Causative bacteria of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit in Bahrain:Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility pattern

BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)is defined as pneumonia that occurs two calendar days following endotracheal intubation or after that.It is the most common infection encountered among intubated patients.VAP incidence showed wide variability between countries.AIM To define the VAP incidence in the intensive care unit(ICU)in the central gove-rnment hospital in Bahrain and review the risk factors and the predominant bacterial pathogens with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.METHODS The research was a prospective cross-sectional observational study over six months from November 2019 to June 2020.It included adult and adolescent patients(>14 years old)admitted to the ICU and required intubation and mechanical ventilation.VAP was diagnosed when it occurred after 48 h after endotracheal intubation using the clinical pulmonary infection score,which considers the clinical,laboratory,microbiological,and radiographic evidence.RESULTS The total number of adult patients admitted to the ICU who required intubation and mechanical ventilation during the study period was 155.Forty-six patients developed VAP during their ICU stay(29.7%).The calculated VAP rate was 22.14 events per 1000 ventilator days during the study period,with a mean age of 52 years±20.Most VAP cases had late-onset VAP with a mean number of ICU days before the development of VAP of 9.96±6.55.Gram-negative contributed to most VAP cases in our unit,with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter being the most identified pathogen.CONCLUSION The reported VAP rate in our ICU was relatively high compared to the international benchmark,which should trigger a vital action plan for reinforcing the implementation of the VAP prevention bundle.

Risk factors and antibiotic resistance of pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND:With beta-lactam drugs and immunosuppressants widely used,the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii(Ab) has become more and more serious with multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(MDRAb) emerging and worsening rapidly.Compared with other patients,the incidence and multidrug resistance of MDRAb are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) because of immune deficiency,severe basic diseases,prolonged hospitalization and invasive operations.Hence it is significant to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence of MDRAb in children.METHODS:A total 115 patients with MDRAb pneumonia and 45 patients with negative MDRAb(NMDRAb) pneumonia who had been treated from January 2009 to August 2011 were studied retrospectively at the PICU of Wuhan Children's Hospital.Clinical data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Logistic regression.RESULTS:In 176 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated,there were 128 strains of MDRAb,accounting for 72.73%.Drug susceptibility tests showed that the resistance rates of β-lactam antibiotics were more than 70%except for cefoperazone sulbactam.The rates to carbapenems were higher than 90%.They were significantly higher than those of NMDRAb.Amikacin,levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin and minocycline had the lowest drug-resistance rates(<20%).Multivariate Logistic regression revealed that ICU stay,the time of mechanical ventilation,anemia,hypoproteinemia and the use of carbapenems were independent risk factors for MDRAb pneumonia.CONCLUSIONS:MDRAb is an important opportunistic pathogen to pneumonia in PICU,and its drug-resistance is severe.It increases significantly the mortality of patients.It is important to take the effective prevention measures for controlling it.

Antimicrobial resistance pattern in ventilator-associated pneumonia in an intensive care unit of Babol, northern Iran

Objective:To investigate antibiotic resistance pattern of ventilator-assiated pneumonia (VAP) generating microorganisms,and quantitative culture and determining antibiotic sensitivity.Methods:This cross sectional study was performed on 50 patients suffering from VAP in intensive care unit of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital,Babol,Iran during 2014-2015.VAP was probable for them based on clinical signs and the criteria of Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score standards.Lower respiratory samples were given under bronchoalveolar lavage and quantitative culture was done on them.Afterwards by microdilution method,minimal inhibitory concentration based on respective microorganisms,considering clinical pulmonary infection score were determined.Results:From 50 investigated samples in this study,the most common microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (A.baumannii) (70%) then Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%),Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (3%).In our study A.baummannii showed approximate 100% resistance to all antibiotics,in a way that A.baumannii resistance to imipenem and meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam each was 97.1%.The most resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 66.7% to each cefepime and ceftazidime and clavulanate/ticarcillin.Staphylococcus aureus showed 75% resistance to nafcillin,cloxacillin and resistance in case of vancomycin was not seen.Conclusion:In current study,A.baumannii had the most prevalence among VAP and this species is resistant to most of antibiotics.Using ceftazidime,cefepime and clavulanate/ticarcillin,in treatment of the patients suffering VAP is not reasonable.

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in an Intensive Care Unit

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence, etiologic agents and mortality rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In a six-month period, cases who were 18 years or older, dependent on mechanical ventilator for more than 3 days and without pulmonary infection on first admission were included in this study. In all cases, body temperature recordings, blood and urine culture, microbiological analyses of endotracheal aspirates, and chest X-rays were obtained and used to identify VAP. Apache II scores on admission, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality were recorded. This study included 45 cases and 22 developed VAP (48%). The incidence of VAP was 25.34 per 1000 ventilator days. Univariate analyses showed that duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, coma and tracheotomy were associated with the development of VAP. The mortality rate of cases with VAP (72.7%) was significantly higher than cases without VAP (39.1%). The most frequent microorganisms were Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In our study, VAP was a very common and important complication of mechanical ventilation and mortality was very high. To reduce mortality, minimize morbidity, shorten the length of stay, and reduce costs, defined risk factors for VAP should be recognized and an effective infection control program for the prevention of VAP should be implemented. Surveillance results should be evaluated regularly and necessary precautions should be taken.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital,Indonesia

Objective:To evaluate the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit(ICU) of a tertiary care of Falmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia.Methods:A cross sectional retrospective study of bacterial pathogen was carried out on a total of 722 patients that were admitted to the ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia during January 2009 to March 2010. All bacteria were identified by standard microbiologic methods,and(heir antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method.Results:Specimens were collected from 385 patients who were given antimicrobial treatment,of which 249(64.68%) were cultured positive and 136(35.32%) were negative.The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(26.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)(15.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(14.9%).P.aeruginosa isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalexin(95.3%),cefotaxime(64.1%),and ceftriaxone(60.9%).Amikacin was the most effective(84.4%) antibiotic against P.aeruginosa followed by imipenem(81.2%),and meropenem(75.0%).K.pneumoniae showed resistance to cephalexin(86.5%),ceftriaxone(75.7%),ceftazidime(73.0%),cefpirome(73.0%) and cefotaxime(67.9%),respectively.Conclusions:Most bacteria isolated from ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia were resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins,and quinolone antibiotics.Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pallerns is very important for setting orders to guide the clinician in choosing empirical or directed therapy of infected patients.

Prevention of stress-related ulcer bleeding at the intensive care unit: Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis

Stress-related mucosal disease is a typical complication of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit(ICU). It poses a risk of clinically relevant upper gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding. Therefore, stress ulcer prophylaxis(SUP)is recommended in high-risk patients, especially those mechanically ventilated > 48 h and those with a manifest coagulopathy. Proton pump inhibitors(PPI) and, less effectively, histamine 2 receptor antagonists(H2RA) prevent GI bleeding in critically ill patients in the ICU. However, the routine use of pharmacological SUP does not reduce overall mortality in ICU patients. Moreover, recent studies revealed that SUP in the ICU might be associated with potential harm such as an increased risk of infectious complications, especially nosocomial pneumonia and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Additionally, special populations such as patients with liver cirrhosis may even have an increased mortality rate if treated with PPI. Likewise, PPI can be toxic for both the liver and the bone marrow, and some PPI show clinically relevant interactions with important other drugs like clopidogrel. Therefore, the agent of choice, the specific balance of risks and benefits for individual patients as well as the possible dose of PPI has to be chosen carefully. Alternatives to PPI prophylaxis include H2 RA and/or sucralfate. Instead of routine SUP, further trials should investigate risk-adjusted algorithms, balancing benefits and threats of SUP medication in the ICU.

Device-associated infection rates, mortality, length of stay and bacterial resistance in intensive care units in Ecuador: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium's findings

AIM To report the results of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium(INICC) study conducted in Quito, Ecuador.METHODS A device-associated healthcare-acquired infection(DAHAI) prospective surveillance study conducted from October 2013 to January 2015 in 2 adult intensive care units(ICUs) from 2 hospitals using the United States Centers for Disease Control/National Healthcare Safety Network(CDC/NHSN) definitions and INICC methods. RESULTS We followed 776 ICU patients for 4818 bed-days. The central line-associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI) rate was 6.5 per 1000 central line(CL)-days, the ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) rate was 44.3 per 1000 mechanical ventilator(MV)-days, and the catheterassociated urinary tract infection(CAUTI) rate was 5.7 per 1000 urinary catheter(UC)-days. CLABSI and CAUTI rates in our ICUs were similar to INICC rates [4.9(CLABSI) and 5.3(CAUTI)] and higher than NHSN rates [0.8(CLABSI) and 1.3(CAUTI)]- although device use ratios for CL and UC were higher than INICC and CDC/NSHN's ratios. By contrast, despite the VAP rate was higher than INICC(16.5) and NHSN's rates(1.1), MV DUR was lower in our ICUs. Resistance of A. baumannii to imipenem and meropenem was 75.0%, and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin and piperacillin-tazobactam was higher than 72.7%, all them higher than CDC/NHSN rates. Excess length of stay was 7.4 d for patients with CLABSI, 4.8 for patients with VAP and 9.2 for patients CAUTI. Excess crude mortality in ICUs was 30.9% for CLABSI, 14.5% for VAP and 17.6% for CAUTI. CONCLUSION DA-HAI rates in our ICUs from Ecuador are higher than United States CDC/NSHN rates and similar to INICC international rates.

Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection severity in patients hospitalised in medical intensive care

AIM:To describe and analyse factors associated with Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)severity in hospitalised medical intensive care unit patients.METHODS:We performed a retrospective cohort study of 40 patients with CDI in a medical intensive care unit(MICU)at a French university hospital.We include patients hospitalised between January 1,2007and December 31,2011.Data on demographics characteristics,past medical history,CDI description was collected.Exposure to risk factors associated with CDI within 8 wk before CDI was recorded,including previous hospitalisation,nursing home residency,antibiotics,antisecretory drugs,and surgical procedures.RESULTS:All included cases had their first episode of CDI.The mean incidence rate was 12.94 cases/1000admitted patients,and 14.93,8.52,13.24,19.70,and8.31 respectively per 1000 admitted patients annually from 2007 to 2011.Median age was 62.9[interquartile range(IQR)55.4-72.40]years,and 13(32.5%)were women.Median length of MICU stay was 14.0d(IQR 5.0-22.8).In addition to diarrhoea,the clinical symptoms of CDI were fever(>38℃)in 23 patients,abdominal pain in 15 patients,and ileus in 1 patient.The duration of diarrhoea was 13.0(8.0-19.5)d.In addition to diarrhoea,the clinical symptoms of CDI were fever(>38℃)in 23 patients,abdominal pain in 15 patients,and ileus in 1 patient.Prior to CDI,38patients(95.0%)were exposed to antibiotics,and 12(30%)received at least 4 antibiotics.Fluoroquinolones,3rdgeneration cephalosporins,coamoxiclav and tazocillin were prescribed most frequently(65%,55%,40%and 37.5%,respectively).The majority of cases were hospital-acquired(n=36,90%),with 5 cases(13.9%)being MICU-acquired.Fifteen patients had severe CDI.The crude mortality rate within 30 d after diagnosis was 40%(n=16),with 9 deaths(9 over 16;56.3%)related to CDI.Of our 40 patients,15(37.5%)had severe CDI.Multivariate logistic regression showed that male gender[odds ratio(OR):8.45;95%CI:1.06-67.16,P=0.044],rising serum C-reactive protein levels(OR=1.11;95%CI:1.02-1.21,P=0.021),and previous exposure to fluoroquinolones(OR=9.29;95%CI:1.16-74.284,P=0.036)were independently associated with severe CDI.CONCLUSION:We report predictors of severe CDI not dependent on time of assessment.Such factors could help in the development of a quantitative score in ICU’s patients.

Outcome prediction value of National Early Warning Score in septic patients with community-acquired pneumonia in emergency department: A single-center retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND:To evaluate the accuracy of National Early Warning Score(NEWS)in predicting clinical outcomes(28-day mortality,intensive care unit[ICU]admission,and mechanical ventilation use)for septic patients with community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)compared with other commonly used severity scores(CURB65,Pneumonia Severity Index[PSI],Sequential Organ Failure Assessment[SOFA],quick SOFA[qSOFA],and Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis[MEDS])and admission lactate level.METHODS:Adult patients diagnosed with CAP admitted between January 2017 and May 2019 with admission SOFA≥2 from baseline were enrolled.Demographic characteristics were collected.The primary outcome was the 28-day mortality after admission,and the secondary outcome included ICU admission and mechanical ventilation use.Outcome prediction value of parameters above was compared using receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curves.Cox regression analyses were carried out to determine the risk factors for the 28-day mortality.Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and compared using optimal cut-off values of qSOFA and NEWS.RESULTS:Among the 340 enrolled patients,90 patients were dead after a 28-day follow-up,62 patients were admitted to ICU,and 84 patients underwent mechanical ventilation.Among single predictors,NEWS achieved the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC)curve in predicting the 28-day mortality(0.861),ICU admission(0.895),and use of mechanical ventilation(0.873).NEWS+lactate,similar to MEDS+lactate,outperformed other combinations of severity score and admission lactate in predicting the 28-day mortality(AUROC 0.866)and ICU admission(AUROC 0.905),while NEWS+lactate did not outperform other combinations in predicting mechanical ventilation(AUROC 0.886).Admission lactate only improved the predicting performance of CURB65 and qSOFA in predicting the 28-day mortality and ICU admission.CONCLUSIONS:NEWS could be a valuable predictor in septic patients with CAP in emergency departments.Admission lactate did not predict well the outcomes or improve the severity scores.A qSOFA≥2 and a NEWS≥9 were strongly associated with the 28-day mortality,ICU admission,and mechanical ventilation of septic patients with CAP in the emergency departments.

Comparison of the Use of Conventional and Antibiotic-Coated Tracheal Tubes and EVAC on the Incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most important hospital infections in hospitalized patients, which is associated with increased mortality and patient costs. The tracheal tube itself seems to be a major risk factor for VAP. Contaminated secretions pass through the endotracheal tube and reach the lungs. Also, bacteria form a bacterial biofilm on the tracheal tube and are transferred from there to the lungs. Different tracheal tube designs have been produced to overcome these cases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of an Evac tracheal tube covered with antibiotics and normal on the incidence of pneumonia caused by the ventilator. Research method: 180 patients were randomly intubated in three groups of 60 people with three types of tracheal tubes, Evac and Bactiguard. Clinical examinations, endotracheal tube aspiration culture, and chest radiography were obtained from the patients and the incidence of VAP was calculated based on the CPIS standard. The relationship between the type of endotracheal tube and the incidence of VAP and the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and being discharged alive from the ICU were investigated. Findings and conclusions: The average incidence of VAP for the group of patients intubated with a conventional tracheal tube was 50%, EVAC was 45% and Bactiguard was 40%. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the incidence of ventilator-induced pneumonia and the type of tracheal tube. The incidence of ventilator-induced pneumonia was not significantly reduced by suctioning subglottic secretions and Bactiguard tracheal tubes. It seems that using one method alone is not effective in reducing ventilator-induced pneumonia.

针对性气道护理对重症监护室患者舒适度与呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的探讨针对性气道护理模式在重症监护室(ICU)患者中的应用效果。方法选择2021年1月—2022年12月医院120例ICU患者,按组间基线资料可比的原则将其分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组采用针对性气道护理。观察两组患者护理干预前、护理干预5 d后的呼吸状况及舒适度,比较其康复进程、导管堵塞情况及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况。结果观察组患者护理干预5 d后的PaO_(2)水平高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PaCO_(2)水平低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者护理干预5 d后的Kolcaba舒适状况量表(GCQ)评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者机械通气时间及ICU治疗时间分别为6.50±1.08 d和7.84±1.50 d,短于对照组的7.22±1.36 d和8.68±1.74 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者机械通气期间的导管堵塞程度较对照组轻,且VAP发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针对性气道护理模式可改善ICU患者呼吸状况及舒适度,缩短康复进程,并可减轻患者机械通气治疗期间导管堵塞程度,降低VAP发生率。

新生儿重症监护病房肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染暴发事件的调查与防控

目的调查一起在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)发生的肺炎克雷伯菌(KP)医院感染暴发事件,评价控制措施实施效果,为医院感染防控提供依据。方法采用流行病学调查和环境卫生学监测方法对2020年6-8月在NICU检出KP的患者进行原因分析并采取控制措施。结果14例检出KP的患者中,9例医院感染,KP引发的医院感染例次率高于3-5月(P<0.05)。84份环境卫生学标本,2份标本检出KP。采取综合性与针对性控制措施后,复查未检出KP,9-11月医院感染例次率显著下降(P<0.05)。结论本次事件推测为外源性的KP定植于电热烧水器托盘,经由医务人员手或水杯等物品直接或间接接触传播。通过查找感染源,采取集束化、针对性干预策略,有效控制医院感染的蔓延。

某医院ICU老年患者VAP病原菌检测及药敏结果分析

目的 探究重症监护室(ICU)患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布情况以及相关药敏试验情况,为后续为患者制定有效且针对性控制措施提供依据。方法 选择本医院2020年04月-2023年04月ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎患者51例作为研究对象,对其痰液标本展开病原菌检测以及相关药敏检测,并对其病原菌的分布情况以及相关药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 在51例重症监护室VAP患者中共分离出78株病原菌,其中,革兰阴性菌有59株(75.64%),居前5位的依次为鲍曼不动杆菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,铜绿假单胞,大肠埃希菌,阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌有5株(6.41%),占比最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌有4株(80.00%);以及真菌共有14株(17.95%)。对于肺炎克雷伯菌而言,常用的抗生素可选择哌拉西林/他唑巴坦复方制剂、头孢唑林、头孢他啶;鲍氏不动杆菌对多数抗生素均有较高的耐药性,其中排首位的为美罗培南(84.21%)、其次为左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟和头孢他啶,均占73.68%;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药性相较而言较高;大肠埃希菌对大部分抗生素均有较好的耐药性,如头孢类药物,其耐药性可高达100%,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、克林霉素具有一定的耐药性。结论 在重症监护室呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌中占比最高的为革兰阴性菌鲍曼不动杆菌,其对多数药物均有较高的耐药性,各个病原菌对抗生素的耐药性不同,临床应当根据病原菌检测的药敏结果为患者选择合适的抗生素予以治疗,以保证患者病情稳定,促进其恢复。

ICU患者肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的特点、新型诊断及治疗方案研究进展

肺炎克雷伯菌(Kp)在重症监护室(ICU)中引起的血流感染(BSI)近年来因发病率和病死率的惊人上升而引起人们的关注。随着患者的增加以及大量研究的开展,目前临床上对ICU内Kp-BSI的特点有了更加深入的探究,而且宏基因组二代测序技术、微滴式数字PCR以及机器学习等新型病原学诊断技术的发展,为ICU内Kp-BSI病原学诊断开辟了新的视野。同时,新型抗生素的研发以及多种治疗措施的改进和实施有望降低ICU内Kp-BSI患者的病死率。故本文就ICU-Kp-BSI的发生特点、新型的诊断和治疗手段进行综述,并对今后研究方向进行展望,旨在为临床诊治ICU-Kp-BSI提供新思路。

新生儿三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染的危险因素研究

目的分析本地区重症监护病房患儿发生三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2023年6月郑州市妇幼保健院新生儿科临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌的标本分布情况及抗菌药物耐药情况,依据肺炎克雷伯菌药敏情况将患儿分组,分为三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染患儿(38例)记为耐药组、三代头孢菌素敏感肺炎克雷伯菌感染患儿(100例)记为敏感组。收集所有纳入分组的研究对象临床资料,包括性别占比、出生日龄(<3/≥3 d)、分娩方式(顺产/剖宫产)、是否早产、住院时间(<7 d/≥7 d)、机械通气时间(<5 d/≥5d)、是否有置管史、是否有碳青霉烯类抗生素用药史。比较两组临床资料差异情况,将有差异项采用Logistic回归方程进行计算,分析新生儿重症监护病房患儿三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染的危险因素。结果耐药组与敏感组患儿性别、出生日龄、分娩方式数据比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);是否早产、住院时间、机械通气时间、置管史、碳青霉烯类抗生素用药史情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将相关有差异的因素带入Logistic回归方程计算发现,早产、住院时间≥7 d、机械通气时间≥5 d、有置管史、有碳青霉烯类抗生素用药史均是新生儿重症监护病房患儿发生三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染的危险因素。结论新生儿重症监护病房患儿发生三代头孢菌素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染的危险因素主要包括早产、住院时间≥7 d、机械通气时间≥5 d、有置管史、有碳青霉烯类药物治疗史,孕产妇在住院期间临床需予以更多关注,积极预防,保证新生儿生命安全。

呼吸重症监护室患者感染耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌和死亡危险因素分析

目的探究呼吸重症监护室患者感染耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)的感染和死亡危险因素。方法选择某三甲医院2021年10月至2022年4月呼吸重症监护室住院患者93例,分为CRKP组43例和对照组50例,根据出院情况将CRKP组分为生存组12例和死亡组31例进一步分析。将对照研究中有意义的因素纳入Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,探究CRKP感染危险因素和死亡危险因素。结果性别、慢性肾脏疾病、中心静脉置管时间、机械通气时间、留置导尿管时间、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和C反应蛋白(c-reactive protein,CRP)均与CRKP感染相关(P<0.05);CRP、IL-6和脓毒血症与CRKP感染后死亡相关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,机械通气时间、ALT是CRKP感染的独立危险因素;脓毒血症是CRKP感染后死亡的独立危险因素。结论CRKP感染患者死亡率较高;正确识别CRKP感染的独立危险因素,有助于CRKP的管理,进而降低患者死亡率。

老年重症肺炎患者重返ICU原因及预后的影响因素

目的探讨老年重症肺炎患者重返ICU原因及其预后影响因素分析。方法选择2020年1月至2023年4月收治的300例老年重症肺炎,所有患者首次ICU治疗后病情均好转并转至普通病房治疗,其中有19例患者因病情加重重返ICU,其余281例患者未重返ICU。观察2组患者年龄、性别比、输血、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统-II(APACHEⅡ)评分、ICU监护时间、合并症、转出后发生误吸、转出后发生谵妄及咳嗽无力等临床情况,以分析患者重返ICU的影响因素。统计重返ICU患者预后情况,对比死亡患者与生存患者临床资料,分析其预后影响因素。结果重返ICU及未重返ICU患者输血、ICU监护时间、转出前APACHEⅡ评分、合并糖尿病、转出后发生误吸及谵妄情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,老年重症肺炎患者重返ICU的独立危险因素为:转出前APACHEⅡ评分、ICU监护时间、合并糖尿病、转出后发生误吸、转出后发生谵妄(P<0.05);死亡患者与生存患者重返ICU时APACHEⅡ评分、总ICU监护时间、合并糖尿病、转出后发生误吸及转出后发生谵妄情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响老年重症肺炎重返ICU患者预后的独立危险因素为:重返ICU时APACHEⅡ评分、总ICU监护时间、合并糖尿病、转出后发生误吸及谵妄(P<0.05)。结论老年重症肺炎患者重返ICU原因及重返ICU患者预后的影响因素复杂,临床上需高度重视对高APACHEⅡ评分、ICU监护时间长、合并糖尿病、转出后发生误吸、谵妄患者的治疗和干预,尽可能减少重返ICU现象,并改善重返ICU患者预后。

重症监护室机械通气患者应用中药口腔冲洗预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的 分析重症监护室(ICU)机械通气患者应用中药口腔冲洗预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法 选取2022年7月至2023年6月浙江省温州市中心医院收治的ICU机械通气患者160例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各80例。对照组给予囊上引流,观察组给予中药口腔冲洗联合囊上引流。两组均干预1周。比较两组干预前后呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况、血气指标[动脉血氧饱和度(SaO_(2))、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))、pH值]、乳酸水平。结果 观察组呼吸机相关性肺炎总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,两组SaO_(2)、PaO_(2)、pH值水平较干预前升高,PaCO_(2)水平较干预前降低,且观察组SaO_(2)、PaO_(2)、pH值水平高于对照组,PaCO_(2)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,两组乳酸水平较干预前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 ICU机械通气患者应用中药口腔冲洗后口呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率降低,血气指标改善。

建立梯度提升机模型预测RICU机械通气并发呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的短期预后

目的构建梯度提升机(GBM)模型预测呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)机械通气患者并发呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的短期预后情况。方法回顾性分析RICU收治的350例机械通气并发VAP患者的临床资料,根据随访结局将患者分为死亡组(n=110)和生存组(n=240),筛选影响其预后的危险因素。按8∶2比例将患者随机分为训练集280例和验证集70例,采用R语言4.2.1软件构建GBM预测RICU机械通气并发VAP患者的短期预后模型并评价模型的预测效能。结果年龄、机械通气时间、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、血清降钙素原水平、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及序贯器官衰竭评估(SOFA)评分是RICU机械通气并发VAP患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05)。基于上述影响因素构建的GBM模型在训练集中的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)为0.926(95%CI:0.894,0.958),敏感度为85.4%、特异度为86.2%,在验证集中的AUC为0.880(95%CI:0.779,0.980),敏感度为85.7%、特异度为86.4%;校准曲线显示,GBM模型的预测概率与实际发生率基本一致;决策曲线分析显示,训练集和验证集的阈概率分别在0.10~0.98、0.10~0.80。结论基于年龄、机械通气时间、CRP水平、血清降钙素原水平、APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分构建的GBM模型对RICU机械通气并发VAP患者的短期预后情况有较好的预测价值。