Adaptive Integrated Coastal Zone Planning:History,Challenges,Advances,and Perspectives

Coastal zones are dynamic,rich environments,now densely populated,and increasingly challenged by human and climatechange pressures.Effective long-term integrated coastal zone planning is needed to ensure sustainable environmental protection and economic development.In this study,we reviewed the history of coastal zone planning since its birth in the 1950s based on the literature retrieved from the Web of Science(Core Collection)from 2000–2023,then summarized the tools and spatial allocation methods commonly used in the planning process,and finally proposed potential solutions to the challenges faced.The results show that after decades of development,coastal zone planning has changed from a decentralized activity to a targeted and integrated one,with an increasing emphasis on the ecosystem approach and the use of multiple planning tools.Spatial analysis techniques and environmental modelling software have become increasingly popular.Linear programming and overlay analysis are common approaches when performing spatial optimization,but land-sea interactions and planning in the marine parts still lack in-depth analysis and practical experience.We are also aware that the challenges posed by the integration of administrative hierarchies,scoping and conservation objectives,stakeholder participation,consideration of social dimensions,and climate change are pervasive throughout the planning process.There is an urgent need to develop more flexible and accurate spatial modelling tools,as well as more efficient participatory methods,and to focus on the holistic nature of the land-sea system to create more resilient and sustainable coastal zones.

Can We Manage Coastal Area? Will We?——The Institutional Change of the Coastal Area Management of Taiwan

The Coastal Zone Management Act was finally promulgated in 2015,while Ministry of the Interior was asked to draft a coastal management act in 1991 by Executive Yuan.It was until the government’s lifting of martial law in 1987,vigorous activities started prevailing on coastal areas.And relevant legal documents were on sea reclamation for development in the 1980’s by Council of Agriculture.The approval of“Taiwan Coastal Area Natural Environment Protection Plan”showed an era of environmental protection in 1980s.However,it was surely not market driven,similar to land development,but some efforts by the administration systems.Through all the years,the efforts were put on drafting plans and these efforts were not quite sounding.The coastal disasters and further climate change caught the attention of relevant NGOs,scholars,politicians,and the society.At the critical juncture the government was made to react to outside demands.And then the Coastal Zone Management Act was passed by Legislative Yuan,establishing an integrated coastal management system in Taiwan.As such,it is proposed to look into this long process of the attempt with the concept of institutional change in order to understand this coastal environmental preservation and protection issue in a broader scope.

An Integrated Coastal Zone Management （ICZM） Project： CoastLearn in Black Sea （CLBS）

The importance attached to the need for sustainable development in the coastal areas is increasing. A management plan is required to minimize the environmental destruction resulting from the complexity of the property in coastal areas, of human activities and of natural systems and to utilize the coastal resources effectively. The utilization of coasts, besides becoming very important particularly in views of tourism, has faced pressures caused by huge. These areas are mostly self-contradictory demands for the environmental protection. The project is an EU Life Long Learning Programme Project and the project duration is 24 months. The aim of the CoastLearn in Black Sea （CLBS） is to mobilize the human resources in the tourism and coastal management sector in Black Sea in general and notably Sinop, Varna and Constanta by raising awareness among the local decision making mechanisms of the integrated coastal zone management in order to encourage people to utilize the coastal resources in a coherent and balanced way.

Validating Governance Performance Indicators for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in the Southeast Region of Cuba

The importance of evaluating the success of policies developed to effectively manage coastal and marine resource use is well documented. However, few frameworks exist that allow for a comparative examination of existing policy instruments, as opposed to specific initiatives, which assess governance performance aimed at addressing issues arising in the coastal zone. This paper describes the process and findings for evaluating the feasibility of a modified Coastal Sustainability Standard (CoSS) framework that seeks to measure the effectiveness of individual planning instruments within overlapping spatial boundaries in the landward and marine areas in the southeast region of Cuba. Through workshops conducted in Santiago de Cuba and Guamá municipalities with key representatives involved in coastal management and planning, the utility of the framework was assessed using the main instruments of territorial planning in Cuba, namely integrated river basin management, territorial planning in coastal municipalities and marine and coastal management. While, the findings suggest that the modified CoSS framework can be used to assess the effectiveness of these planning instruments in the region, and workshop participants also suggested improvements to better match its use to the characteristics of the study region.

Urban Integrated Activity Zone （UIAZ） in Shanghai

Urban integrated activity zone （UIAZ） refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone （IAZ）, which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business District （CBD）, often weakens administrative boundaries and changes the original single functional partition. It emphasizes the mixture of different functions and the vitality of the central area. The construction of IAZ is different from the simple space construction of economy and material production. IAZ emphasizes the participation of city dwellers in urban renewal process. Shanghai IAZs are those vigorous public activity centers in Shanghai. ]ust like those active cells, IAZs in Shanghai are to inspire and improve the comprehensive competitiveness and vitality of the city at macro, intermediate, and micro level, they are the public places in which urban cultural life takes place, develops, and precipitates. This paper provides broad and profound presentation on IAZ structure planning in Shanghai： mix-used function, multi-dimensions scale, people oriented development （POD） transportation, commercial development, and city form vitality. This paper provides not only qualitative analysis, but also makes a serious attempt to quantify the result and statement.

A dual-polarized Fabry-Pérot antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for millimeter-wave applications

We introduce a dual-polarized(DP)Fabry–Perot cavity(FPC)antenna operating at the millimeter-wave(mmWave)frequency band with high-gain and wideband characteristics.A DP feeding source and a partially reflective surface(PRS)integrated with a Fresnel zone lens are suggested to realize dual-polarization wave radiation over a wide impedance bandwidth.The feeding source provides vertical and horizontal polarizations while keeping high isolation between the two polarizations.PRS is used to realize Fabry cavity to produce a directive beam radiation.The integrated Fresnel zone rings are introduced for phase correction,leading to a significant gain enhancement for the antenna.For verification,a 60-GHz FPC antenna prototype with DP radiation is designed and fabricated with measurement results.It consists of a feeding source,a PRS integrated with a Fresnel zone lens,a quasi-curved reflector,and four three-dimensional printed supporters.The results illustrate that the peak gains of vertical and horizontal polarizations are 18.4 and 17.6 dBi,respectively.The impedance matching bandwidth for the two polarizations is 14%.The performance ensures that the proposed DP FPC antenna is a promising candidate for the fifth-generation wireless communication systems in the mmWave band.

Coastal management plan in the south of the Black Sea

Objective:To describe the environmental factors that effect to the shoreline and how they interact with tourism development.Methods:In the study,both the existing problems of the coastal area of Sinop and the probable solutions to these problems are stated.The system of the coast area of the province was examined with all details and the system was examined in 3 sections,namely anthropogenic components,natural components and tourism components.Results:Tourism which is also referred as smokeless industry provides a tremendous potential for the coastal cities.This sector is a considerable resource of income for coastal cities,so long as environmental factors are also paid attention.Otherwise,it is a mistake to expect sustainable proceeds from tourism.Coastal management is a dynamic,multi-disciplinary process.It includes a complete cycle such as collecting information,planning and decision making and the monitoring management and application,and revealing the problems for the purpose of ensuring a sustainable tourism.Conclusions:This study examines the environmental factors that have driven new approaches to shoreline management and how they interact with tourism development.Then,the integrated coastal zone management study procedure and its prospected outcomes are explained,and importance of the findings on Sinop’s integrated coastal zone management is emphasized.