A Review of the History and Development of Integrated Pest Management(IPM)

The evolvement of IPM has experienced several significant stages. IPM is an ecosystem as a governance unit. It allows the presence of low numbers of pests because a direct or indirect relationship between biological species and their associated environmental living conditions could keep a long-term ecological balance. IPM also emphasizes overall benefits; it is necessary to integrate all kinds of safe, effective, economic, and simple managements as far as possible. When synthesizing and coordinating various managements, effective control object, effective time limit, effective scope, and effective degree of the individual method should be analysed first. The ultimate goal of IPM is for the sustainable development of agriculture. In the future IPM system engineering, crop resistance, the role of natural enemies, agricultural control, and the application of biological control technologies will be greatly strengthened, and the role of chemical pesticides will be significantly reduced. Safe, effective, and long-lasting control of pest populations will be below the level of harm caused, which could protect the ecological environment and the health of people and livestock, and promote the development of production.

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）： Economic Importance, Biology, Biogeography and Integrated Pest Management

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has.invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. During the last three decades, multiple introductions of RPW to the Middle East, Europe and Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） （USA） have occurred and the RPW is now a serious pest of many palm species. Duration of all life parameters varies significantly where the entire life cycle takes about 45 to 298 days. Different artificial diets were developed and were tested for mass rearing of RPW. Control of RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the life cycle of the pest. Integrated Pest Management （IPM） strategy has been applied successfully to deal with RPW problem. The IPM strategy consists of various preventive and curative methods; those methods were categorized in nine categories in this review. The main objective of this work was to review the existing knowledge on RPW＇s different aspects, with an ultimate aim of revealing the actual situation of the research on RPW.

An integrated pest management program for managing fusarium head blight disease in cereals

Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a worldwide devastating disease of small grain cereals and Fusarium graminearum species complex(FGSC)is the major pathogen causing the disease.The epidemics of FHB lead to the reduction of grain yield and economic losses.Additionally,mycotoxins produced by the FHB pathogens are hazardous to the health of human and livestock.In this review,we summarize the epidemiology of FHB,and introduce effects of this disease on economy,environment and food safety.We focus on the integrated management approaches for controlling FHB including agronomic practices,resistant cultivars,chemical control,and biocontrol.In addition,we also discuss the potential novel management strategies against FHB and mycotoxin.

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry.

Integrated pest management programme for cereal blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field.The Oryza pathotype(MoO)of M.oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice,causing 10–30%yield loss in the world.On the other hand,the Triticum pathotype(MoT)causes blast disease in wheat,which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries,Bangladesh and Zambia.Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties,control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.Therefore,an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field.Here,we introduced and summarized the classification,geographical distribution,host range,disease symptoms,biology and ecology,economic impact,and integrated pest management(IPM)programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.

Recent progress in maize lethal necrosis disease:From pathogens to integrated pest management

Maize(Zea mays),as a staple food and an important industrial raw material,has been widely cultivated for centuries especially by smallholder farmers.Maize lethal necrosis disease(MLND)is a serious disease infecting maize,which caused devastating damage in the African region recently.MLND is induced by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and one of several cereal-infecting viruses in the Potyviridae family,with the symptoms ranging from chlorotic mottle to plant death at different infection stages.Integrated pest management for MLND needs strengthening detection,focusing on prevention and effective control.Early detection system of MLND has been successfully established by serological methods,nucleic acid-based methods,next-generation sequencing,etc.The practices,such as using certified seeds,sanitary measures,crop rotation,tolerant or resistant varieties etc.,have been considered as the effective,economical and eco-friendly way to prevent and control MLND.

Toward a Decision Support System for Integrated Pest Management of Pine Caterpillar

A decision support system for IPM of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Buter, DS-IPM-DSS, has recently been developed using a GW-0520 CH microcomputer. The software system consists of , a Model Base and its Management System, a Database and its Management System, a Control Program, a Problem Analysis Program, and a User’s Interface System. Also further development aimed at expanding the DS-IPM-DSS into a more generalized and flexible package, i. e., making it helpful in creating computer-based system for other forest insect pests, are discussed.

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans:From molecular interactions to integrated management strategies

Over 170 years after the infamous Irish Potato Famine,potato late blight(PLB)caused by Phytophthora infestans remains the single most devastating disease of global potato production,causing up to 10 billion USD in yield loss and management costs.Through decades of research,growers and agronomists in the field as well as laboratory scientists have made significant progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis process of this critical pathosystem and effective management strategies to control PLB.Yet,the need to feed an ever-increasing global population under changing climate demands continued improvement in efficient and sustainable PLB management schemes that can be implemented across a broad economic spectrum.In this review,we briefly summarize the current understanding of the molecular interaction between P.infestans and its host plants,highlight the current integrated pest management strategy to control PLB on local and continental scales,and discuss the potential of further improvement of sustainable PLB control through genetic enhancement of crop resistance and emerging crop protection technologies.

Sustainable Management of Rice Insect Pests by Non-Chemical-Insecticide Technologies in China

Chemical pesticides play crucial roles in the management of crop diseases and pests. However, excessive and irrational use of pesticides has become a major concern and obstacle to sustainable agriculture. As a result, the quality and security of agricultural products are reduced, and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened. Recently, environment-friendly pest management measures have been introduced and adopted to manage rice insect pests and reduce the use of insecticides. This paper reviewed the advancements in development and application of non-chemical technologies for insect pest management during rice production in China.

Evaluation of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides for the Management of Insect Pest Control of Eggplant (<i>Solanum Melongena</i>L.) and Pesticide Residue Dissipation Pattern

Eggplant shoot and fruit borer (ESFB), Leucinodes orbonalis G. is a key pest of eggplant, Solanum melongena L. Organophosphates (OP) having high toxicity and persistence are used to control the pests in many developing countries, despite availability of new insecticides with better qualities. Field evaluation of thiacloprid and indoxacarb were carried out against ESFB, with an OP insecticide, methyl parathion. Two Bacillus thuriegensis (Bt) based formulations namely Biolep and PUSA Bt and two azadirachtin formulations namely Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) and Nimbo Bas were also evaluated against ESFB for the management of the pest. HPLC and GC methods for the estimation of indoxacarb, thiacloprid and methyl parathion from the fruits were developed and their dissipation patterns and safety parameters were compared. For indoxacarb, the method involving Florisil gave highest recovery (88%) whereas average recoveries of other methods varied from 59% to 82%. The mean initial deposits of indoxacarb on fruits were 2.60 mg/kg to 3.64 mg/kg and 2.63 mg/kg to 3.68 mg/kg from 75 and 150 g·ai/ha treatments from two-year field studies. The half-life of indoxacarb was 3.0 d - 3.8 d from both years. The Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) was found to be 0.446 mg/person/day to 0.643 mg/person/day for day-1 residues which is in par with the Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) of 0.6 mg/person/day. The TMDI from 3 d residues was found to be less than the MPI calculated with the data of 3 d residues which ensures better margin of safety. For thiacloprid, the method involving Florisil gave highest recovery (89%). The mean initial deposits of thiacloprid on fruits were 3.39 to 5.40 mg/kg and 3.40 to 5.39 mg/kg from 30 and 60 g·ai/ha treatments from both years. The half-life values were determined to be 11.1 and 11.6 d for both years. The TMDI from maximum residues observed for first day for both the treatments during first year trials was found to be 0.682 to 1.098 mg person/day, which was higher than the MPI of 0.72 mg/person/day, which proved that the application is toxic to humans. Thiacloprid at the experimented doses (30 and 60 g·ai/ha) was found not effective to manage ESFB and was not safe for human consumption after a waiting period of 3 days. For methyl parathion, the method involving Florisil gave highest average recovery (89%). The initial residues on fruits from recommended dose declined from 3.60 to 3.12 mg/kg in one day and 0.27 mg/kg in twentyfive days from 100 g·ai/ha. Similar pattern was observed with higher dose also. The dissipation rate constants were 0.123 and 0.140 for 100 and 200 g·ai/ha treatments, respectively. The half life values ranged from 6.0 to 7.4 days. Using dose (100 g·ai/ha), the residues reached safe level only after 20 days. A minimum gap of 20 days after the last application of the insecticide to the harvest is impractical for this crop. The efficacy of methyl parathion against ESFB was good at lower dose, but due to its toxic residue profile there is a high health risk. Biolep at both doses were not effective against ESFB, however PUSA Bt gave better control against ESFB at similar dose. NSKE was found effective against ESFB, however NimboBas found to be non-effective against ESFB.

Ecology and management of the black inch worm, Hyposidra talaca Walker (Geometridae： Lepidoptera) infesting Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)： A review

The black inch worm, Hyposidra talaca （Walker） （Geometridae： Lepidoptera） has earned considerable importance as a defoliator during last decade in north east India. Characteristic features of H. talaca, Such as switching from wild plants to Camellia sinensis, and completion of 6-8 generations in a year without winter diapause appear to be the major reasons for persistence of the defoliator on C. sinensis. There are reports on the aggressive infestation of the pest on C. sinensis than on alternate host plants and development of high tolerance^resistance to certain insecticides. Till date, more than one hundred alternate host plants have been recorded for H. talaca, but with very few natural enemies. To manage this pest chemically, synthetic pesticides are widely used. Integrated management is recently being encouraged wherein cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods have been contemplated. This review collates the work and literature on the ecology of H. talaca and offers an analysis of the problems encountered in managing the defoliator in tea plantations. Further, future directions for better management of H. talaca are suggested.

Hyperspectral Evaluation of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>Management Using the Disease Predictive Model RIMpro in the Northeastern U.S.

Use of hyperspectral spectroradiometers allows for information on different light bands to be captured, allowing for identification of plant health status. Apple scab is the most important disease in the production of apples. RIMpro is a web-based decision support system (DDS) for orchardists that has the capacity to improve optimal fungicide application for the control of apple scab and has the potential to reduce the number of applications and thereby reduce input expenses. The objective of this study was to complete a hyperspectral assessment of apple leaves in order to evaluate the spectral characteristics of trees sprayed according to forecasted infection events from the DDS. No significant differences in visual assessments or vegetation indices were observed between conventionally treated leaves and leaves treated according to the DSS. In the first year of this study two fungicide treatments were eliminated, in the second one fungicide treatment was eliminated. This finding is important because it provides evidence that plant health status is similar between conventionally sprayed trees and trees on a DSS-guided reduced spray program. In addition, the use of spectroradiometers for assessing the efficacy of different fungicide programs was demonstrated. Finally, potassium bicarbonate tank-mixed with sulfur was confirmed to be an effective spray material for managing apple scab. By integrating the precise information provided by DSSs and the use of biorational pesticides, agricultural producers, service providers and educators are able to adapt climate change considerations and action-oriented decisions into pest management plans.

棉铃虫发生发展与气候条件的关系研究进展

棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)属鳞翅目夜蛾科,是一种世界性的害虫,在世界各地均有分布。因其具有远距离迁飞,繁殖力强等特点,条件适宜时常大面积暴发成灾,给农业生产带来较大损失。摸清棉铃虫生活习性、种群变化规律是棉铃虫防治的前提条件。由于棉铃虫是变温昆虫,气候条件对其生长发育、成灾机制等产生极大影响。因此,本文系统综述了气候变暖对棉铃虫影响的研究进展,包括棉铃虫生长发育、体色变化、繁殖、滞育、飞行、越冬、与作物的互作关系等方面,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。

Integrated pest management concepts for red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta （Hymenoptera： Formicidae）

Management of imported fire ant species has evolved since their accidental introduction into the United States and currently uses integrated pest management concepts to design, implement, and evaluate suppression programs. Although eradication is the management goal in certain isolated infestation sites, localized goals vary dramatically in larger infestations where reinvasion of treated areas is likely. These goals are influenced by regulatory policies, medical liabilities, ecological impact, and/or economic considerations. Tactics employed in fire ant management programs presented here include cultural and biological control options along with judicious use of site-specific insecticide products. In addition, program design considerations that include management goal（s）, action level（s）, ant form （monogyne or polygyne）, presence ofnontarget ant species, size of treatment area, seasonality, implementation cost, and environmental impact are also presented. Optimally, elegant IPM programs are target specific, threshold driven, environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

寡糖联合淡紫紫孢菌对化学杀线剂防治烤烟根结线虫病效果的影响

为更好地控制烟草根结线虫的危害,降低化学杀线剂的用量,将寡糖免疫诱导剂与噻唑膦、阿维菌素及淡紫紫孢菌协同使用进行田间小区试验,研究其对烟草根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明,壳寡糖15 L/hm^(2)、几丁寡糖15 L/hm^(2)分别与噻唑膦22.5 kg/hm^(2)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫的防治效果高于噻唑膦单独使用效果。相对防效由噻唑膦单独使用的45.20%分别提高到64.42%和65.38%。进一步试验发现,几丁寡糖1 kg/hm^(2)、淡紫紫孢菌15 kg/hm^(2)及噻唑膦16.875 kg/hm^(2)(减少25%)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫病相对防效及对烟草生长总体效应优于与噻唑膦正常用量(22.5 kg/hm^(2))组和噻唑膦减少50%(11.25 kg/hm^(2))组合效果。寡糖诱导剂单独或与淡紫紫孢菌协同使用,显著提高了噻唑膦对烟草根结线虫病的防治效果,减少了农药使用量,为烟草根结线虫病害的防控提供了一种新的技术手段。

RNAi技术在马铃薯害虫防控中的应用和风险

害虫对农作物的危害严重威胁全球粮食安全,为满足日益增长的全球粮食需求,迫切需要安全有效的害虫绿色防控技术。RNAi技术(RNA interference)又叫RNA干扰技术,是一种转录后调控基因沉默的分子生物学技术,其原理是基于由19-25对核苷酸组成的小分子双链RNA与目标靶基因mRNA结合并引发mRNA降解,从而导致靶基因沉默。目前RNAi技术已被广泛应用于农作物害虫治理,在针对马铃薯靶标害虫方面,主要研究集中在防控鞘翅目、半翅目、鳞翅目害虫。2023年12月22日,世界上首款RNAi生物农药正式批准商业化,用于防控抗药性日益严重、国际公认的马铃薯重要毁灭性检疫害虫马铃薯甲虫,是世界上首款被允许在农作物上商业使用的可喷洒RNA生物农药,对马铃薯害虫的绿色防控具有划时代的里程碑意义。基于RNAi技术的产品被用于农业害虫防控的同时,仍需考虑其抗药性、脱靶效应和对环境安全的潜在风险。本文以RNAi技术在马铃薯害虫防控应用的可行性、RNAi技术在马铃薯害虫防控中的应用以及潜在的风险等方面进行了综述,以期阐述RNAi技术在马铃薯害虫防控中的应用现状与前景,为RNAi技术纳入防控马铃薯害虫综合治理体系提供理论参考。

基于捕食性天敌及害虫种群动态筛选功能植物的研究

新兴的生态调控技术是利用非作物植物进行天敌生境管理的重要措施。为筛选出适宜增效捕食性天敌的功能植物,进而提高天敌对农林生态系统害虫的控制能力,本文通过追踪调查15种功能植物与对照杂草区域内节肢动物群落时序动态,比较了捕食性天敌及植食性害虫的累积量、益害比以及优势天敌类群与主要害虫关联性、时序动态变化。结果显示,绿豆Vigna radiata、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、蓖麻Ricinus communis、芥蓝Brassica alboglabra、罗勒Ocimum basilicum、芝麻Sesamum indicum上捕食性天敌累积量、益害比高于其他植物,且与主要害虫的关联性和时序变化关系明确,有益于优势天敌中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等种群,可以作为捕食性天敌的生境管理功能植物。本研究为今后进一步更好的筛选出应用于田间保护性生物防治的植物提供基础以及新思路。

Integrated Pest Management System with Impulsive Control of Spatial Heterogeneity

An impulsive integrated pest management system with diffusion is investigated within this paper.The conditions for pest eradication of the impulsive system without natural enemies are established based on the Krein-Rutman theorem and the comparison principle for parabolic equations.Integrated pest management can be achieved at an exponential rate,when the principal eigenvalues of the auxiliary system is large enough.Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the theoretical results.A discussion is given at the end.

茶棍蓟马生物生态学特性及其防治

茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai Priesner是我国茶树上的主要吸汁类害虫之一,其成虫和若虫均可为害茶树,导致叶片卷曲、脆硬、焦枯甚至脱落,严重影响茶树的自身生长和茶叶的品质口感。本文介绍了茶棍蓟马的形态与危害特征、个体发育和生活史、聚集等生物、生态学特性及其鉴定方法、地理分布、遗传分化特点,总结了其防控技术的研究进展,并提出需加快推进其嗅觉感受机制等基础研究,开发监测预警、大规模诱杀和病原菌防控等绿色防控技术,以期为茶棍蓟马的综合治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。

我国IPM策略的发展与害虫控制

从IPM的历史、取得的成效、发展与展望等几方面 ,综述了IPM的策略思想在害虫防治中的重大作用 ,指出了IPM策略思想是可持续农业发展的重要基石。