Intensity Evolution of Zonal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer:A Perspective of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energies

Based on the ERA5 reanalysis datasets during 1980-2019,a total of eleven zonal shear lines(ZSLs)that caused heavy precipitation and lasted more than 60 hours over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are selected for composite analysis.By decomposing the kinetic energy(K)near the ZSL into divergent and rotational kinetic energies(K_(D)and K_(R))and the kinetic energy of interaction between the divergent wind and the rotational wind(K_(R)D),the influence of the rotational and divergent winds on the evolution of the ZSL intensity is investigated from the perspective of K_(D)and K_(R).The main results are as follows.The ZSL is a comprehensive reflection of rotation and convergence.The intensity evolution of ZSL is essentially synchronized with those of K,K_(R),and K_(RD)but lags behind K_(D)by about three hours.The enhancement of K is mainly contributed by K_(R),which is governed by the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R).Furthermore,the increase in the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R)is controlled by the geostrophic effect term Af,which is determined by the joint enhancement of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components(u_(R)and v_(D)).Therefore,the joint enhancement of u_(R)and v_(D)controls the increase of the ZSL intensity,leading to increased precipitation.

The optimal distance between two electrode tips during recording of compound nerve action potentials in the rat median nerve

The distance between the two electrode tips can greatly influence the parameters used for record- ing compound nerve action potentials. To investigate the optimal parameters for these recordings in the rat median nerve, we dissociated the nerve using different methods and compound nerve action potentials were orthodromically or antidromically recorded with different electrode spac- ings. Compound nerve action potentials could be consistently recorded using a method in which the middle part of the median nerve was intact, with both ends dissociated from the surrounding fascia and a ground wire inserted into the muscle close to the intact part. When the distance be- tween two stimulating electrode tips was increased, the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity of compound nerve action potentials were gradually decreased, but the amplitude was not changed significantly. When the distance between two recording electrode tips was increased, the amplitude was gradually increased, but the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity exhibited no significant change. Different distances between recording and stimulating sites did not produce significant effects on the aforementioned parameters. A distance of 5 mm between recording and stimulating electrodes and a distance of 10 mm between recording and stimulating sites were found to be optimal for compound nerve action potential recording in the rat median nerve. In addition, the orthodromic compound action potential, with a biphasic waveform that was more stable and displayed less interference （however also required a higher threshold and higher supramaximal stimulus）, was found to be superior to the antidromic compound action potential.

Shaking table test and cumulative deformation evaluation analysis of a tunnel across the hauling sliding surface

To explore the cumulative deformation effect of the dynamic response of a tunnel crossing the hauling sliding surface under earthquakes,the shaking table test was conducted in this study.Combined with the numerical calculations,this study proposed magnification of the Arias intensity(MIa)to characterize the overall local deformation damage of the tunnel lining in terms of the deformation characteristics,frequency domain,and energy.Using the time‐domain analysis method,the plastic effect coefficient(PEC)was proposed to characterize the degree of plastic deformation,and the applicability of the seismic cumulative failure effect(SCFE)was discussed.The results show that the low‐frequency component(f1 and f2≤10 Hz)and the high‐frequency component(f3 and f4>10 Hz)acceleration mainly cause global and local deformation of the tunnel lining.The local deformation caused by the high‐frequency wave has an important effect on the seismic damage of the lining.The physical meaning of PEC is more clearly defined than that of the residual strain,and the SCFE of the tunnel lining can also be defined.The SCFE of the tunnel lining includes the elastic deformation effect stage(<0.15g),the elastic–plastic deformation effect stage(0.15g–0.30g),and the plastic deformation effect stage(0.30g–0.40g).This study can provide valuable theoretical and technical support for the construction of traffic tunnels in high‐intensity earthquake areas.

Theoretical and numerical studies of crack initiation and propagation in rock masses under freezing pressure and far-field stress

Water-bearing rocks exposed to freezing temperature can be subjected to freezeethaw cycles leading tocrack initiation and propagation, which are the main causes of frost damage to rocks. Based on theGriffith theory of brittle fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion, propagation direction, andcrack length under freezing pressure and far-field stress are analyzed. Furthermore, a calculation methodis proposed for the stress intensity factor （SIF） of the crack tip under non-uniformly distributed freezingpressure. The formulae for the crack/fracture propagation direction and length of the wing crack underfreezing pressure are obtained, and the mechanism for coalescence of adjacent cracks is investigated.In addition, the necessary conditions for different coalescence modes of cracks are studied. Using thetopology theory, a new algorithm for frost crack propagation is proposed, which has the capability todefine the crack growth path and identify and update the cracked elements. A model that incorporatesmultiple cracks is built by ANSYS and then imported into FLAC3D. The SIFs are then calculated using aFISH procedure, and the growth path of the freezing cracks after several calculation steps is demonstratedusing the new algorithm. The proposed method can be applied to rocks containing fillings such asdetritus and slurry. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analog-to-digital conversion of information in the retina

We considered the physiological mechanisms of functioning of the retina’s neural network. It is marked that the primary function of a neural network is an analog-to-digital conversion of the receptor potential of photoreceptor into the pulse-to-digital signal to ganglion cells. We showed the role of different types of neurons in the work of analog-to-digital converter. We gave the equivalent circuit of this converter. We researched the mechanism of the numeric coding of the receptor potential of the photoreceptor.

Experiences of Measurement,Reporting and Verification Towards 20% Reduction Target in China

Bali Action Plan provisions acknowledge the fact that developing countries are already making efforts to reduce emissions and move towards a low carbon pathway.The Copenhagen Accord mentions "Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology,finance and capacity building support.The phrase "measurable,reportable and verifiable" was critical to the agreement,and the way in which the concept of MRV is reflected in the post-2012 agreement will have significant implications for the effectiveness of that agreement for stakeholders in both developing and developed countries.It is worth looking for current examples of developing country programs that can be measured,reported and verified and examining how countries themselves currently undertake mitigation policies and measures.Many of China's domestic policies have been in effect for several years and thus provide empirical evidence for how such programs can work on the ground.This paper will highlight how MRV is currently applied domestically in China and will not make any specific proposals for negotiators;it only seeks to inform international discussion on how MRV might be applied in practice,and therefore what provisions might be required in a UNFCCC climate agreement.

Action Research on Lexical Chunks in Intensive English Teaching

English intensive teaching aims to improve learners'comprehensive application ability,and its key lies in fluency and authenticity of language expression.Lexical chunks are acquired and stored in memory as a whole so they shorten the thinking time and greatly improve language accuracy and fluency.This paper applies the chunks to intensive English teaching and carries out ac⁃tion researches.

“一带一路”倡议如何影响中国沿线省份专利密集型产业绿色创新?

专利密集型产业作为经济增长的关键动能,其绿色创新对助力经济绿色低碳转型和高质量发展具有重要意义。绿色是“一带一路”倡议的底色,“一带一路”倡议的实施是否及如何对中国沿线省份专利密集型产业绿色创新产生影响值得深入探析。该研究基于2005—2019年中国省级面板数据,运用PSM‐DID方法验证了“一带一路”倡议对沿线省份专利密集型产业绿色创新效率的政策效应,并结合中介和门槛模型剖析了政策效应的具体作用机理。研究表明:①“一带一路”倡议显著促进了沿线省份专利密集型产业绿色创新效率提升,其中对绿色成果转化效率的提升作用(0.364)略强于对绿色技术研发效率的提升作用(0.347),无论对绿色技术研发还是绿色成果转化,“一带一路”倡议的政策效应均是持续的,此外,按“一带”和“一路”划分,倡议的政策效应存在一定区域异质性。②对外直接投资、政策红利激励、基础设施建设、贸易开放和外商直接投资在“一带一路”倡议促进沿线省份专利密集型产业两阶段绿色创新效率提升过程中均发挥部分中介作用,在绿色技术研发阶段对外直接投资的传导作用最为突出,绿色成果转化阶段则是基础设施建设发挥了相对最关键的桥梁作用。③地区知识产权保护水平在“一带一路”倡议影响沿线省份专利密集型产业绿色创新效率过程中发挥门槛效应,在绿色创新两阶段分别呈正向边际递增和倒“U”型调节的特征。该研究丰富了“一带一路”倡议与中国绿色低碳转型关系领域的理论储备,并为中国专利密集型产业绿色创新发展提供了可资借鉴的管理思路。

不同含沙量细粒沉积物浑水体流变特性研究

强烈波浪作用在河口海岸区域引发海底沉积物的剧烈扰动,所形成的近底高浓度浑水体可汇集成海底浊流,在污染物和含碳物质自近海向远海输运方面起着重要作用,是陆海相互作用的重要驱动力。而近底高浓度含沙层因含沙量及其中组分的不同,其流动性亦不同。针对海底可能存在的高浓度含沙层,采用流变试验,通过剪切速率-剪切应力间的流变关系对不同含沙量下的粉土浑水体进行流变特性分析,并结合前人所做的不同粉粒黏粒比例、不同含量的浑水体流变测试结果,将粉土浑水体在100~1 350kg/m3含沙量范围内划分为牛顿流体、过渡流体和宾汉流体三种流体类型,给出了以粉粒与黏粒组分为主的含沙浑水体的流变性质变化界限图,为近底高浓度含沙层运动研究提供流体性质分类参照。

电磁作用对铌精矿熔分行为的影响

针对白云鄂博铌精矿利用不均衡的特点与现状引入电磁作用,以实现白云鄂博铌精矿中金属铁资源高效分离和碳化铌综合利用的双重目标。本研究使用自主设计的电磁熔分装置考察电磁作用对铌精矿熔分行为的影响。结果表明:电磁作用能促进铌精矿还原后的渣铁分离,降低渣中金属铁残留;当电流频率固定时,随着电流强度的增大,金属铁的收率显著增加;当电流强度固定时,随着电流频率的增大,铁收率降低。电磁作用促进了碳化铌与铁的接触,相同电流频率下,随着电流强度的增大,铁中碳化铌的含量显著增大;相同电流强度下,随着电流频率的增大,铁中碳化铌的含量明显减少。低频率、高强度电流产生的磁场可以改善碳化铌在铁相中的弥散效果,铁中碳化铌颗粒分散明显。

基于LED诱虫灯的果蝇趋光性试验

采用固体冷光源发光二极管(LED),设计了可以调控LED光源光密度、闪烁频率和波长的柔性诱虫灯,并对果蝇进行了趋光性试验。结果表明,果蝇趋性最强的光源波长为560 nm,光强弱的黄绿光诱捕效果最好。

对苯二甲酸双核稀土冠醚配合物的合成、表征及荧光性能的研究

在乙腈介质中,除水剂原甲酸三乙酯存在下,合成了以Eu(Ⅲ),Eu(Ⅲ) La(Ⅲ),Eu(Ⅲ) Gd(Ⅲ)为中心,以冠醚(18 C 6)及对苯二甲酸为配体的同核铕及其铕 镧、铕 钆异核稀土配合物,并对其进行了元素分析、红外光谱分析及荧光性能的测定和研究。发现空腔较大的18 C 6不仅可以与半径大的La3+离子配位,还可以与半径小的Eu3+和Gd3+离子配位。非荧光的La(Ⅲ),Gd(Ⅲ)对Eu(Ⅲ)的发光有较强的敏化作用,桥联配体对苯二甲酸根可有效地传送能量。与大多数铕配合物不同,所研究的配合物的5D0→7F0跃迁强度非常高。

菌肥与有机无机肥配施对石灰性土壤生化作用强度和微生物数量的影响

通过小区试验,采用完全随机区组设计,研究了不同施肥处理[不施肥(CK)、施化肥(NP)、施有机肥(M)、施有机肥+化肥(M+NP)、施有机肥+化肥+菌肥(M+NP+B)]对石灰性土壤生化作用强度和微生物数量的影响,为有机肥与菌肥在石灰性土壤培肥改良和农业生产上的应用提供科学依据。结果表明,总体上,所有施肥处理的土壤生化作用强度、微生物数量均高于对照。对于土壤氨化、固氮化作用强度,所有含有机肥处理均高于化肥处理,其中M+NP+B处理最高,在玉米生育中后期效果更明显。对于土壤硝化作用强度,所有含有机肥处理均高于化肥处理,其中M+NP处理最高,M+NP+B处理次之,该处理在玉米生育中后期效果更明显。总体上,M+NP+B、M+NP处理纤维素分解作用强度高于M处理,三者都高于NP处理。总体上,所有含有机肥处理的微生物数量均高于化肥处理,其中细菌数量以M处理最高,真菌数量以M+NP+B处理最高。

水动力作用对污染物在河流水沙两相中分配的影响研究进展

通过总结近年来有关水动力作用对河流中泥沙吸附/释放重金属、磷等污染物影响研究成果,分析了水流紊动强度和流速对污染物在河流水沙两相中分配的影响规律。当水流紊动强度较低时,泥沙主要以床沙形式存在,泥沙对污染物的吸附/释放速率和强度较低;随着紊动强度增大,水沙界面切应力随之增大并促使泥沙悬浮,污染物与悬浮泥沙颗粒接触面积增大,使得泥沙对污染物的吸附/释放速率和强度显著增加。流速对污染物在水沙两相间分配的影响较为复杂。泥沙静止时,流速的增大会减小边界层厚度,增大水体溶解氧含量、氧化还原电位等参数,并使污染物在水体里的扩散由分子扩散转变为以紊动扩散为主,增强污染物在水-沙界面的交换通量,对污染物在水沙两相间的分配产生影响;随着流速进一步增大,床沙逐渐起动、悬浮,此时除上述因素外,泥沙运动状态、悬浮颗粒间碰撞强度、悬浮物的絮凝等均会对泥沙吸附/释放污染物产生影响,由于影响因素较多,作用机制复杂,目前关于泥沙运动对污染物在水沙两相间分配的影响所得结论仍存在分歧。相应的机理研究及数学模型的建立均做了较大简化。综观当前的研究成果,水沙运动及其化学生物过程等对污染物在河流水沙两相中的分配作用机理和耗氧有机物、有毒有机物等污染物与泥沙的作用机理是这一领域的未来研究重点。

实现规划识别的一种贝叶斯网络

基于规划识别中的规划分层模型,利用单元素集树状网络和单连通网络两种算法,提出了一种求解规划识别问题的贝叶斯网络,该网络以图形的模式表示了规划识别中的因果信息,体现了代理的目的和行为之间的连接概率分布.并以一个实例说明了该网络中结点之间的信息传播过程,表明了使用该网络来求解规划识别问题的可行性.

简论人类造貌营力

在人类活动已成为一种造貌营力的现代 ,地貌环境 (特别是城市地貌环境 )的演变和发展已成为一种“自然—人文”过程 .探讨了人类造貌营力的性质、及其对自然地貌的作用方式和强度 .在此基础上 ,分析了影响人类造貌营力的人文因素 ,并简要地介绍了对人类造貌营力研究和评价的构想 .

15种中药材抑菌效果及机理的研究

研究了１５种中药材对微生物生长的影响，用琼脂扩散法和菌落计数法测定了所选药材与引发疾病的常见微生物之间的关系。结果表明：试验的１５种中药材均具有抑菌和杀菌作用，并表现出各种药剂作用能力的相对强度。证实了测试药材的应用价值并为进一步开发提供了实验依据。

裂缝吸水对泥页岩强度的影响

从物理化学作用和力学作用两个方面分析了裂缝吸水后对泥页岩强度的影响。由于泥页岩粘土矿物具有吸水特征,并遇水软化和水化膨胀。从泥页岩微观结构分析了水分子进入岩体基质后降低矿物颗粒间的相互胶结作用,并建立了含水量对泥页岩黏聚力和内摩擦角关系。进一步从力学角度研究水分子进入裂缝对裂纹尖端的颗粒施加液压使颗粒受到拉伸应力,从而使微裂纹起裂,并结合岩石力学、细观断裂力学理论计算出初裂强度。与实验结果进行对比得出相关结论。

江苏城乡规划建设:集约型发展的新选择

2009年11月,江苏省人民政府转发了江苏省住房和城乡建设厅《关于推进节约型城乡建设工作的意见》,明确了全省节约型城乡建设的总体要求、重点工作、政策措施,标志着集约型城乡规划建设的核心理念不再仅仅停留于学术探讨的层面,而成为政府致力推动的策略与行动,实现了从理论探索到付诸实践的跨越。本文在研读国际、国内城市发展转型背景的基础上,结合江苏人居发展的历史辉煌、当代基础和约束挑战,针对构建21世纪人居家园的"HOME"目标,提出江苏应该走集约型城市化道路,加快推进集约型城乡规划建设,并提出总体工作思路和近期行动方案。

快速力量训练负荷的确定

确定适宜的训练负荷是力量训练的核心,力量训练中负荷所涉及的任何一个变量发生变化都会影响力量训练的效果。采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,重点探讨快速力量训练中负荷强度的范围,并以举重、乒乓球项目为例,分析不同项目快速力量训练负荷强度特征。并对最大功率法负荷强度的确定、快速力量训练中的动作速度、练习的重复次数和组数、组间间歇等变量进行分析和评述,旨在丰富快速力量训练理论,为训练实践提供理论参考。