Petroleum geology of marl in Triassic Leikoupo Formation and discovery significance of Well Chongtan1 in central Sichuan Basin,SW China

In 2022,the risk exploration well Chongtan1(CT1)in the Sichuan Basin revealed commercial oil and gas flow during test in a new zone–the marl of the second submember of the third member of Leikoupo Formation(Lei-32)of Middle Triassic,recording a significant discovery.However,the hydrocarbon accumulation in marl remains unclear,which restricts the selection and deployment of exploration area.Focusing on Well CT1,the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of Lei-32 marl are analyzed to clarify the potential zones for exploration.The following findings are obtained.First,according to the geochemical analysis of petroleum and source rocks,oil and gas in the Lei-32 marl of Well CT1 are originated from the same marl.The marl acts as both source rock and reservoir rock.Second,the Lei-32 marl in central Sichuan Basin is of lagoonal facies,with a thickness of 40–130 m,an area of about 40000 km^(2),a hydrocarbon generation intensity of(4–12)×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2),and an estimated quantity of generated hydrocarbons of 25×10^(12) m^(3).Third,the lagoonal marl reservoirs are widely distributed in central Sichuan Basin.Typically,in Xichong–Yilong,Ziyang–Jianyang and Moxi South,the reservoirs are 20–60 m thick and cover an area of 7500 km^(2).Fourth,hydrocarbons in the lagoonal marl are generated and stored in the Lei-32 marl,which means that marl serves as both source rock and reservoir rock.They represent a new type of unconventional resource,which is worthy of exploring.Fifth,based on the interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data from central Sichuan Basin,Xichong and Suining are defined as favorable prospects with estimated resources of(2000–3000)×10^(8) m^(3).

Quantitative characterization of sealing integrity by caprock of Paleocene Artashi Formation gypsolyte rock in Kashi Sag of Tarim Basin, NW China

Maintaining caprock integrity is prerequisite for hydrocarbon accumulation. And gypsolyte caprock integrity is mainly affected by fracturing. Composition, damage behavior and mechanical strength of Paleocene Artashi Formation gypsolyte rock that seals significant petroleum in the Kashi Sag of Tarim Basin had been revealed via X-ray diffraction and triaxial compression test. The results indicate the Artashi Formation can be lithologically divided into the lower and upper lithologic members. The lower member comprises gypsum as the dominant mineral, and the cohesion and friction coefficient are 8 MPa and 0.315, respectively. Similarly, the upper lithologic member consists mainly of anhydrite at the cohesion and coefficient of internal friction values of 18 MPa and 0.296. Given that the failure criterion and brittle-ductile transition factors during burial, the sealing integrity of Artashi Formation can be quantized for seven different stages. The reservoirs at the bottom of Artashi Formation caprock buried from 2285 m to 3301 m are expected to be the most favorable exploration target in the Kashi Sag.

A Three-Dimensional Model for the Formation Pressure in Wellbores under Uncertainty

Formation pressure is the key parameter for the analysis of wellbore safety.With increasing drilling depth,how-ever,the behavior of this variable becomes increasingly complex.In this work,a 3D model of the formation pres-sure under uncertainty is presented.Moreover a relevant algorithm is elaborated.First,the logging data of regional key drilling wells are collected and a one-dimensional formation pressure profile along the well depth is determined.Then,a 3D model of regional formation pressure of the hierarchical group layer is defined by using the Kriging interpolation algorithm relying on a support vector machine(SVM)and the formation pressure of the drilled wells.To validate the method,the formation pressure of one pre-drilled well is compared with the well logging results.The comparison reveals that the maximum relative error is less than 4.5%.The software based on this model is complemented by a computer visualization technology,which provides a relevant tool for under-standing and analyzing the 3D formation pressure.The outcomes of this study are intended to support the char-acterization of areas with missing or poor 3D seismic data and provide more accurate information for the analysis of wellbore integrity.

Formation of integral fins function-surface by extrusion-ploughing process

An extrusion-ploughing process was presented to fabricate the integral fin function-surface. Cutting edge inclination angle and rake angle can be calculated from the tool’s geometry relationship. The description of fins’ geometry characters was standardized. The experiments show that, when the middle cutting edge’s inclination angle η is less than 35°, continuous fin will come out; when η is between 35° and 55°, the fins will be saw-tooth ones, and the fins will be torn when this angle is above 55°; when the extrusion angle θ is between 60° and 150°, the fins will appear, or else, the fins will be torn into chips from the base. Forming angle and clearance angle have little effect on fin’s formation. For continuous fin, its height is close to cutting depth when it is small, but it will become approximately constant as cutting depth grows; for saw-tooth fins, the width, the height, as well as the clearance will increase with the increase of cutting depth, but the increment of clearance is small; neither for continuous fin, nor for saw-tooth ones, cutting velocity has little influence on their structure parameters.

Judgment Formation towards Health Risk Behaviors Concerning Obesity: An Integration Information Theory Approach

A sample of 80 secondary students was required to take an information integration theory study to explore judgment formation toward health risk behavior regarding obesity. Here, twelve social scenarios containing a simulated actor were implemented (vignettes) having in mind a three factor experimental factor design (diet, weight and physical activity). Subjects had to read each vignette and provide an answer by marking ten points anchored scale to provide judgment on actors’ possible health risk outcome. Results showed that study participants valuated diet as the most relevant factor, followed by the description of weight and finally followed by the factor of physical activity. They impose systematic thinking to integrate different sources of information provided by factor manipulation in the vignettes by using a cognitive summative rule. Implications of this study result to clinical intervention in obesity as well as for theoretical considerations of cognitive models of health risk behavior are discussed in the present article.

Determination of Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Complexes of Rare Earth Bromides with Glycine

The integral heat of solution of REBr 3·3Gly·3H 2O(RE=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy and Y; Gly is glycine) in water, REBr 3· n H 2O(RE=La, Ce and Pr, n =7; RE=Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy and Y, n =6) in aqueous glycine solution and glycine in water have been measured calorimetrically at 298 15±0 15 K. By means of a thermochemical cycle suggested in this paper, the standard molar enthalpies of formation of REBr 3·3Gly·3H 2O have been obtained and their lattice energies have been calculated.

Discrete Quantum Transitions, Duality: Emergence of Physical Structures and Occurrence of Observed Formations (Hidden Properties of Mathematical Physics Equations)

With the help of skew-symmetric differential forms, the hidden properties of the mathematical physics equations that describe discrete quantum transitions and emergence the physical structures are investigated. It is shown that the mathematical physics equations possess a unique property. They can describe discrete quantum transitions, emergence of physical structures and occurrence observed formations. However, such a property possesses only equations on which no additional conditions, namely, the conditions of integrability, are imposed. The intergrability conditions are realized from the equations themselves. Just under realization of integrability conditions double solutions to the mathematical physics equations, which describe discrete transitions and so on, are obtained. The peculiarity consists in the fact that the integrability conditions do not directly follow from the mathematical physics equations;they are realized under the description of evolutionary process. The hidden properties of differential equations were discovered when studying the integrability of differential equations of mathematical physics that depends on the consistence between the derivatives in differential equations along different directions and on the consistence of equations in the set of equations. The results of this work were obtained with the help of skew-symmetric differential forms that possess a nontraditional mathematical apparatus such as nonidentical relations, degenerate transformations and the transition from nonintegrable manifolds to integrable structures. Such results show that mathematical physics equations can describe quantum processes.

鄂尔多斯盆地陆相页岩油藏天然裂缝刻画与储层改造对策

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组长7段页岩油储层主要为深湖相泥页岩和重力流砂体的交互沉积,储层的分布在纵向和横向上均复杂多变,单砂体厚度薄,同时又受到天然裂缝的影响,对该区科学压裂、生产提出了一系列挑战,压窜、砂堵等工程问题与降本增产成为目前重要攻关方向。文章总结了近两年来针对该区天然裂缝刻画方面的工作和认识,以及在压裂改造方面的最新理念和对策。在综合地质研究的基础上,建立三维精细地质、油藏和地质力学模型,进行合理的压裂设计、施工、压裂后分析和计算机模拟,更好地了解天然裂缝和水力裂缝之间的相互作用和水力缝的扩展规律,达到定制化的压裂设计和施工优化。最终实现施工井与同平台邻井在产量相当的情况下,支撑剂的用量减少20%左右、压裂液用量减少10%左右。这种地质工程一体化工作流程使“一井一策”和“一段一法”真正落到实处,从长远来看,这将成为鄂尔多斯盆地陆相页岩油达到单井和井场EUR最佳效果的基础性技术保障。

四川盆地深层页岩气钻井关键技术新进展及发展展望

四川盆地页岩气资源丰富,目前深层页岩气已成为该盆地天然气增储上产的重点领域,但随着埋深增加和构造背景变化,地质工程条件将更加复杂,钻井过程中将面临井漏风险高、井下工具高温易失效、水平井轨迹控制难度大等技术难题。为此,在系统分析已完钻井实钻数据的基础上,依据深层页岩气区块地质工程特征,系统梳理了影响安全优快钻井的关键技术难点,形成了以地质工程一体化导向技术、钻井提速技术、防漏治漏与复杂防治技术为主体的深层页岩气安全优快钻井关键技术系列。研究结果表明:(1)以精细地质建模优选地质工程“双甜点”、实时靶体追踪为主的地质工程一体化导向技术,实现了地质目标的精准优选和精确追踪;(2)以“高效PDC钻头选型+个性化优化+大扭矩螺杆”高效破岩技术、“MSE+CCS”参数实时优化技术、油基钻井液地面降温+高温旋转导向技术为主的钻井提速技术,实现了页岩气钻井提速提效;(3)以井壁稳定性评价、裂缝性漏层识别、井漏与复杂防治为主的复杂防治技术,从源头降低了井下漏失和卡钻风险。结论认为:(1)形成的深层页岩气安全优快钻井技术,显著提高了机械钻速和铂金靶体钻遇率,在现场规模化推广应用200余口井,单井平均钻井周期降低42.7%,钻井提速效果显著,有力支撑了深层页岩气效益规模开发;(2)深层页岩气钻井将聚焦“地质工程一体化、水平段一趟钻、防漏治漏及智能钻井决策”等方面的技术攻关。

超声振动辅助车削SiCp/Al切屑形成机理及表面粗糙度研究

目的研究切屑形成机理对加工过程的影响。方法超声振动辅助车削技术通过刀具振动的拟间歇切削特征控制切屑尺寸和切屑形态,从而提高了加工表面质量。针对SiCp/Al复合材料的切屑形成机理,探究常规车削和超声振动辅助车削的切屑形成过程。研究了颗粒分布对第一变形区变形阶段的影响,以及不同加工方式下切削参数对切屑形态的影响。最后,描述了切屑自由表面和刀-屑接触界面的颗粒损伤形式,以直观地描述常规车削与超声振动辅助车削SiCp/Al复合材料加工中切屑的形成过程。结果通过测试加工后工件表面形貌发现超声振动辅助车削的切屑更加连续、切屑尺寸较小的加工表面粗糙度更小,常规车削的表面粗糙度为0.805μm,超声振动辅助车削的表面粗糙度为0.404μm,超声振动辅助车削比常规车削的表面粗糙度降低了49.8%。结论与常规车削相比,超声振动辅助车削有利于减小切屑厚度。超声振动辅助车削得到的切屑更加连续,避免了切屑碎裂,促进了切屑的顺利排出。通过对切屑形态进行研究,选择最优切削参数可以有效提高工件表面质量。

深层致密气地质工程一体化实践——以川西须家河组为例

川西新场—合兴场须家河组天然气资源丰富,中国石化探区保有探明地质储量超1700×10^(8)m^(3),储层具有气藏埋藏深(4500~5500m)、地层压力高(压力系数为1.4~1.7)、地层破裂压力高(110~165MPa)、特低孔隙度(平均孔隙度为3.7%)、特低渗透率(平均渗透率为0.07mD)的“一深两高两低”特点,为天然气成藏地质理论认识及高效开发带来了多重挑战,制约了气藏的勘探开发进程。以地质工程一体化融合实践为攻关思路,深化致密砂岩气输导体成藏认识,明确成藏机理及富集高产规律,以地质甜点发育模式深入解剖为切入点,阐明气藏甜点形成机制,建立甜点地质模式,抓住裂缝和储层地震精细刻画和定量预测技术、优化钻井及储层改造等关键技术,开展地质—地球物理—钻完井关键技术的地质工程一体化协同攻关与技术—经济一体化目标实践,技术序列的成功应用支撑气田规模上产,已累计新建产能超10×10^(8)m^(3),保障合兴场气田新增探明地质储量超1300×10^(8)m^(3),进一步证实了地质工程一体化是低品位气藏有效开发的必经之路,推动了川西须家河组气藏的效益开发进程,为致密难动用储量,特别是深层致密气的勘探开发提供借鉴。

取芯测压一体化测井仪研制及应用

为满足石油公司对地层流体和大体积岩芯的迫切需求,保证勘探出的地层流体和岩芯样品能充分满足物性化验分析的材料需求,获得各个岩层的岩性与含油性特征,并能直接测试地层压力和获取流体样品,研制出一种能够获取直径3.81 cm、长度5.5 cm的岩芯和地层真实流体样品的一体化组合测井仪。所研制的组合测井仪可以通过坐封PARKER密封地层,进行测压和取样作业,还可以在同一深度通过机械运动机构控制空心金刚石钻头钻入地层,利用取芯电机带动空心金刚石钻头高速旋转,获取与流体样品同层的大直径岩芯。该一体化测井仪的研制大幅度提高了作业效率,具有多种作业模式,可以大大提高岩芯和流体的收获率。该设备已在陆地油气井、疏松煤层、大斜度井、小井眼井等典型复杂井况中得到广泛应用,证明仪器地层适应能力强、安全可靠。

致密油整体缝网压裂技术在杏树岗油田杏69-1井区扶余油层的应用实践

针对大庆致密油储层地质条件逐年变差,以及采用常规压裂改造工艺达不到预期增产效果的问题,创新采用整体缝网压裂工艺,主要从地质选层、缝储匹配、液性组合、有效改造4个方面进行方案优化。依托杏树岗油田杏69-1井区扶余油层“井缝控藏”理念,纵向上通过甜点优选压裂层段,平均单井压裂层数由4层减少至3层。横向上考虑砂体连通关系,以缝控储量最大为目标,优化施工规模,平均单井液体规模降低16%,支撑剂规模降低31.4%,单井成本降低4.7%。同时采用变黏压裂液、控缝高工艺,积极推行全链条挖潜增效,实现该井区扶余油层整体缝网压裂效益开发。现场应用表明,整体缝网压裂技术提高了缝控储量规模,实现了储层改造最大化、缝控储量最大化。实际平均单井日产油5.7t/d,比设计值提高103%;实际建设产能1.62×10^(4)t,超额完成22.7%。

隐蔽层面产状的综合勘察方法研究

为研究隐蔽层面产状的综合勘察方法,本文以洋溪水利枢纽坝址为例,针对该坝址南沱组层理不发育,劈理、节理发育及风化复杂等难点,采用工程地质测绘、钻探、钻孔电视、平硐及竖井等相结合的方法,在查清所有结构面和区域构造的基础上,通过对标志层进行三维建模并面概化,以及根据结构面的发育情况、延伸长度及区域构造产状对比进行层面与节理的辨别,最终查明了洋溪水利枢纽坝址南沱组地层产状为N12~19°E,SE∠32~45°。

基于SDN的配电网信息-物理协同恢复策略

随着智能电网的快速发展,配电网中信息物理耦合关系日益紧密。这种耦合性使得配电网更容易被多方面极端事件所影响,在通信网络发生故障时会降低系统的态势感知和控制能力,从而制约配电网的灾后负荷恢复能力,因此通信网络恢复对灾后配电网负荷恢复至关重要。该文提出一种通信网络恢复和负荷恢复的协同优化决策方案,该方案将环网通信网络与软件定义网络(software defined networking,SDN)技术相结合,灵活恢复灾后的配电网通信网络,进而控制配电网拓扑重构形成以分布式电源为中心的微电网以恢复负荷电力供应,并进一步使用一种信息物理协同的启发式计算方法实现恢复方案的快速计算。最后,使用IEEE 33节点和IEEE 123节点测试系统验证所提出方法的优点和有效性。

高质量发展视角下国家体育旅游示范基地多业态融合研究

运用文献资料、实地考察等方法,从高质量发展视角分析国家体育旅游示范基地多业态融合的价值、取向,并提出融合策略。价值:利于结构优化,丰富体育品牌,增强体育体验,提升文化形象。取向:面向弹性生产计划的体育消费体验,面向数字体育场景的生活空间创新,面向体旅融合发展的文化体育意境。策略:培育体旅融合、城市休闲的新消费;营造农耕文化、村落体育的新体验;建构体医融合、天籁康养的新生活;打造游憩为脉、天人合一的新空间;创造精神盛宴、文化体育的新意境。

四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段致密储层砂体刻画及有利储层预测

四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段(简称须四段)厚层砂岩夹薄层泥岩发育,为当前致密砂岩气的重要勘探层系。但受限于地震纵向分辨率,常规方法难以区分薄层泥岩,对该层段砂岩的精细刻画一直缺乏有效的手段,制约了对盆地砂体展布规律和有利目标区的认识。针对上述问题,建立钻井资料与地震相映射关系,在自然伽马曲线约束下,寻找最佳反演频率参数,提高井间砂体预测精度。采用波形指示模拟的方法精细刻画了上三叠统须家河组四段砂岩的展布特征。结果表明:须四段砂岩具有西厚(55.0~100.0 m)、东薄(15.0~50.0 m)的特征;与须三段相比,砂体厚薄变化转换带(坡折带)向克拉通内部迁移。统计地震工区内22口井数据,坡折带以西砂岩平均孔隙度高(8.0%)、储层厚度大(45.4 m)。结合构造演化、沉积相带展布、砂岩厚度和孔隙度变化,认为四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段具有构造控坡折带、坡折带控储层的规律。坡折带以西的储层物性好、厚度大,为勘探有利区。研究结果对须四段勘探深入具有借鉴作用。

海相浅层页岩气地质-工程“双甜点”测井评价方法:以桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组为例

桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组海相富有机质页岩是滇黔桂盆地页岩气勘探的重要接替领域,目前在勘探初期已取得重大突破,因此开展地质-工程一体化的评价工作极为关键。利用岩心、薄片和扫描电镜等岩石物理实验和常规、成像、核磁共振及阵列声波等测井资料,在岩心刻度测井和小层精细划分的基础上,分别开展了地质和工程“甜点”要素测井表征研究。通过对烃源岩品质、储层品质和工程品质叠合,最终完成了地质-工程“双甜点”的耦合与优选。研究表明:鹿寨组一段页岩岩性以硅质页岩、混合质页岩和灰质页岩3种类型为主。孔渗物性偏低,w(TOC)介于1%~2%之间。生物硅含量低,硅质来源主要为陆源碎屑供给,页岩气主要赋存在黏土矿物相关孔隙和微裂缝中,且以吸附气为主而游离气较少。脆性指数介于20%~80%之间,且基本均大于40%。应力差异系数介于0.26~0.50,现今最大水平主应力方向为NNE-SSW方向。优选③小层底部页岩“甜点”层段作为水平井靶窗,水平段实钻气测结果显示良好。研究成果能够为页岩气单井“甜点”测井评价与水平井靶窗优选提供理论指导和方法支撑。

四川盆地渝西大安地区灰质源岩气勘探突破与资源潜力

四川盆地渝西大安地区茅口组一段(茅一段)灰质源岩气勘探取得了重大突破,对灰质源岩气的源内非常规勘探具有重要借鉴和示范意义。DB1H井是四川盆地针对茅一段暗色灰质源岩非常规气藏评价部署的首口水平井,通过酸化压裂试气获得高达55.6×10^(4) m^(3)/d的测试产量。系统介绍了渝西大安地区茅一段灰质源岩气的发现历程,展望了四川盆地茅一段灰质源岩气的资源前景。通过对渝西大安地区茅一段灰质源岩地质特征研究,认为该层系岩性主要为中缓坡相深灰色—黑灰色富有机质泥晶生屑灰岩,且区域稳定分布,是中国南方中上扬子地区重要的海相灰质源岩地层。茅一段灰质源岩气整体经历了富有机质碳酸盐岩沉积—成岩—成烃—成储—成藏—赋存“源内一体化演变”成藏过程,具有“源储一体、原位富集、连续型展布”的成藏特征。以微米级为主体的源内微观孔隙及与断层伴生的溶蚀孔洞、微缝网体系为气体主要储集空间,构成了基质孔隙型(原生型)和裂缝—孔隙型(改造型)两类储层,建立了“源储一体为主兼构造转折带短距离运移富集”的灰质源岩气成藏模式和甜点评价体系。富有机质暗色灰质源岩的发育、有利的古隆起和现今背斜构造背景,及与古断层有关的断控型岩溶、张性应力微裂缝的发育叠置,为茅一段灰质源岩新型储层富集高产的关键。初步估算四川盆地茅一段灰质源岩气资源量可达2×10^(12)m^(3),将成为盆内现实增储上产战略意义的非常规勘探新领域。

高速动车组数据驱动无模型自适应积分滑模预测控制

同许多复杂系统一样,动车组(Electric multiple unit,EMU)运行过程也具有多变量、强耦合以及非线性等特性,这严重影响着列控系统的性能.针对包含外部扰动的动车组自动驾驶系统,提出一种新型的多输入多输出(Multi-input-multi-output,MIMO)数据驱动积分滑模预测控制(Integral sliding mode predictive control,ISMPC)算法.首先,该算法基于与动车组运行过程等效的全格式动态线性化(Full format dynamic linearization,FFDL)数据模型,设计一种离散积分滑模控制(Integral sliding mode control,ISMC)律.为了使系统能够获得更高的输出跟踪误差精度,利用模型预测控制(Model predictive control,MPC)代替ISMC的切换控制,进一步推导出ISMPC算法.同时,通过对FFDL数据模型的未知扰动、参数误差等不确定项进行延时估计,提升了算法的控制性能和对系统的等价描述程度.在提供两种算法的稳定性证明分析之后,以实验室配备的CRH380A型动车组仿真实验台对提出的ISMC和ISMPC算法进行仿真测试,并与其他方法进行对比,仿真结果表明ISMPC算法控制性能较好,动车组各动力单元速度跟踪误差均在±0.132 km/h以内,满足列车的跟踪精度需求;控制力和加速度分别在[-52 kN,42 kN]和±0.9249 m/s2以内且变化平稳.