Wind dynamic environment and wind-sand erosion and deposition processes on different surfaces along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway,China

The Dunhuang–Golmud railway passes through different deserts in arid areas,especially drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi.The near-surface wind environment and wind-sand transport process vary due to different external factors,such as topography,vegetation,and regional climate,resulting in evident spatial differences in surface erosion and deposition.Consequently,the measures for preventing wind-sand hazards will differ.However,the mechanism and control theory of sand damage remain poorly understood.In this study,we used meteorological observation,three-dimensional(3D)laser scanning,and grain-size analysis to compare and evaluate the spatial distribution of wind conditions,sand erosion and deposition patterns,and grain composition in the drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway in China.Results show that the annual mean wind speed,the frequency of sand-driving wind,and the drift potential of sandy-gravel Gobi are higher than those of drifting-sand desert,indicating a greater wind strength in the sandy-gravel Gobi,which exhibits spatial heterogeneity in wind conditions.The major sediment components in sandy-gravel Gobi are very fine sand,fine sand,and medium sand,and that in drifting-sand desert are very fine sand and fine sand.We found that the sediment in the sandy-gravel Gobi is coarser than that in the drifting-sand desert based on mean grain size and sediment component.The spatial distributions of sand erosion and deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi and drifting-sand desert are consistent,with sand deposition mainly on the west side of the railway and sand erosion on the east side of the railway.The area of sand deposition in the drifting-sand desert accounts for 75.83%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.032 m;while the area of sand deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi accounts for 65.31%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.028 m,indicating greater deposition amounts in the drifting-sand desert due to the presence of more fine sediment components.However,the sand deposition is more concentrated with a greater thickness on the embankment and track in the sandy-gravel Gobi and is dispersed with a uniform thickness in the drifting-sand desert.The sand deposition on the track of the sandy-gravel Gobi mainly comes from the east side of the railway.The results of this study are helpful in developing the preventive measures and determining appropriate selection and layout measures for sand control.

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County

Wind and sand control by an oasis protective system: a case from the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, China

Wind and sand control are important factors in combating desertification and protecting oases.An oasis protective system can provide these benefits,but quantitative research on protection effects has been lacking to date.This research describes an oasis protective system in the southeastern border of the Tengger Desert.The system consists of a sand barrier belt,a shrub and herbaceous plant belt,and a farmland shelter belt.The system was compared to a bare dunes area as the control zone.The study investigated windproof effect,sediment transport,and erosion through field observations.Results showed that the roughness of the shrub and herbaceous plant belt,farmland shelter belt,and sand barrier belt were increased compared with bare dunes.The shrub and herbaceous plant belt provided the highest windproof effect values for the same wind velocity measurement height,and the windproof effect values for different protective belts were as follows:shrub and herbaceous plant belt>farmland shelter belt>sand barrier belt.The sand barrier belt provided effective wind and sand control at heights from 0 to 50 cm above the ground.The total sediment transport for each protective belt is as follows:bare dunes>sand barrier belt>shrub and herbaceous plant belt>farmland shelter belt.The sediment transport decreased exponentially as the height increased.In the bare dunes and protective systems,the sediment transport is mainly within 30 cm of the ground surface.The wind erosion intensity for this protective system was as follows:bare dunes>sand barrier belt>shrub and herbaceous plant belt>farmland shelter belt.This research offers quantitative evidence for how oasis protective systems can effectively intercept sand and prevent erosion in oases.The results of this study can be applied in similar regions.

Aeolian Activities and Protective Effects of Artificial Plants in Re-vegetated Sandy Land of Qinghai Lake,China

Land desertification and aeolian activity are currently the greatest threats to alpine ecological environments and are also the primary challenges of desertification control and ecological restoration projects.Afforestation of sandy lands around the Qinghai Lake in China has effectively controlled the desertification of this watershed.However,certain issues remain which challenge its overall success,including lack of diverse biological species and poor theoretical understanding of aeolian processes,such as controlling wind-sand flow in relation to complex alpine ecological factors.Therefore,to help improving afforestation techniques,this research focused on Hippophae rhamnoides,Salix cheilophila,Pinus sylvestris,Populus simonii and Artemisia desertorum vegetation implanted in the mobile dunes on the eastern shore of Qinghai Lake.Aeolian transport characteristics and annual changes to community ecological factors from 2010–2016 were monitored in comparison with uncontrolled sand dunes.Based on simultaneous observations using gradient anemometers and sand samplers,it was found that the aeolian activities exhibited the following features:1)In re-vegetated lands,the logarithmic growth of wind speed was disrupted by the wind speed amplification in the middle and high layers and wind speed reduction in the low layers,while vegetation had significant wind-breaking(>37%)and sand-fixing(>85%)effects in 2016.2)Wind speeds in re-vegetated lands and mobile dunes showed a linear correlation,especially in lower layers of H.rhamnoides and S.cheilophila,while sand transport in re-vegetated land increased linearly or exponentially with increasing wind speed.3)The four artificial shrubs and forests had greater sand deposition with intensities of 280–860 t/(ha·yr),largely concentrated during winter and spring which accounted for 60%–85%of the annual cycle,while A.desertorum experienced significant root undercutting;and 4)Intensity of aeolian activity in re-vegetated lands,except for A.desertorum,was significantly negative with respect to plant growth structure,community cover,topsoil moisture,and regional precipitation.Overall,these five sand-binding species produced optimistic wind-sand protection effects for the alpine sandy lands,which relied on the plants’physical disturbance of wind-sand flow during the early stages of community development.In comparison,H.rhamnoides and S.cheilophila individually maintained stable wind-sand protection effects,while P.sylvestris and P.simonii were better in mixing with other shrubs and herbs to achieve a comprehensive ecological system for future control of aeolian activity.

兰新高速铁路开孔挡风墙周围沙粒沉积与侵蚀特征数值模拟研究

设置在路基上的挡风墙起到了有效防风作用,但是由于其阻碍作用,对路基造成了严重的积沙危害。因此,基于Fluent欧拉双流体模型,对兰新高速铁路沿线既有下部开孔挡风墙周围风沙两相流运动特性进行数值模拟研究,得到挡风墙周围的流场分布规律以及沙粒沉积与侵蚀特征。结果表明:随着来流风速的增大,路堤迎风侧坡脚处的漩涡强度逐渐衰弱直至消失;路堤背风侧漩涡整体位置往背风侧方向移动,且漩涡涡量增加,导致沙粒反向侵蚀区域增加;迎风侧边坡处的沙粒沉积区域逐步减小,沙粒侵蚀区域逐步增加;北侧线路逐渐出现侵蚀区域,而风速对南侧线路沉积侵蚀区域的变化影响较小。在强风地区,布设挡风墙时应考察线路上风向的地表情况,地表松散、沙源丰富时宜同时采取防沙治沙措施,以达到减缓线路积沙危害的目的。

模拟降雨条件下坡度和降雨强度对桂南崩积体侵蚀产沙的影响

[目的]探究坡度和降雨强度对崩岗崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙特征的影响,为桂南地区崩积体水土流失预测及其防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)和降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙过程。[结果]各坡度条件下,60 mm/h降雨强度时,崩积体坡面侵蚀速率变化过程较为稳定,且侵蚀速率多低于5.0 g/(m^(2)·s),并呈现出一定的下降趋势;90~120 mm/h降雨强度下,侵蚀速率呈先波动增大后波动减小的变化趋势。降雨过程中侵蚀速率最大值随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,侵蚀速率最大值出现的时间集中在0~25 min内,且随坡度的增大有提前的趋势。次降雨产沙量(3.64~48.07 kg/m^(2))随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,与降雨强度和坡度之间的非线性回归结果(幂函数)优于线性回归结果。次降雨产沙量与坡度和降雨强度的交互项相关性最为显著,二者呈极显著线性函数关系。[结论]次降雨产沙量对降雨强度的敏感系数要高于对坡度的敏感系数,降雨强度对次降雨产沙量的影响强于坡度,崩积体侵蚀防治中建议做好坡面排水措施。

黄骅港航道风后骤淤快速预测方法及应用研究

黄骅港航道维护常年受大风淤积困扰,由于风后淤积情况不明,难以快速有效地开展应急维护疏浚工作。基于黄骅港航道骤淤与大风过程之间的强相关性,提出预测黄骅港航道大风淤积分布及淤积量的快速预测方法,采用大量实测数据结合数值模拟构建拟合数据集,从而建立大风淤积快速预报模型及预报系统。以两次实测大风过程及其淤积数据为例,对提出的预测方法进行了验证。结果表明预测结果精度较高,可为黄骅港航道风后应急疏浚提供参考。

定量评价中国北方粉尘源区地表覆盖类型对表土风蚀强度的影响

根据中国北方不同地表覆盖类型下表土的微团粒粒度分布和粗糙度长度参数,应用DPM模型分别计算了高草覆盖下、低草覆盖下、开垦耕地、砂砾质戈壁、砾质戈壁和裸露沙地在不同摩擦速度时的跃移通量。结果表明,裸露的粉细砂和细砂的跃移通量分别是砂砾质戈壁的几十倍;只有在极高风速条件下低草和高草覆盖下的砾质砂地才出现风蚀,其跃移通量与前面几种覆盖类型存在着1—2个数量级的差异。不同覆盖条件下地表可蚀性组分粒度分布和粗糙度长度的差异是造成风蚀强度差异的主要原因。在此基础上,从风蚀机制讨论了中国北方第四纪粉尘和现代粉尘的主要源区。

青海共和盆地土壤风蚀的^(137)Cs法研究(Ⅱ)——^(137)Cs背景值与风蚀速率测定

通过对高寒草原背景值样点(RS7)的分析,将共和盆地的137Cs背景值含量确定为(2691.78±196 08)Bq·m-2,基本接近北半球137Cs背景值的平均水平,其137Cs剖面满足尖峰分布函数,与公认的理论分布(即负指数分布)相比,呈现出峰值下移和曲线趋平的现象,可能与近几十年来137Cs的稳定下渗有关。应用137Cs背景值剖面分布函数,建立了风蚀速率的137Cs估算模型,估算出四个样方的土壤风蚀速率,并由此转化为区域风蚀速率,计算出共和盆地区域土壤风蚀速率为12 556t·hm-2·a-1,通过蚀积平衡检验,其误差水平小于10%。并分析了风蚀物的输出途径及其所占比例。

天山北麓黄土环境磁学特征及其古气候意义

新疆黄土-古土壤序列环境磁学参数的变化机理及其气候意义仍存在争议.本文选择天山北麓的中梁黄土剖面,系统开展了低温和常温下环境磁学参数的测试与研究,测量包括室温的磁化率与饱和磁化强度,以及磁化率与饱和剩余磁化强度的低温变化.结果发现,该剖面黄土和古土壤样品的磁性矿物主要由磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿组成,不含任何粒级成壤形成的超顺磁矿物颗粒,其磁化率信号主要记录了粉尘磁性矿物含量变化,较高的磁化率指示较强的风动力状况或者较近的风尘源区,新疆黄土的这种环境磁学"风尘输入模式"可用来重建干旱区的风动力强弱变化.

黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带坡面降雨分析

为探明黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的降雨特点,进而为该地区开展土壤侵蚀、开发利用降雨及地表径流的研究提供科学依据,该文对黄土高原六道沟流域5a(2006-2010年)雨季的坡面降雨进行了分析。采用BoxCarPro4.3软件对降雨数据在时间轴上进行分割,分割时间间隔分别为3、5、10min和1h,分析了六道沟流域雨季的坡面雨强、降雨历时及降雨量的分布。结果表明,3、5、10min和1h时间间隔的最大雨强分别为2.2、2.08、1.68和0.7mm/min,各时间间隔5a内雨季所有降雨历时的平均雨强分别为0.12、0.09、0.06和0.03mm/min。随着单位时间间隔的增加平均降雨强度降低,各时间间隔的小雨强发生概率远高于大雨强发生概率。3min时间间隔雨强大于1mm/min、5min时间间隔雨强大于1mm/min、10min时间间隔雨强大于0.8mm/min以及1h时间间隔雨强大于0.4mm/min发生的概率分别为0.4%、0.2%、0.2%和0.1%。降雨历时小于30min的降雨事件占总降雨事件的近50%;降雨历时在2h以上的降雨事件约占总降雨事件的23%,其中降雨历时大于12h的降雨事件只占总降雨事件的2.6%。降雨量小于等于1mm的降雨事件占年均雨季降雨事件的近50%,但其总降雨量不足年均降雨量的7%;降雨量大于20mm的降雨事件年均5次,其降雨量占年均雨量超过20%。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的坡面降雨特征。

新型高分子材料固沙抗风蚀的风洞模拟实验

新型高分子材料在防沙固沙、改善生态环境建设中有非常重要的作用。以自行研制的新型高分子固化材料SH为研究对象,对其固结层与风蚀量的关系进行了风洞模拟试验研究。试验结果表明,SH可以固沙,固沙后抗风蚀能力强,研究结果为指导现场施工提供了依据。

基于风洞模拟的荒漠草原不同放牧强度抗蚀特征比较

以内蒙古高原荒漠草原亚带短花针茅草原为研究对象,在长期随机区组放牧试验地(对照样地CK、轻度放牧LG、中度放牧MG、重度放牧HG的放牧强度分别为0,0.93,1.82,2.71只羊/hm^2)取原状土样,并进行室内风洞吹蚀试验,研究荒漠草原放牧强度与风蚀速率的定量关系及估测不同放牧强度荒漠草原风蚀总量。结果表明:不同放牧强度处理区的群落结构特征差异显著(p<0.05),但土壤结皮和0—5cm深度土壤粒径组成仅粘粒含量差异显著,其他粒径组成无显著差异(p>0.05);不同放牧强度处理区风速风蚀速率方程有较好的指数拟合,HG和MG区的方程拟合系数R^2大于LG和CK区,且表征风速敏感性的参数B随着放牧强度的增加,从CK的0.15增加到HG区的0.21,表明在放牧条件下,风蚀速率对风速增加更加敏感;风蚀率与风速和放牧强度具有极显著的正相关关系(r=0.601和r=0.563,p<0.01),与盖度和高度具有极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.544和r=-0.535,p<0.05);基于试验区2年的小气象站数据和土壤风蚀方程,短花针茅草原年均风蚀量在110~680t/(km^2·a)之间,随着放牧强度的增大,单位面积年均风蚀量逐渐增加,CK处理区年均风蚀量为115.24t/(km^2·a),大约为HG区风蚀量648.95t/(km^2·a)的17%,MG区和LG区分别是重度放牧区的60%和23%。

不同砾石覆盖度床面蚀积过程的野外风洞实验研究

野外风洞实验表明,砾石床面具有捕沙和过沙的双重功能,砾石床面的输、阻性质是不同覆盖度与风动力耦合的结果。当砾石盖度小于20%时,床面基本以风蚀作用为主;当砾石覆盖度在30%～50%时,低风速条件下(<10 m/s),床面以强烈风积作用为主,高风速条件下(>12 m/s),床面以强烈风蚀为主,其间[(10～12)m/s]床面趋于蚀积平衡状态;当砾石覆盖度大于60%时,随着风速的增大,床面蚀积量变化不大。研究结果可应用于莫高窟顶沙砾质戈壁的风沙防治,为风沙工程增添新的思路和新技术。

北京市平原区农田土壤蚀积特征分析

采用野外观测、风洞模拟和实验室分析等手段,对北京市平原区土壤风蚀和大气降尘两种自然过程共同作用下的农田土壤蚀积状况及其对土壤理化性质的影响问题进行了研究。结果表明,2009年研究区农田土壤风蚀强度为0.64t/hm2,风蚀物颗粒以粒径在20～80μm的尘粒为主;大气降尘强度为1.00t/hm2,降尘颗粒以粒径在10～50μm的尘粒为主。降尘强度大于土壤风蚀强度,农田地表以沉积为主,强度约为0.36t/hm2.a。降尘粒径比风蚀物粒径明显偏细,长期的蚀积作用导致土壤粒度组成变细。降尘中重金属元素的含量明显大于土壤和风蚀物中的含量,长期沉积作用导致土壤中重金属元素的累积。

敦煌莫高窟顶几种典型床面蚀积量变化过程的初步观测

通过对莫高窟窟顶自然和人工床面的风蚀、输导及堆积沙量变化的野外监测,初步观测结果表明:在偏西风作用下,自然状况下的戈壁床面阻截了来自鸣沙山40%的沙量,其余60%的沙量进入窟区;而偏东风又可将偏西风、偏南风作用下沉积于窟顶90%的沙量吹回到鸣沙山边缘。床面阻、输性质与沙源供给状况密切相关。沙源丰富时,风沙流以较饱和形式输送,易形成输沙床面性质;沙源匮乏时,风沙流多以不饱和形式输送,形成阻沙-输沙床面性质。砾石直径较大(>4cm)的床面主要呈现堆积性质,对偏西的风沙流阻滞功效比较明显,每100m阻沙率可达45%;偏东风作用下,每100m阻沙率可达19%;而砾石直径较小(1cm)的床面,主要以风沙输沙功能为主,是一个非堆积搬运床面。

土壤凝结剂沙障防沙机理的风洞模拟实验研究

模型按 1 :1 0比例设计 ,在 7m/s、1 5 m/s和 2 0 m/s的实验风速下 ,对不同浓度土壤凝结剂处理的沙障模型进行风洞实验 ,测定其蚀积状况。实验结果表明 :抗风蚀强度以 40 %浓度处理的固沙模型最强 ,2 0 %最弱 ,但 30 %浓度防风蚀效果较为实用。积沙状况与浓度关系不明显 ,水平放置与坡面 ( 30°)放置时均以 1× 1 m规格的沙障积沙最多 ,1 .5× 1 .5 cm次之 ,2×2 cm最差。风速在障前受阻减弱 ,而后沿流速方向在沙障间逐渐增大 ,在第二格上方障埂处出现最大值 ,障后逐渐减速 ,直至障高 1 0倍处趋于稳定。障前、障后风速降低是引起障前、障后积沙的主要原因 ,也是土壤凝结剂沙障的防沙机理。

干旱荒漠区斑块状植被空间格局及其防沙效应研究进展

斑块状植被相对稳定的空间格局是其适应环境的结果,也是干旱区植被存在的主要形式。干旱荒漠区植被对土壤风蚀的防护功能不仅与盖度、高度有关,而且与植被空间格局有关。以往的研究多侧重于植被盖度和高度对防护功能的影响,而对植被格局影响防沙效应的研究相对薄弱。干旱区斑块状格局的植被能否防沙、防沙效应如何一直是防沙治沙工程研究中的焦点问题。综述了干旱区斑块状植被空间格局特征、形成演化及防风固沙效应等方面的研究进展,提出未来应借助3S技术手段和模型模拟方法,加强对斑块状植被空间格局与风蚀风积过程的互馈关系、斑块动态的驱动因素和斑块状植被格局防沙功能的尺度效应研究。

土壤凝结剂沙障防风固沙实验研究

在 7m/s、15m/s和 2 0m/s的实验风速下 ,对不同浓度土壤凝结剂处理的沙障模型进行风洞吹蚀实验。实验结果表明 :抗风蚀强度以 4 0 %浓度处理最强 ,2 0 %最弱 ,但 30 %浓度防风蚀效果较为实用。在乌兰布和沙漠东北缘绿洲边缘的流动沙丘 ,采用较为适用的 30 %浓度的土壤凝结剂进行 1m× 1m ,1 5m× 1 5m ,2m× 2m等 3种不同规格沙障喷洒实验 ,通过对风速、粗糙度、风沙流结构特征值 ,以及沙障的蚀积状况进行调查 ,其结果表明 ,各种规格的沙障中 ,1m× 1m的沙障性能最好 ,1 5m× 1 5m次之 ,2m× 2m最差。沙丘不同部位沙障的抗蚀力不同 。

建筑屋盖表面及其周围积雪分布研究

准确预测建筑屋盖表面和建筑周围的积雪空间分布形式是防止雪灾发生的重要手段。基于Euler-Euler方法,假定空气相和雪相均为连续相,运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 17.0,采用Mixture多相流模型和k-kl-ω湍流模型模拟了立方体周围和高低屋盖表面的风致雪漂移。首先采用四组网格,以立方体为研究对象进行网格无关性验证;随后模拟了立方体周围风场并比较了迎风中线的平均风压系数,结果显示k-kl-ω湍流模型与实测结果吻合较好;最后模拟了立方体周围和高低屋盖表面的积雪分布并与实测和风洞试验结果进行了对比,侵蚀、沉积趋势一致。