收缩;数字经济发展抑制城市收缩的效应在收缩型城市以及市场化水平低、教育水平低的地区表现得更为明显;城市收入差距、产业结构升级、城市创新创业是数字经济发展抑制城市收缩的重要渠道,加强网络基础设施建设会更有利于数字经济抑制城市严重收缩。进一步研究发现,数字经济发展对城市收缩的影响具有门槛效应,即当数字经济发展达到一定水平后,它对城市收缩的抑制作用才会显现,同时抑制作用具有边际报酬递增的后发性优势。本研究有助于揭示数字经济发展影响城市收缩的作用机制,对于如何利用数字经济有效抑制城市收缩提供了经验支持。

人事制度与合同体系在公立医院绩效管理中的协同作用研究

基层县市级公立医院正面临人事制度的更新与变革,打破传统的人事管理模式已刻不容缓,对于医院而言,就必须要加快人事管理法制化的步伐,重视人事管理制度及配套合同体系的有效建设,科学调配医院与员工之间的关系,有效配置医院各个岗位上的人员,才能在改革与发展的过程中,实现县市级公立医院的长期运转,在三级公立医院绩效考核中发挥引领作用。文章旨在探讨人事制度与合同体系在公立医院绩效管理发挥协同作用中的策略,通过人事制度、合同体系以及绩效考核基本概念的讲解,分析当前公立医院绩效考核中存在的问题并提出人事制度与合同体系协同下的绩效考核策略,以供参考。

服务期协议法律效力的判定与扩张

服务期协议法律效力的判定具有重要的法律意义,其为一种高度关涉当事人利益得失的法律操作。在判定服务期协议法律效力时,应确立和遵循一套合理并可操作的判定标准并秉持效力认定的基本态度。服务期协议效力具否之判定应分别考察主体、内容、形式和意思表示四大要素。如果可以同时满足主体适格性、内容合法性、形式完备性和意思表示真实性,则一般可判定服务期协议具备法律效力。对于形式欠缺完备性和意思表示欠缺真实性的服务期协议,在个案研判中不应机械和刚性地一味确认服务期协议无效,宜更加灵活和变通地处理这两种瑕疵情况下的效力问题,以充分体现和践行契约效力规则所应秉持的“尽量有效”的基本立法态度。服务期协议的时间效力和对人效力更具复杂性,需要在兼顾劳资双方利益的基础上适度突破契约相对性,肯认服务期效力在对人和时间层面上的适度扩张并加以必要的限制。

不定期继续性合同任意解除的生效时点

《民法典》第563条第2款规定了不定期继续性合同的任意解除制度,该制度最核心的问题是确定合同解除的时点。该款“当事人可以随时解除合同”的表述存在歧义,极易引发误解,法律和司法解释规定的不明确导致学界观点模糊不清,司法裁判立场也存在明显差异。不定期继续性合同任意解除的生效时点应为解除通知到达对方当事人后的合理期限届满时,从而有利于保护相对方合理信赖,给予相对方必要准备时间,合理规避损害赔偿的难题。具体衡量不定期继续性合同任意解除的生效时点,应从合同持续时间与履行情况、当事人对合同的依赖程度、寻求替代交易的难易程度几方面进行客观衡量,妥善平衡合同双方当事人的利益。

农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的影响

依据2021年南方集体林区4个省400个样本农户的调查数据,分别采用Logit模型及中介效应模型研究农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的现实影响。研究表明:农户分化对农户林地承包不履责行为的发生及规模具有显著正向影响;高分化程度农户与较低分化程度农户相比,农户林地承包不履责行为受户主特征及林地特征因素影响更为显著;农户分化能够通过提高村内林业生产资本投资对农户林地承包经营不履责行为产生抑制性影响。故此,应在建立农户林地承包经营履责约束机制以及差异化激励机制以促进农户林地承包责任制落实的同时,通过强化引导和扩大林业资本投资的林业财政金融支持政策来抑制和克服农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的影响。

中国对外承包工程对共建“一带一路”国家产业结构升级的影响研究

对外承包工程是中国同共建“一带一路”国家开展产能合作的重要形式。文章采用2011-2021年37个共建“一带一路”国家产业结构升级与中国对外承包工程的面板数据,实证检验中国对外承包工程对共建国家产业结构升级的影响及作用机制。研究发现:中国对外承包工程能够显著促进共建“一带一路”国家产业结构升级,但促进作用具有异质性,作用效果因国家收入水平、是否与中国签订自由贸易协定等而存在显著差异。中国对外承包工程对共建“一带一路”国家产业结构升级的促进作用存在单门槛效应,当跨过门槛值后,促进作用将会减弱。中国对外承包工程能够通过促进共建“一带一路”国家经济增长、扩大进出口贸易、吸引外商直接投资等路径,促进共建国家产业结构升级。

Employment Effects of Minimum Wage Regulation and Cross Effect of the Employment Contracts Law

Non-linear programming analysis suggests that employment effects of minimum wage regulation are the result not only of the regulation itself but also of the external regulatory environment. At a certain level, the regulatory environment intensifies the effect on employment of minimum wage regulation. Empirical studies based on survey data from 439 enterprises in Guangdong and Fujian show that minimum wage rises had a greater impact on the employment of rural migrant workers in 2008 than in 2007, although no significant change was observed among workers who were permanent urban residents. Further analysis shows that the greater impact on migrant workers derives mainly from the strengthened regulatory environment brought about by the Employment Contracts Law. The permanent urban workforce has not been similarly affected because their interests have been given priority under the dual employment system. This reminds us that the employment effects of the Employment Contracts Law may be realized indirectly through other regulatory measures, including strengthened minimum wage regulation.

论动产抵押权的追及效力——解读《民法典》第406条

《中华人民共和国民法典》第406条规定了抵押人可以任意转让抵押财产,不需要经过抵押权人的事先同意,并可通过设立抵押权追及效力来保障抵押权人的利益。这种制度设计较好地平衡了抵押人、抵押权人和受让人的利益。但是,动产抵押有别于不动产抵押的特殊性,导致了实践中动产抵押权追及效力的实现困境,影响抵押权人的利益。动产抵押如何在实现物尽其用、促进交易的基础上,更好地平衡各方利益、保障抵押权追及效力的实现,是一个亟需解决的现实问题。在立法和司法实践中,应当继续探索及完善动产抵押的相关法律制度。

南京市家庭医生签约服务现状及问题研究

目的:了解南京市家庭医生签约服务现状,讨论存在问题及改进措施。方法:利用定量与定性相结合的方式,对家庭医生签约服务工作负责人及签约居民进行问卷调查。结果:家庭医生签约服务利用以基本公共卫生服务和基本医疗服务为主,92.41%的被调查者认为家庭医生签约服务能够促进健康水平,71.18%的签约居民会通过家庭医生预约转诊,90.94%的被调查者对家庭医生服务表示满意。结论:家庭医生签约服务在社区居民的健康、经济和获得感三个方面均有正向作用,但是目前服务项目较为单一,难以满足居民多样化需求;应通过健全家庭医生签约服务制度以及相关配套政策,激励家庭医生提供更加优质的医疗服务。

基于医保政策目标的基本医保定点医疗机构履约考核理论框架构建

系统梳理国内政策文件资料,分析我国基本医保制度的发展历程和政策目标演变,并以此为基础确定基本医保定点医疗机构履约考核目标,构建以政策目标实现为导向的考核维度框架。研究从契约管理和绩效管理的视角出发,分析基本医保定点医疗机构履约考核系统的构成要素及要素之间的逻辑关系,构建基本医保定点医疗机构履约考核系统理论模型,为指导基本医保定点医疗机构履约考核研究的开展提供参考。

数字贸易规则、缔约经验与出口企业加成率

在数字经济发展的大背景下,探讨数字贸易规则对制造业竞争力的影响愈发重要。本文基于中国工业企业数据库、中国海关数据库和TAPED数据库,实证检验了签署包含数字贸易规则的区域贸易协定对出口企业加成率的影响。研究发现:总体上,签署包含数字贸易规则的区域贸易协定对出口企业加成率有一定的抑制作用,主要通过扩大进入出口市场的低生产率企业数量、提高企业出口成本及促进高生产率企业之间价格竞争等三条途径实现。异质性分析显示,与拥有丰富数字贸易规则签署经验的经济体缔约,对提高出口企业加成率有积极作用;与数字贸易规则签署经验较欠缺的经济体缔约,则更有利于中国发挥在国际数字贸易治理中的引领和带动作用,进而实现互利共赢。签署包含数字贸易规则的区域贸易协定在降低出口企业加成率的同时显著提高了地区内的资源配置效率。本文为中国在数字贸易领域如何根据缔约对象的不同特征,精准选择谈判策略,进而推动中国出口贸易的高质量发展提供了政策启示。