Relationship between Inter Canine Width and Inter Alar Width, Inter Commissural Width, and Inter Canthal Distance: A Pilot Study

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between inter canine width (ICW) and inter alar width (IAW), inter commissural width (ICoW), and inter canthal distance (ICaD) in Bantu population. Materials and Methods: It was a pilot study included all participants who were aged at least 18 years, without a history of orthodontics treatment from Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Kinshasa. The Ethics committee of the National Center of Research for Dental Sciences in DR Congo approved the study protocol (CNRSB 1504.218). The participants medical records were obtained from the interview and dental examination. Nature of the study was explained with participant information sheet, and an informed consent of all participants was obtained. The inclusion criteria were no missing maxillary and mandibular teeth, no diastema, and no anterior restorations, 18 years old before enrollment in the study. The exclusion criteria were inability to meet the above requirements, pregnancy, and refusal to participate in the study. The inter-canine width (ICW), inter alar width (IAW), inter canthal distance (ICaD) and inter-commissural width (ICoW) of each participant were measured with a digital Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, UK Ltd.,) (0.01 mm) three times and the average value was recorded. The inter canthal distance (ICaD) was measured without applying pressure by bringing the recording parts of the caliper just in contact with the medial angle. The inter alar width (IAW) was marked with a fine marked pencil on the widest outer surface of the alae of the nose on either side or width. Those two points were measured without applying pressure by bringing the recording parts of the caliper just in contact with the outer surface. The participant was told to stop breathing shortly to avoid any change in shape of the nose. The inter-commissural width (ICoW) was determined by measuring the maxillary lip vermilion from commissure to commissure without the application of pressure on the tissue in the relaxed state. The inter-canine width (ICW) was measured indirectly using a dental floss. A dental floss was marked on one end prior to placement in the mouth. Using that point as reference, the dental floss was circumference along the curvature of the anterior dentition such that it passed along the contact point of all the teeth. The distal end of the canine teeth on both sides was then marked on the floss while it was stretched in the patients mouth. Floss was marked on both sides with the marker pencil. The distance between the two proximal contact points was measured and recorded. Data, analysis and validation were performed by the SPSS software (version 22.0, IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA). Unpaired t-test was used, of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to test for comparability between socio-demographic characteristics dental measurements. Pearsons correlation coefficients test was calculated to determine the relationship between facial and dental parameters. Significance was set at P 0.01. Results: Of 314 participants enrolled, 202 were included. The age ranged from 18 to 68 years, with a mean age of 40.62 12.99 years. Although the Pearsons correlation coefficients were negative. Ninety-three participants (46%) were men and one hundred and nine (54%) were women. The overall mean age was 40.62 12.99 years. Facial and dental measurements were greater in women than men with significant differences for ICW (p = 0.04). However, no significant difference was seen between men and women for IAW, ICaD and ICoW (p = 0.44, p = 0.23, p = 0.31 respectively). The correlation including Pearsons correlation coefficient and P-values for all participants is not demonstrated. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that IAW, ICaD and ICoW cannot be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary for anterior teeth for edentulous patients.

Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

Inter-Fraction Analysis of One Week Hypo-Fractionation of Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH) Technique for Left Sided Breast Cancer Radiation Treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-fraction variations, patient comfort and knowledge at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH). The differences in set-up that occurred between treatment sessions for the left sided breast patients were observed and recorded. Measurements of routine set-up variation for 24 patients were performed by matching the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the planning computed tomography (CT). Scans of all five fractions per patient were used to quantify the setup variations with standard deviation (SD) in all the three directions (anterior posterior, left right, and superior inferior). The patients DIBH comfort and knowledge was also evaluated. The average translational errors for the anterior posterior (AP, z), left-right (LR, x), and Superior-inferior (SI, y) directions were 0.40 cm, 0.40 cm, and 0.40 cm, respectively. The translation variation of the three directions showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). On comfort and knowledge investigation, among all participants, 80% moderately agreed that the therapist’s instructions for operating the deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) technique were easy to understand, and 63.33% indicated that their comfort with the DIBH technique was neutral or average. The inter-fraction variations in patients with left-sided breast cancer were qualitatively analyzed. Significant shifts between CBCT and planning CT images were observed. The daily treatment verification could assist accurate dose delivery.

基于Inter.iamb-Tabu算法的区域滑坡敏感性评价

确定滑坡敏感性概率的空间分布,可为滑坡防治政策制定和土地利用规划提供科学依据。由于成灾环境的空间差异和滑坡机理的复杂性,基于不同逻辑架构(物理模型、理论模型等)的滑坡敏感性评价针对特定孕灾环境,无法提前确定最优数学评价模型,而基于深度学习法的、融合多种模型的混合算法能较好地解决这个问题。本文以山东省淄博市博山区为研究区域,基于单因素Logistic回归法筛选了滑坡致灾因子,通过频率比法对致灾因子进行了分级;对4种基于贝叶斯网络的改进算法(MMHC、MMPC-Tabu、Fast.iamb-Tabu、Inter.iamb-Tabu)进行验证,引入错误指数确定了建模效果最佳的算法;计算了博山区774570个栅格的滑坡敏感性概率,绘制了博山区滑坡敏感性分布图;基于GIS的空间叠加和栅格计算器功能,对比了各模型的滑坡敏感性评价结果。研究结果表明:(1)基于Inter.iamb-Tabu开展博山区滑坡敏感性建模时效果最佳。该模型包含10个节点(9个致灾因子节点和1个结局节点)、14条有向边。研究区域可划分为极高敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区和极低敏感区,分别占总面积的7.30%(49.80km^(2))、16.50%(112.56km^(2))、26.10%(178.05km^(2))、33.20%(226.49km^(2))和16.90%(115.29km^(2)),分别有67处、22处、7处、2处和1处滑坡位于上述敏感区。(2)MMHC、MMPC-Tabu和Fast.iamb-Tabu模型在训练时易舍弃样本中部分因子的特征信息,以达到模型整体精度最优的目的。研究成果可为山东省淄博市博山区滑坡防治提供理论依据,采用的研究方法同样适用于类似地区。

Long-term and short-term stability characteristics of receiver inter system bias for BDS3/BDS2

The study of inter-system bias(ISB)is important for multi-system fusion and the performance of different signal compatibility.In this paper,the stability of ISB at the BDS3/BDS2 receiver end is calculated and analyzed for different time spans(DOY 060~090 in 2021)from a total of 31 MGEX and iGMAS stations.We adopted two estimation strategies,random walk and constant approach,using the precision products of orbit and clock bias provided by WUM,the influence of which on ISB was also analyzed.Our results showed that the ISB value varied little within a day,and the mean of daily ISB standard deviation was only 0.037 m when the observation condition was good.The signal reception was continuous,indicating a high ISB stability for one day.If extending the time series to one month,however,the ISB standard deviation calculated by constant approach,in which a constant ISB is estimated on a daily basis was about 0.1 m,and the results of adjacent days were not continuous,with no apparent pattern.Concerning the random walk approach,the obtained ISB time series also had a jump,and the conclusion was the same as that of the constant strategy.Besides,receiver types showed a strong regularity in ISB numerical situation,and the distribution of ISB values corresponding to the same receiver type was relatively close.Therefore,we conclude that the ISB parameters remain stable in the short term(one day)and less stable in the long-term period.It is recommended that the ISB term should be set as a constant estimate every day in BDS3/BDS2 solutions,regardless of receiver type consistency.

Tricube Weighted Linear Regression and Interquartile for Cloud Infrastructural Resource Optimization

Cloud infrastructural resource optimization is the process of precisely selecting the allocating the correct resources either to a workload or application.When workload execution,accuracy,and cost are accurately stabilized in opposition to the best possible framework in real-time,efficiency is attained.In addition,every workload or application required for the framework is characteristic and these essentials change over time.But,the existing method was failed to ensure the high Quality of Service(QoS).In order to address this issue,a Tricube Weighted Linear Regression-based Inter Quartile(TWLR-IQ)for Cloud Infrastructural Resource Optimization is introduced.A Tricube Weighted Linear Regression is presented in the proposed method to estimate the resources(i.e.,CPU,RAM,and network bandwidth utilization)based on the usage history in each cloud server.Then,Inter Quartile Range is applied to efficiently predict the overload hosts for ensuring a smooth migration.Experimental results show that our proposed method is better than the approach in Cloudsim under various performance metrics.The results clearly showed that the proposed method can reduce the energy consumption and provide a high level of commitment with ensuring the minimum number of Virtual Machine(VM)Migrations as compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

莱卡公司再度亮相Intertextile,用“新”诠释创新实力

8月30日,中国国际纺织面料及辅料(秋冬)博览会(Intertextile)正式落下帷幕。作为暌违两年的再度回归,The LYCRA Company(以下简称“莱卡公司”)携众多新品强势亮相,重磅推出LYCRA■ ADAPTIV fiber(莱卡■智合智纤)系列新产品。为了满足市场对耐用服装的需求,提供更具尺码包容性、更高舒适度和更强功能的服装。

Critical Success Factors Influencing the Implementation of Sustainable Energy System in Uganda: A Case of Inter-University Council of East Africa Energy Project at the Head Quarters in Kampala, Uganda

The widespread usage of clean and sustainable energy sources is leading to a significant transformation of the world’s energy systems. Over-reliance on only the national grid energy system has made institutions fail to sustain energy systems. The council is only connected to the national grid electricity supply system, with diesel generators as the only alternative, which is unhealthy and unsafe. Surprisingly, even with such alternatives, power shortages have persisted despite government efforts to provide a solution to the shortages by installing numerous off-grid systems. Due to such a situation, the council would construct a sustainable energy system as a remedy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish critical success factors influencing the implementation of a sustainable energy system at the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) Head Quarters, Kampala-Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design was used;a sample size of 84 participants was selected. Questionnaire survey and interview methods were utilized. The study found that the most significant (p < 0.05) critical factors in the implementation of sustainable energy in institutions are;the use of innovative technologies and infrastructure, the use of efficient zero emissions for heating and cooling, integration of renewable energy use in the existing buildings, building and renovating in an energy-efficient way, integrating regional energy systems, improving energy efficiency in the buildings, enhanced zero emission power technologies, energy efficient equipment in place and stakeholder empowerment in energy management. This study concludes that institutions like;the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) need to clearly state policies and actions of energy management. The roles and responsibilities of each member have to be clearly stated while capturing the activities involved in energy conservation, energy security and energy efficiency.

Genetic relationship of interspecies for eight birch species

Genetic relationships of eight species of genus Betula were evaluated using ISSR marks. A total of 236 loci were generated from 17 ISSR primers. Percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) varied from 5.93 to 19.92. The highest and the lowest level of genetic differentiation were detected in B. ovalifolia and B. maximowicziana Regel respectively. In these eight species, genetic diversity of birch (HT) was 24.38 %, and the genetic variation (GST ) interspecies was accounting for 79.36% of total genetic variation. According to the cluster results of genetic distance, the eight species were classified into three groups as B. davurica, B. ovalifolia, B. platyphylla and B. pendula for one group; B. schmidtii, B. costata and B. ermanii Cham. var. communis for one group, and B. maximowicziana Regel for another group. The result of cluster is consistent with traditional morphological classification.

The Inter-Annual Variability of Rainfall Onset and Its Implication on Crop Planting in Selected East Africa Countries

The inter-annual variability of rainfall onset and crop replanting in East Africa (EA) was assessed using daily estimated rainfall data from climate hazard group infrared precipitation (CHIRPS Ver2.0) and monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) indices [Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El-Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at NINO3.4 region] from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The data covered a period of 40 years from1981 to 2020. The methods of cumulative of daily mean rainfall, percentage of onset date departure (PODD), Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test, student t-test, and correlation were applied in the analysis. The results showed that early onset with dry spell (WDS) consideration frequently occurs in Uganda between the first and second dekads of September, while late rainfall onset WDS occurs in the first and second dekads of December over central and Northern Kenya as well as in the Northeastern highlands, parts of the northern coast and unimodal regions in Tanzania. Rainfall onset with no dry spell (WnDS) portrayed an average of 10 days before the occurrence of true onset WDS, with maximum onset departure days (ODD) above 30 days across the Rift Valley area in Kenya and the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. The high chance of minimum ODD is seen over entire Uganda and the area around Lake Victoria. However, few regions, such as Nakuru (Kenya) Gulu and Kibale (Uganda), and Gitega (Burundi), revealed a slight positive linear trend while others showed negative trend. Significant positive patterns for correlation between onset WDS and SST indices (IOD and NINO 3.4) were discovered in Northern and Northeastern Kenya, as well as areas along the Indian Ocean (over Tanzania’s Northern Coast). Inter-annual relationship between onset dates WDS and IOD (NINO3.4) indices exhibits a high correlation coefficient r = 0.23 (r = 0.48) in Uganda and r = 0.44 (r = 0.36) in Kenya. On the other hand, a negative correlation was revealed over Burundi and Tanzania (over a unimodal region). A high percentage of PODD was observed, ranging from 40% to 70% over the Rift Valley in Kenya and at the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. However, a strong PODD above 70% was observed over Tanga and the Northern Pwani Region in Tanzania. These findings will help farmers to understand the appropriate time for crop planting, as well as help other socio-economic activities that strongly depend on rainfall.

Proposing Adjustments to the Dry Season Inter-Reservoir Operation Rules of the Red River System to Improve Water Use Efficiency of the Reservoirs

The Red-Thai Binh River system is an important water resource to the Northern Delta, serving the development of agriculture, people’s livelihood and other economic sectors through its upstream reservoirs and a system of water abstraction works along the rivers. However, due to the impact of climate change and pressure from socio-economic development, the operation of the reservoir system according to Decision No. 740/QD-TTg was issued on June 17, 2019 by the Prime Minister of Government promulgating the Red-Thai Binh River system inter-reservoir operation rules (Operation rules 740) has some shortcomings that need adjustments for higher water use efficiency, meeting downstream water demand and power generation benefits. Through the results of water balance calculation and analysis of economic benefits from water use scenarios, this research proposed adjustment to the inter-reservoir operation during dry season in the Red River system. The result showed that an average water level of 1.0 - 1.7 m should be maintained at Hanoi during the increased release period.

InterTan髓内钉、PFNA内固定术治疗老年不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期失血量对比观察

目的 对比观察老年不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折(UITF)采取股骨近端抗旋髓内钉(PFNA)、InterTan髓内钉内固定术治疗对围手术期失血量的影响。方法 本次总共抽取2020年3月-2022年3月收治的40例老年病例展开研究,均以UITF确诊,对比研究以随机法展开,分为对比组(20例)与分析组(20例)。分析组采取PFNA内固定治疗,对比组采取InterTan髓内钉内固定术治疗。研究结束后对比红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白(Hb)变化水平、手术指标及失血量等数据,以评定效果。结果 研究结束后,两组对比HCT、Hb等水平数据,分析组均高于对比组(P<0.05)。两组对比输血量、手术时间等数据,分析组均少于对比组(P<0.05)。两组对比显性、术中及总失血量等数据,分析组均少于对比组(P<0.05),但2组隐性失血量对比差异较小(P>0.05)。结论 与InterTan髓内钉对比,老年UITF采取PFNA内固定术治疗所致显性、术中及总体失血量相对更少,尽管二者隐性失血量对比差异较小,但因其在总失血量中比重较大,所以还需采取有效措施加以预防和控制。

防旋髓内钉和InterTan固定A3型股骨转子间骨折：生物力学变化的有限元分析

背景:股骨转子间骨折是髋部常见骨折之一,伴随着老年骨质疏松以及高能量伤,骨折线常常下移导致A3型股骨转子间骨折,治疗困难。常见的髓内固定包括股骨近端防旋髓内钉和Inter Tan等,由于其具有较高的稳定性和微创性,得到了广泛的应用。目的:通过有限元分析的方法比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉和InterT an修复股骨转子间A3型骨折的生物力学稳定性。方法:分别建立AO3.1,3.2,3.3型股骨转子间骨折及股骨近端防旋髓内钉和InterT an两种内固定的三维有限元模型,按骨科要求予以固定,观察不同模型股骨、内固定的应力分布,比较股骨及内固定模型不同区域的应力峰值,分析其生物力学稳定性。结果与结论:AO3.1型骨折股骨近端防旋髓内钉组股骨侧应力集中在股骨近端外侧,InterT an组股骨侧应力集中在股骨近端内侧;AO3.2型骨折两种内固定系统股骨侧各个区域均无明显应力集中;AO3.3型骨折股骨近端防旋髓内钉组股骨侧应力集中在股骨近端内侧及内固定远端内侧,InterT an组股骨侧无明显应力集中。6种模型内固定远端应力均集中在内侧,其中股骨近端防旋髓内钉组应力大于InterT an组;内固定远端内外侧应力差值股骨近端防旋髓内钉组大于InterT an组;除股骨近端防旋髓内钉固定AO3.3型骨折外,其余5种模型应力峰值均位于头钉与主钉交叉处内侧。提示AO3.1和AO3.3型骨折中,InterT an比股骨近端防旋髓内钉具有更好的稳定性,AO3.2型骨折中,二者稳定性无明显差异;采用InterT an修复股骨转子间骨折时股骨端应力分布更加合理。

InterTAN治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效的影响因素分析

目的：探讨多因素对于Inter TAN治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效的影响,为其合理治疗提供临床依据。方法：回顾分析2010年4月至2012年10月期间收治的老年股骨转子间骨折115例。回顾期间的5个相关影响因素：致病原因、年龄、骨折类型、手术时机、术后康复。采用Harris评分及患者满意度评价术后疗效。首先进行单因素分析。计数资料、等级分组资料采用χ2检验,将单因素分析后P〈0.05的因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果：随访6~36个月[平均（12.2±4.6）个月]。末次Harris功能评分：52~98分,平均（73.6±10.4）分,依据评判标准结果：优72例,良28例,一般15例,差0例,优良率86.95%。单因素分析,术后疗效不受年龄、致病原因影响。Logistic回归分析：骨折类型系数值=-1.508,P=0.003;手术时机系数值=-1.419,P=0.009;术后康复系数值1.351,P=0.000。结论：股骨转子间骨折使用Inter TAN治疗,临床疗效满意。建议尽早行手术治疗,并进行术后康复锻炼。

Research progress on inter-monthly winter temperature variation in East Asia and climate prediction

近年来,东亚冬季气温的月际间变化十分显著,冬季不同月份或不同阶段之间极端冷暖事件的转折或交替频发.由于月际间变化常常被季节平均掩盖,东亚冬季气候预测面临众多的挑战.因此,亟需研究东亚冬季气温月际间变化的特征和机理,明确其可预测性和预测来源,进而研制考虑月际变化的东亚冬季气温的有效预测方法和预测模型.本文回顾了过去5年对东亚冬季气温月际间变化的主要特征,物理过程,机制,可预测性和预测的研究进展,同时考虑了多个与气温相联系统的变化,包括冬季风,西伯利亚高压,平流层极涡.本文也进一步讨论了未来的研究前景.

颈椎前路减压Inter Fix椎体间融合

目的 观察颈椎前路减压InterFix椎体间融合的稳定性及融合效果。方法 采用前路减压InterFix椎体间融合术治疗颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症 2 7例 ,术后定期摄颈椎X线片检查 ,观察手术椎节的稳定性和融合情况。结果 随访 7～ 19个月 ,术后次日即下床活动 ,手术节段稳定 ,术后 3～ 4个月融合。结论 InterFix颈椎椎体间固定融合技术使施术椎节立即稳定 ,避免了自体植骨引起的并发症 ,可作为颈椎前路减压后椎体间融合的一种方法。

Inter Tan、PFNA在治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折加压作用的对比研究

目的比较Inter Tan和PFNA两种方法治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折加压固定后的加压效果。方法 59例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者随机分为2组,分别给予Inter Tan(n=39例)和PFNA(n=20例)治疗,X线随访2组患者术前、术后即时、术后4周和术后24周时骨折分离距离。结果 Inter Tan和PFNA两种方法治疗患者术前、术后即时和术后24周时骨折分离距离差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是在术后4周时发现PFNA组有20.0%患者有骨折线增宽表现,而Inter Tan组仅为5.1%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 Inter Tan固定系统由于具有双螺钉交锁加压作用,在粗隆间骨折患者骨折复位后二次加压及持续维持加压作用方面,优于PFNA固定系统。

G形臂X线机透视下闭合复位InterTan髓内钉固定治疗股骨近端骨折41例

老年人容易发生股骨近端骨折,包括股骨颈骨折、股骨粗隆骨折、股骨粗隆下骨折。尽管外科技术发展很快,但对股骨近端骨折的固定方式还存在一些争议,大多采用关节置换的方法,效果较好,但可造成较大创伤。近年来有专家认为,对老年股骨颈骨折可选择性的进行关节置换,可采用G形臂X线机透视辅助下闭合复位手术[1]。

Inter Tan系统治疗老年股骨转子间骨折19例

据统计,1990年全球与骨质疏松有关的股骨近端骨折患者约166万,预计2050年可能达到626万,69岁以上老年患者髋部骨折病死率高,其中股骨转子间骨折死亡率约15%～20%〔1〕。为了尽量减少老年患者保守治疗并发症的发生,老年转子间骨折临床上首选内固定治疗,可供选择的内固定方法很多〔2,3〕,但由于老年人骨质的特殊性,现有的内固定器材都很难满足老年患者股骨转子间骨折的治疗需求。新一代股骨近端顺行联合拉力交锁髓内（Inter Tan）系统的问世,给老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗提供了新的途径。本文就应用Inter Tan系统治疗老年股骨转子间骨折进行临床分析。

InterTAN髓内钉治疗不稳定型老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的总结Inter TAN髓内钉治疗不稳定型老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术体会。方法 2011年1月至2014年12月,采用Inter TAN髓内钉intramedullary nail治疗改良EVANS分型Ⅲ~V型老年粗隆间骨折107例,通过分析病历和随访资料,统计手术时间,术中出血量,髋关节功能评分(Harris),骨折愈合时间,总结手术体会。结果本组107例术后平均6.2个月随访,愈合时间平均(10.8±0.6)周;术中发生血管损伤2例,骨折远端骨折2例,1例髋内翻,无螺钉切出,感染,股骨头坏死,骨折不愈合等并发症出现。术后髋关节Harris功能评分为66~97分(平均89±3.2分);56例优,39例良,9例可,3例差。优良率为88.8%。结论 Inter TAN髓内钉治疗不稳定型老年股骨粗隆间骨折具有创伤小、出血少、牢固固定、有效对抗切出的优势,掌握术前精准的解剖复位,术中入针点选择、螺纹导针、克氏针的合理应用,恰当的主钉置入方法是采用Inter TAN髓内钉治疗获得最大受益的保证。