Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration for optical interconnection

The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years.Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection,which not only provides the optical gain which is absent from native Si substrates and enables complete photonic functionalities on chip,but also improves the system performance through advanced heterogeneous integrated packaging.This paper reviews recent progress of silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration in high performance optical interconnection.The research status,development trend and application of ultra-low loss optical waveguides,high-speed detectors,high-speed modulators,lasers and 2D,2.5D,3D and monolithic integration are focused on.

The Educational Adaptive-optics Solar Telescope at the Shanghai Astronomy Museum

The Educational Adaptive-optics Solar Telescope(EAST)at the Shanghai Astronomy Museum has been running routine astronomical observations since 2021.It is a 65-cm-aperture Gregorian solar telescope for scientific education,outreach,and research.The telescope system is designed in an“open”format so that the solar tower architecture can be integrated with it,and visitors can watch the observations live from inside the tower.Equipped with adaptive optics,a high-resolution imaging system,and an integral field unit spectro-imaging system,this telescope can obtain high-resolution solar images in the TiO and Hαbands,and perform spectral image reconstruction using 400 optical fibers at selected wavelengths.It can be used not only in public education and scientific outreach but also in solar physics research.

Design and simulation of a silicon-based hybrid integrated optical gyroscope system

By combining a silicon-based lithium niobate modulator and a silicon-based Si3N4resonator with silicon-based photonics technology,a highly systematic design of a hybrid integrated optical gyroscope with enhanced reciprocity sensitivity and a dual micro-ring structure is proposed for the first time in this paper.The relationship between the device's structural parameters and optical performance is also analyzed by constructing a complete simulation link,which provides a theoretical design reference to improve the system's sensitivity.When the wavelength is 1550 nm,the conversion frequency of the dual-ring optical path is 50 MHz,the coupling coefficient is 0.2,and the radius R is 1000μm,the quality factor of the silicon-based Si_(3)N_(4)resonator is 2.58×10^(5),which is 1.58 times that of the silicon-on-insulator resonator.Moreover,the effective number of times the light travels around the ring before leaving the micro-ring is 5.93,which is 1.62 times that of the silicon-on-insulator resonator.The work fits the gyro dynamic output diagram,and solves the problem of low sensitivity at low speed by setting the phase offset.This results provide a basis for the further optimization of design and chip processing of the integrated optical gyroscope.

Integrated system of traditional THz time-domain spectroscopy and asynchronous optical sampling

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)system,as a new means of spectral analysis and detection,plays an increasingly pivotal role in basic scientific research.However,owing to the long scanning time of the traditional THz-TDS system and the complex control of the asynchronous optical scanning(ASOPS)system,which requires frequent calibration,we combine traditional THz-TDS and ASOPS systems to form a composite system and propose an all-fiber trigger signal generation method based on the time overlapping interference signal generated by the collinear motion of two laser pulses.Finally,the time-domain and frequency-domain spectra are obtained by using two independent systems in the integrated systems.It is found that the full width at half maximum(FWHM)of the time-domain spectra and the spectral width of the frequency-domain spectra are almost the same,but the sampling speed of the ASOPS system is significantly faster than that of the traditional THz-TDS system,which conduces to the study of the transient characteristics of substances.

Structured Illumination Chip Based on Integrated Optics

A compact structured illumination chip based on integrated optics is proposed and fabricated on a silicon-on- insulator platform. Based on the simulation of Caussian beam interference, we adopt a chirped diffraction grating to achieve a specific interference pattern. The experimental results match well with the simulations. The portability and flexibility of the structured illumination chip can be increased greatly through horizontal encapsulation. High levels of integration, compared with the conventional structured illumination approach, make this chip very compact, with a footprint of only around 1 mm2. The chip has no optical lenses and can be easily combined with a microfluidic system. These properties would make the chip very suitable for portable 3D scanner and compact super-resolution microscopy applications.

Wigner function of optical cumulant operator and its dissipation in thermo-entangled state representation

To conveniently calculate the Wigner function of the optical cumulant operator and its dissipation evolution in a thermal environment, in this paper, the thermo-entangled state representation is introduced to derive the general evolution formula of the Wigner function, and its relation to Weyl correspondence is also discussed. The method of integration within the ordered product of operators is essential to our discussion.

Optical design and simulation of an integrated OCT and video rigid laryngoscope

An integrated optical coherence tomography(OCT)and video rigid laryngoscope have been designed to acquire surface and subsurface tissue images of larynx simultaneously.The dual-modality system that is based on a common-path design with components as few as possible effec-tively maintains the light transmittance without compromising the imaging quality.In this paper,the field of view(FOV)of the system can reach 70°by use of a gradient index(GRIN)lens as the relay element and a four-lens group as the distal objective,respectively.The simulation showed that the modulation transfer function(MTF)value in each FOV of the rigid video endoscope at 160 lp/mm is greater than 0.1 while the root mean square(RMS)radii of the OCT beam in the center and edge of the FOV are 14.948μm and 73.609μm,respectively.The resolutions of both OCT and video endoscope meet the requirement of clinical application.In addition,all the components of the system are spherical,therefore the system can be of low cost and easy to assemble.

Integrated Optics Acoustooptic Receiver

The recent advances on the research and the applications of the integrated optics acousto-optic spectrum analyzer(IOSA) are reviewed. The operating principle, architecture, characteristics and technology, and future development of the different receivers are described.

Monolithically Integrated Laser Diode and Electroabsorption Modulator with Dual-Waveguide Spot-Size Converter Output

A 1.60μm laser diode and electroabsorption modulator monolithically integrated with a novel dual-waveguide spot-size converter output for low-loss coupling to a cleaved single-mode optical fiber are demonstrated.The devices emit in a single transverse and quasi single longitudinal mode with an SMSR of 25.6dB.These devices exhibit a 3dB modulation bandwidth of 15.0GHz,and modulator DC extinction ratios of 16.2dB.The output beam divergence angles of the spot-size converter in the horizontal and vertical directions are as small as 7.3°×18.0°,respectively,resulting in a 3.0dB coupling loss with a cleaved single-mode optical fiber.

1.55μm Laser Diode Monolithically Integrated with Spot-Size Converter Using Conventional Process

A novel 1 55μm laser diode with spot size converter is designed and fabricated using conventional photolithography and chemical wet etching process.For the laser diode,a ridge double core structure is employed.For the spot size converter,a buried ridge double core structure is incorporated.The laterally tapered active core is designed and optically combined with the thin and wide passive core to control the size of mode.The laser diode threshold current is measured to be 40mA together with high slop efficiency of 0 35W/A.The beam divergence angles in the horizontal and vertical directions are as small as 14 89°×18 18°,respectively,resulting in low coupling losses with a cleaved optical fiber (3dB loss).

Photonic integrated optical phased arrays and their applications[Invited]

In recent years,optical phased arrays(OPAs)have attracted great interest for their potential applications in light detection and ranging(Li DAR),free-space optical communications(FSOs),holography,and so on.Photonic integrated circuits(PICs)provide solutions for further reducing the size,weight,power,and cost of OPAs.In this paper,we review the recent development of photonic integrated OPAs.We summarize the typical architecture of the integrated OPAs and their performance.We analyze the key components of OPAs and evaluate the figure of merit for OPAs.Various applications in Li DAR,FSO,imaging,biomedical sensing,and specialized beam generation are introduced.

Chaos generation by a hybrid integrated chaotic semiconductor laser

We design a hybrid integrated chaotic semiconductor laser with short-cavity optical feedback.It can be assembled in a commercial butterfly shell with just three micro-lenses.One of them is coated by a transflective film to provide the optical feedback for chaos generation while insuring regular laser transmission.We prove the feasibility of the chaos generation in this compact structure and provide critical external parameters for the fabrication by theoretical simulations.Rather than the usual changeless internal parameters used in previous simulation research,we extract the real parameters of the chip by experiment.Moreover,the maps of the largest Lyapunov exponent with varying bias current and feedback intensity Kap demonstrate the dynamic characteristics under different external-cavity conditions.Each laser chip has its own optimal external cavity length(L)and feedback intensity(Kap)to generate chaos because of the different internal parameters.We have acquired two ranges of optimal parameters(L=4 mm,0.12〈Kap〈0.2 and L=5 mm,0.07〈Kap〈0.12)for two different chips.

Determination of optical properties of normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro using integrating sphere techniques

AIM: The purpose of the present study is to compare the optical properties of normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion in vitro at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm. We believe these differences in optical properties should help differential diagnosis of human colon tissues by using optical methods.METHODS: In vitro optical properties were investigated for four kinds of tissues: normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion. Tissue samples were taken from 13 human colons (13 adenomatous, 13 normal). From the normal human colons a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion), and from the adenomatous human bladders a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion). The measurements were performed using a double-integratingsphere setup and the optical properties were assessed from these measurements using the adding-doubling method that was considered reliable.RESULTS: The results of measurement showed that there were significant differences in the absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength,and there were also significant differences in the two optical parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. And there were large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, there were also large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength.There were large differences in the value ranges of the absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa,and there were also large differences in these value ranges between both colon muscle layer/chorion. There are the same orders of magnitude in the absorption coefficients for four kinds of colon tissues. The scattering coefficients of these tissues exceed the absorption coefficients by at least two orders of magnitude.CONCLUSION: There were large differences in the three optical parameters between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same laser wavelength, and there were also large differences in these parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same laser wavelength. Large differences in optical parameters indicate that there were large differences in compositions and structures between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and between both colon muscle layer/chorion.Optical parameters for four kinds of colon tissues are wavelength dependent, and these differences would be useful and helpful in clinical applications of laser and tumors photodynamic therapy (PDT).

The 8×10 GHz Receiver Optical Subassembly Based on Silica Hybrid Integration Technology for Data Center Interconnection

An 8×10 GHz receiver optical sub-assembly （ROSA） consisting of an 8-channel arrayed waveguide grating （AWG） and an 8-channel PIN photodetector （PD） array is designed and fabricated based on silica hybrid integration technology. Multimode output waveguides in the silica AWG with 2% refractive index difference are used to obtain fiat-top spectra. The output waveguide facet is polished to 45° bevel to change the light propagation direction into the mesa-type PIN PD, which simplifies the packaging process. The experimentM results show that the single channel I dB bandwidth of AWG ranges from 2.12nm to 3.06nm, the ROSA responsivity ranges from 0.097 A/W to 0.158A/W, and the 3dB bandwidth is up to 11 GHz. It is promising to be applied in the eight-lane WDM transmission system in data center interconnection.

GEOMETRIC OPTICS FOR 3D-HARTREE-TYPE EQUATION WITH COULOMB POTENTIAL

This article considers a family of 3D-Hartree-type equation with Coulomb potential ｜x｜^-1, whose initial data oscillates so that a caustic appears. In the linear geometric optics case, by using the Lagrangian integrals, a uniform description of the solution outside the caustic, and near the caustic are obtained.

The Zero-gap Directional Coupler Integrated on SOI for 1.3μm Operation

SOI zero-gap directional couplers are studied by using large cross-section single-mode rib waveguide theory and dual-mode interference principle in silicon direct bonding SOI by back-polishing. And they are fabricated by using KOH anistropic etching. The insertion loss is measured to 4.81 dB, and the crosstalk is below —18.6 dB at a wavelength of 1.3μm.

Large-capacity and low-loss integrated optical buffer

Trapping light in a photonic integrated circuit can findmany applications, such as optical storage, optical-packetswitching, optical sensing and microwave photonics. Althoughthere are many ways to implement an integrated opticalbuffer, such as the use of ring resonators, photonic crystals,Bragg gratings and spiral waveguides, it is still challenging torealize optical buffers with long storage time and low loss.Photonic integrated circuits with small size are of interest forimplementing optical buffers. In general, three materials systemsare employed to implement integrated optical buffers, silicon,silicon nitride and indium phosphide. However, it is hardto implement optical buffers with a storage time over tens ofnanoseconds due to the intrinsic high loss of these materials.

Optical transmitter module with hybrid integration of DFB laser diode and proton-exchanged LiNbO_(3)modulator chip

In this work,a hybrid integrated optical transmitter module was designed and fabricated.A proton-exchanged Mach–Zehnder lithium niobate(LiNbO_(3))modulator chip was chosen to enhance the output extinction ratio.A fiber was used to adjust the rotation of the polarization direction caused by the optical isolator.The whole optical path structure,including the laser chip,lens,fiber,and modulator chip,was simulated to achieve high optical output efficiency.After a series of process improvements,a module with an output extinction ratio of 34 dB and a bandwidth of 20.5 GHz(from 2 GHz)was obtained.The optical output efficiency of the whole module reached approximately 21%.The link performance of the module was also measured.

Design and application of integrated automation system platform of mine based on PON

This article analyzes the design and integrates application of a mine integrated automation system platform based on PON. At the beginning, the paper analyzes the basic principle and structure of PON. The set of integrated automation network platform according to the information transmission characteristics of mine based on access network and Ethernet of PON is designed. The paper descripes the platform in detail from aspacts of designs of system hardware, software and others. The results show that the system platform can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost.