Equilibrator-based measurements of dissolved methane in the surface ocean using an integrated cavity output laser absorption spectrometer

A new off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy （ICOS） is coupled to Weiss equilibrator for continuous high- resolution dissolved methane measurement in the surface ocean. The time constant for the equilibrator in freshwater at room temperature is determined via dis-equilibration and re-equilibration experiments. The constant for methane is about 40 min. The system is calibrated using a standard gas of 3.980×10-6, and the precision of the ICOS for methane is 0.07%. This system is equipped onboard to measure the spatial distribution in methane concentrations of South Yellow Sea （SYS） along the cruise track from Shanghai to Qingdao. Result shows that the methane concentration varies from 2.79 to 36.36 nmol/L, reveals a significant pattern of methane source in SYS, and a distinct decreasing trend from south to north. The peak value occurs at the coast area outside mouth of the Changjiang River, likely to be affected by the Changjiang diluted water mass dissolving a large amount of rich in methane. Moreover, all the surface waters are oversaturated, air-to-sea fluxes range from 98.59 to 5 485.35 μmol/（m2·d） （average value （1 169.74±1 398.46） μmol/（m2·d））, indicating a source region for methane to the atmosphere. Key words： methane, equilibrator, off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy （ICOS）, South Yellow Sea

High gain and circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide cavity antenna array based on metasurface

Two substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) cavity antenna arrays based on metasurface are proposed in this paper. By rotating the metasurface element, circularly polarized and high gain antennas are achieved respectively. Firstly, multi-mode resonance theory is employed to broaden the bandwidth of the slot antenna. And then, an SIW cavity composed of 4×4 cornercut elements is added on the top of the slot antenna to achieve the circular polarization and improve the front-to-back ratio. Thirdly, the metasurface elements are sequentially rotated and a high gain antenna with 2-dBi enhancement on average in the operation band is obtained. Based on the two antenna units, two 2×2 antenna arrays are designed. The circularly polarized and high gain antenna arrays are both fabricated to verify the correctness. Furthermore, the novel wideband phase shifter is employed in the circularly polarized antenna to obtain an operating bandwidth of 38%(4.05 GHz–5.95 GHz)and AR bandwidth of 24.9%(4.4 GHz–5.65 GHz). The bandwidth of the high gain antenna can reach 42.7%(3.95 GHz–6.1 GHz) and with the gain enhancement of 2 dBi compared with that of the circularly polarized antenna. The gain remains steady in most of operating band within a variation of 1 dBi. It is remarkable that the rotating of the metasurface element has a great influence on the antenna performance, which provides a new explication for the multi-function antenna design.

Simultaneous detection of CH_(4)and CO_(2)through dual modulation off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy

This study established a novel method for the simultaneous detection of two-component gases.Radio frequency(RF)white noise disturbance laser current and wavelength modulation were simultaneously used to improve the off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy technique,and a high-precision dual modulation OA-ICOS(RF-WM-OA-ICOS)system was established.The two laser beams were coupled into one laser beam that was applied incident to the cavity of RF-WM-OA-ICOS system.The second harmonic signals of CH_(4)and CO_(2)gas simultaneously appeared in the rising or falling edge of a triangular wave.This method was used to measure CH_(4)and CO_(2)with different concentrations.The results indicated that the proposed system has high stability and can accurately and simultaneously measure the concentrations of CH_(4)and CO_(2),with an optimal integration time of 220 s.The minimum detection limit was 10 ppb for CH_(4)and 1.5 ppm for CO_(2).The corresponding noise equivalent absorption sensitivity values were calculated as 2.67×10^(-13)cm^(-1)·Hz^(-1/2)and 5.18×10^(-11)cm^(-1)·Hz^(-1/2),respectively.The proposed dual-component gas simultaneous detection method can also be used for high-precision simultaneous detection of other gases.Therefore,this study may serve as a reference for developing portable multicomponent gas analyzers.

A High-order Coupled Compact Integrated RBF Approximation Based Domain Decomposition Algorithm for Second-order Differential Problems

This paper presents a high-order coupled compact integrated RBF(CC IRBF)approximation based domain decomposition(DD)algorithm for the discretisation of second-order differential problems.Several Schwarz DD algorithms,including one-level additive/multiplicative and two-level additive/multiplicative/hybrid,are employed.The CCIRBF based DD algorithms are analysed with different mesh sizes,numbers of subdomains and overlap sizes for Poisson problems.Our convergence analysis shows that the CCIRBF two-level multiplicative version is the most effective algorithm among various schemes employed here.Especially,the present CCIRBF two-level method converges quite rapidly even when the domain is divided into many subdomains,which shows great promise for either serial or parallel computing.For practical tests,we then incorporate the CCIRBF into serial and parallel two-level multiplicative Schwarz.Several numerical examples,including those governed by Poisson and Navier-Stokes equations are analysed to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the serial and parallel algorithms implemented with the CCIRBF.Numerical results show:(i)the CCIRBF-Serial and-Parallel algorithms have the capability to reach almost the same solution accuracy level of the CCIRBF-Single domain,which is ideal in terms of computational calculations;(ii)the CCIRBF-Serial and-Parallel algorithms are highly accurate in comparison with standard finite difference,compact finite difference and some other schemes;(iii)the proposed CCIRBF-Serial and-Parallel algorithms may be used as alternatives to solve large-size problems which the CCIRBF-Single domain may not be able to deal with.The ability of producing stable and highly accurate results of the proposed serial and parallel schemes is believed to be the contribution of the coarse mesh of the two-level domain decomposition and the CCIRBF approximation.It is noted that the focus of this paper is on the derivation of highly accurate serial and parallel algorithms for second-order differential problems.The scope of this work does not cover a thorough analysis of computational time.

Design of Dual-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Band-Pass Filters

Three dual-mode band-pass filters are presented in the present paper. The first filter is realized by dual-mode substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity;the second is based on the integration of SIW cavity with electromagnetic band gap (EBG);and the third is based on the integration of SIW cavity with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). The dual-mode SIW cavity is designed to have a fractional bandwidth of 4.95% at the midband frequency of 9.08 GHz;the proposed EBG-SIW resonator operates at 9.12 GHz with a bandwidth of 4.38% and the CSRR-SIW resonator operates at 8.66 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.54%. The proposed filters have the high Q-factors and generate a transmission zero in upper stopband, and these by the use of Rogers RT/duriod 5880 (tm).

Asymmetrical Fabry-Perot cavity slot micro-ring resonator and its sensing characteristics

To achieve high quality factor and high-sensitivity refractive index sensor,a slot micro-ring resonator(MRR)based on asymmetric Fabry-Perot(FP)cavity was proposed.The structure consisted of a pair of elliptical holes to form an FP cavity and a microring resonator.The two different optical modes generated by the micro-ring resonator were destructively interfered to form a Fano line shape,which improved the system sensitivity while obtaining a higher quality factor and extinction ratio.The transmission principle of the structure was analyzed by the transfer matrix method.The transmission spectrum and mode field distribution of the proposed structure were simulated by the finite difference time domain(FDTD)method,and the key structural parameters affecting the Fano line shape in the device were optimized.The simulation results show that the quality factor of the device reached 22037.1,and the extinction ratio was 23.9 dB.By analyzing the refractive index sensing characteristics,the sensitivity of the structure was 354 nm·RIU−1,and the detection limit of the sensitivity was 2×10−4 RIU.Thus,the proposed compact asymmetric FP cavity slot micro-ring resonator has obvious advantages in sensing applications owing to its excellent performance.

Array for 980nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Diodes and Detectors

Both the vertical cavity surface emitting diodes and detectors are fabricated by using the epitaxial wafer with resonant cavity structure.Their characteristics are analyzed.The light emitters have high spectral purity of 4 8nm and high electroluminescence intensity of 0 7mW while injection current is 50mA.A 1×16 array of surface emitting light device is tested on line by probes and then used for module.The light detectors have wavelength selectivity and space selectivity.The required difference in input mirror reflectivity between emitters and detectors can easily be achieved though varying the numbers of top DBR period by etching.

Dynamic stress concentration and scattering of SH-wave by interface elliptic cylindrical cavity

In this paper,the dynamic stress concentration and scattering of SH-waves by bi-material structures that possess an interface elliptic cavity are investigated.First,by using the complex function method,the Green's function is constructed.This yields the solution of the displacement field for an elastic half space with a semi-elliptic canyon impacted by an anti-plane harmonic line source loading on the horizontal surface.Then,the problem is divided into an upper and lower half space along the horizontal interface,regarded as a harmony model.In order to satisfy the integral continuity condition, the unknown anti-plane forces are applied to the interface.The integral equations with unknown forces can be established through the continuity condition,and after transformation,the algebraic equations are solved numerically.Finally,the distribution of the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)around the elliptic cavity is given and the effect of different parameters on DSCF is discussed.

Dynamic response of cylindrical cavity to anti-plane impact load by using analytical approach

The transient response of an unlimited cylindrical cavity buried in the infinite elastic soil subjected to an anti-plane impact load along the cavern axis direction was studied.Using Laplace transform combining with contour integral of the Laplace inverse transform specifically,the general analytical expressions of the soil displacement and stress are obtained in the time domain,respectively.And the numerical solutions of the problem computed by analytical expressions are presented.In the time domain,the dynamic responses of the infinite elastic soil are analyzed,and the calculation results are compared with those from numerical inversion proposed by Durbin and the static results.One observes good agreement between analytical and numerical inversion results,lending the further support to the method presented.Finally,some valuable shear wave propagation laws are gained: the displacement of the soil remains zero before the wave arrival,and after the shear wave arrival,the stress and the displacement at this point increase abruptly,then reduce and tend to the static value gradually at last.The wave attenuates along the radial,therefore the farther the wave is from the source,the smaller the stress and the displacement are,and the stress and the displacement are just functions of the radial distance from the axis.

Wide dynamic detection range of methane gas based on enhanced cavity absorption spectroscopy

Integrated cavity output spectroscopy(ICOS) is an effective technique in trace gase detection.The strong absorption due to the long optical path of this method makes it challenging in the application scenes that have large gas concentration fluctuation,especially when the gas concentration is high.In this paper,we demonstrate an extension of the dynamic range of ICOS by using a detuned laser combined with an off-axis integrating cavity.With this,we improve the upper limit of the dynamic detection range from 0.1%(1000 ppm) to 20% of the gas concentration.This method provides a way of using ICOS in the applications with unpredictable gas concentrations such as gas leak detection,ocean acidification,carbon sequestration,etc.

A hybrid method for inverse cavity scattering problem for shape

In this paper, we give a hybrid method to numerically solve the inverse open cavity scattering problem for cavity shape, given the scattered solution on the opening of the cavity. This method is a hybrid between an iterative method and an integral equations method for solving the Cauchy problem. The idea of this hybrid method is simple, the operation is easy, and the computation cost is small. Numerical experiments show the feasibility of this method, even for cases with noise.

超深层断控碳酸盐岩油藏地质力学建模及其在开发中的应用

为提高超深断控碳酸盐岩油藏的开发效益,通过开展大尺寸岩样力学实验,揭示高角度—近直立断裂面变形与连通机理;基于高压注水提采的力学与流动耦合原理,通过地质力学建模,明确了断控碳酸盐岩油藏现今地应力场和断裂活动性分布规律;发现不同方位的断裂活动性以及不同部位的缝洞体连通性有明显差异,进而分析了不同井眼轨迹的开发效果,提出了地质工程一体化工作方法,科学指导井眼轨迹设计和注水方案优化。结果表明:①走滑断裂变形中的大尺度破碎体和高角度裂缝系统是影响储层品质的关键因素,高压注水一方面能够激活先存裂缝,一方面还能在先存裂缝基础上发生延伸扩展,甚至可以产生新的裂缝,促进了断控缝洞体在纵横向上的互相连通;②高压注水过程中断裂体内部发生力学与流动之间的耦合变化,渗流环境得到改善,通过循环举升,从而提高油气采收率;③根据断裂体形态、产状以及断裂面动态剪切变形连通性,可优选定向井最佳井点和井眼轨迹,并优化注水方案;④塔里木盆地断控油藏试验区通过高压注水,采收率提高5个百分点,该方法为超深断控型油藏高效开发提供了较好的理论依据和技术支撑。

塔里木盆地顺北油气田少井高产地质工程一体化做法与关键技术

塔里木盆地顺北油气田埋藏深度为7300~9000m,脆性地层破碎形成的缝洞型储层沿高陡走滑断裂带发育,断裂破碎带内部非均质性极强,且流体性质差异大。面对这类超深复杂的断控缝洞型油气藏,高效成井面临世界级挑战,单井费用高,效益开发难度大,没有现成的经验、技术可借鉴。顺北油气田以项目管理为抓手,建立了独有的“五有五提升”地质工程一体化管理模式,创新形成了“少井高产”七要素关键技术。近几年,少井高产地质工程一体化实现了质的飞跃,落实了4号、8号断裂带2个亿吨级资源阵地,新增石油探明储量为1.53×10^(8)t、天然气探明储量为1620×10^(8)m^(3),4号断裂带共部署井位20口,两年建成了130×10^(4)t油当量产能阵地。与2016年开发动用的1号断裂带相比,高产井成功率提升了35%、单井产能提升了316%、单井发现探明储量提升了55%,实现了高效勘探,效益开发,其经验对其他同类型油藏开发具有较好的借鉴意义。

施工-地质双驱动的地下洞室有害气体浓度智能预测方法

地下洞室有害气体浓度与开挖方案、地质条件等密切相关,开展施工-地质影响下的有害气体浓度精准预测对于施工安全管理具有重要意义。然而,有害气体监测数据有用信息难被提取,爆破参数、基岩类别等特征与有害气体浓度间存在非线性耦合,基于此,本研究提出融合沙普利加性解释(SHAP)理论的集成学习有害气体浓度智能预测方法。通过主成分分析(PCA)进行特征预处理,运用树结构贝叶斯优化(TPE)算法迭代寻求CatBoost有害气体浓度预测模型最优超参数组,引入SHAP解释框架,探寻有害气体排放浓度重要影响因子。以金沙江旭龙水电站导流洞工程为例,研究结果表明:对比CatBoost、TPE-XGBoost以及TPE-LightGBM模型,TPE-CatBoost模型均方根误差(RMSE)分别降低了48.9%、40.2%、36.8%,具有更高预测精度;融合SHAP理论发现PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度与爆破方案关联更为密切,CO、CO_(2)浓度受地下水状态等地质条件影响更大。

空腔效应对集成黑体高温发射率测量影响规律研究

提出集成黑体法中的非等温边界空腔效应修正因子的理论模型。基于有限元思想,开展不同发射率样品、特定温场下的非等温边界空腔效应修正因子理论计算,与基于蒙特卡洛光线追迹法获得的修正因子比对,两者具有良好的一致性,最大偏差不超过2.5%,结果均表明波长越长、样品发射率越低,空腔效应对发射率测量结果影响越大。在1000℃温度下、12~14μm波长范围对铂金材料样品发射率进行实验,并与基于分立黑体法的发射率测量结果比对,经修正后的集成黑体法与分立黑体法的一致性从0.09提升至0.03,该结果验证了引入非等温边界空腔效应修正因子的理论模型的可行性,同时提高了该方法测量发射率的准确性。

中国盐穴储氢关键技术现状及展望

随着中国“双碳”目标的推进,传统化石能源正向可再生清洁能源转型。氢能具有来源广、能量密度高和高效清洁等特点,已成为未来重要的能源构成。盐穴的气密性优势明显,且盐与氢气不发生反应,是地下大规模储氢的首选。为聚焦中国盐穴储氢技术研究和未来发展,分析了储氢地质类型及特征,详细阐述了盐穴储氢研究进展和国外运营现状;围绕盐穴储氢技术,深入剖析了大尺寸钻完井、盐穴造腔及形态控制、腔体密封性评价、井筒完整性检测及评价、管材腐蚀及氢脆控制等关键技术;总结了近年来各国制定的相关氢能政策和战略目标,结合我国盐穴储氢未来发展的机遇和挑战,对盐穴储氢地质选择和评估、大尺寸井筒完整性、盐穴造腔形态控制和密封性检测、氢能和盐业有机协同发展进行了展望,以期推进氢能规模化应用与产业链发展。研究结果为中国盐穴储氢发展和规划提供了技术参考。

Effect of cavity flame holder configuration on combustion flow field performance of integrated hypersonic vehicle

As one of the most common methods to be used as the flame holding mechanism in the propulsion system of the integrated hypersonic vehicle,the research of cavity flame holder has drawn an ever increasing attention of many researchers. The two-dimensional coupled implicit NS equations,the standard k-ε turbulent models and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model were employed to simulate the experimental items arranged by the orthogonal design,and the variance analysis method was used to investigate the effects of the geometric parameters of the cavity flame holder on the aero-propulsive performance of the integrated hypersonic vehicle,namely the depth,the ratio of length-to-depth and the sweepback angle. The obtained results show that the geometric parameters make only a little difference to the aero-propulsive performance of the vehicle in the range considered in this paper,and the cavity flame holder with its sweepback angle 45° can satisfy the performance requirement of the integrated hypersonic vehicle further. The hydrogen injected from the upper stream of the cavity makes the boundary layer separate on the lower wall of the engine,and a separate region appears in the upper stream and down stream of the injection slot,respectively.

基于离轴积分腔输出光谱技术的二氧化碳测量

利用1.573μm的分布反馈式二极管激光器作为光源,搭建了一套基于离轴积分腔输出光谱(ICOS)的二氧化碳(CO_(2))气体检测装置。选取CO_(2)在6358.65 cm^(-1)处,线强为1.732×10^(-2)3cm^(-1)/(molecule·cm^(-2))的吸收谱线,测量了密封腔体内400×10^(-6)的CO_(2)直接吸收信号。实验结果表明在镜片反射率为99.98%和60 cm腔长内,实现了2.4 km的有效光程,系统的线性度为0.996。通过长时间测量密封腔体内的CO_(2)直接吸收信号,根据Allan曲线分析得到系统最佳积分时间为98.3 s,最小可探测极限为0.63×10^(-6)。最后,实验室环境测试实验结果表明室内CO_(2)浓度值变化符合实验室人员活动作息规律,验证了测量装置的可靠性和稳定性,同时为室内CO_(2)排放管理提供实用的科学依据。

X波段MEMS硅腔折叠基片集成波导环行器芯片

通信系统向小型化、高性能、集成化的快速发展对射频组件的体积和电性能提出了苛刻的要求。设计了一种X波段硅腔折叠基片集成波导(FSIW)环行器芯片。当基片集成波导(SIW)工作于主模时,将中央的对称面等效为虚拟磁壁,沿着窄边对电磁场进行多次折叠,形成FSIW。以该技术作为设计思路,提高空间利用率,实现了FSIW整体结构的小型化。将FSIW的优势融入环行器中心结设计,使设计的环行器芯片具有高功率容量、低插入损耗、体积小、质量轻的优点。基于微电子机械系统(MEMS)工艺,以高阻硅为衬底材料,制备了该硅腔FSIW环行器芯片,芯片整体尺寸为6.5 mm×6 mm×2.5 mm,工作频率为8.5~11.5 GHz,回波损耗>18.5 dB,带内插入损耗<0.4 dB,隔离度>20 dB。

Monolithic homogeneous integrated miniaturized triboelectric nanogenerator with an inner air cavity for energy harvesting

To realize the high-efficiency acquisition of environmental mechanical energy,traditional triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)based on contact-separation consist of two separate triboelectric layers.Their large contact-separation gap increases the overall volume of the device,making it difficult to realize miniaturization and flexibility.This work,therefore,presents a fully enclosed all-in-one-shaped flexible TENG(FEAST)with an air cavity using rubber mixing and high-temperature vulcanization.The air pressure inside the enclosed air cavity facilitates effective contact-separation of the FEAST.The homogeneous integration between the triboelectric layer and the electrode layer enhances structural firmness without using extra spacer materials.The developed FEAST presents excellent mechanical durability even after 10000 cycles.By increasing the active contact area between the triboelectric materials,a maximum peak-peak output voltage,current,and power density of 130 V,1.1μA,and277 m W/m^(2),respectively,were obtained with an effective stress area of 1 cm2.Moreover,the fully enclosed structure ensures that the output performance is not affected by the external environment.The FEAST was fixed onto the sole of a shoe to demonstrate its applicability in harvesting mechanical energy from human motions.Overall,the developed method provides a simple approach for optimizing the structure of TENGs and is compatible with large-scale manufacturing.