Analysis on Connectivity of Inter-Orbit-Links in a MEO/LEO Double-Layer Satellite Network

As an important scheme of future global mobile satellite communication systems to provide multimedia service, a Double-Layer Satellite Network （DLSN） with MEO satellites and LEO satellites is proposed. The Inter-Orbit-Links （IOLs） between layers is an essential factor, which affects the performances of the DLSN systems. Considering certain constellation parameters, the geometric characteristics of IOLs are described and the connectivity of MEO satellites and LEO satellites in the DLSN is analyzed. By computer simulation, the results show that IOLs should be selectively established according to certain parameters rather than the simple in-sight principle.

Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks

To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example.

Adaptive frame length algorithm for inter-satellite links

In view of the low ranging efficiency of the conventional fixed frame-length algorithm in the inter-satellite link,an adaptive frame-length algorithm is proposed. The frame length is adjusted adaptively according to the results of ranging and velocity measuring to improve ranging efficiency. Buffers which enable the frame length to be selected discretely and adaptively are introduced to avoid frequent hopping of the frame-length.Frame length marker is created to automatically identify the frame-length for frame synchronization procedures in receivers. The feasibility and the validity of the proposed algorithm to improve the efficiency of ranging are verified through both theoretic analysis and simulation,and the efficiency improves up to 88% when there are five buffers. This improvement can be further enhanced by increasing the number of buffers. Proper allocation of inter-satellite buffers is required to make a balance between the ranging efficiency and the system complexity.

Analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)satellite is a small magnetosphere–ionosphere link explorer developed cooperatively between China and Europe.It pioneers the use of X-ray imaging technology to perform large-scale imaging of the Earth’s magnetosheath and polar cusp regions.It uses a high-precision ultraviolet imager to image the overall configuration of the aurora and monitor changes in the source of solar wind in real time,using in situ detection instruments to improve human understanding of the relationship between solar activity and changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.The SMILE satellite is scheduled to launch in 2025.The European Incoherent Scatter Sciences Association(EISCAT)-3D radar is a new generation of European incoherent scatter radar constructed by EISCAT and is the most advanced ground-based ionospheric experimental device in the high-latitude polar region.It has multibeam and multidirectional quasi-real-time three-dimensional(3D)imaging capabilities,continuous monitoring and operation capabilities,and multiple-baseline interferometry capabilities.Joint detection by the SMILE satellite and the EISCAT-3D radar is of great significance for revealing the coupling process of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere.Therefore,we performed an analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D,analyzed the period during which the two can perform joint detection,and defined the key scientific problems that can be solved by joint detection.In addition,we developed Web-based software to search for and visualize the joint detection period of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar,which lays the foundation for subsequent joint detection experiments and scientific research.

Comparison between several satellite constellation schemes for MEO-TDRSS of China

The satellite constellation classes, which are suitable for the medium earth orbit tracking and data relay satellite system （MEO-TDRSS） of China, are investigated. On the basis of the functionality and the traffic distribution characteristic of MEO-TDRSS, the coverage performance and inter-satellite link properties of four different constellation schemes are compared by simulations. Simulation results indicate that the rosette and common-track constellations, whose satellites are distributed on the celestial sphere more uniformly, are appropriate for the implementation of MEO-TDRSS of China.

A Handover Strategy in the LEO Satellite-Based Constellation Networks with ISLs

A new handover strategy named minimal-hops handover(MHH) strategy for the lowearth orbit(LEO) satellite constellations networks equipped with inter-satellite links(ISLs) is proposed.MHH strategy,which is based on the hops of the end-to-end connection paths and makes good use of theregularity of the constellation network topology,can appropriately combine the handover procedure withrouting and efficiently solve the inter-satellite handover issue.Moreover,MHH strategy can providequality of services(QoS) guarantees to some extent.The system performances of the MHH strategy,suchas time propagation delay and handover frequency,are evaluated and compared with that of otherprevious strategies.The simulation results show that MHH strategy performs better than other previoushandover strategies.

一种用于天基低轨卫星网络边缘计算的GA-DDPG卸载算法

低轨卫星网络是第六代移动通信系统(6G)网络的重要组成部分,弥补了地面基站覆盖的盲区.由于星上计算能力和电池容量受限,导致任务出现时延长和能耗高的问题,因此在低轨卫星网络中引入边缘计算,边缘计算的一项关键技术就是计算卸载.针对计算卸载过程中星间环境动态变化和高维动作空间的问题,提出一种基于遗传算法(GA)和深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)的天基低轨卫星网络边缘计算卸载算法——GA-DDPG算法.卫星边缘计算环境的不断变化会导致DDPG奖励稀疏和探索性不足,将GA引入到DDPG算法中,首先,利用GA的选择算子使DDPG算法能够适应不断变化的卫星环境;然后,针对动作空间维度变大导致DDPG算法收敛不稳定的问题,利用GA种群的多样化探索和种群的冗余提升DDPG算法收敛的稳定性.仿真结果表明,GA-DDPG卸载算法能够降低天基低轨卫星网络计算负载,且时延和能耗均低于DDPG卸载算法和GA卸载算法.与DDPG卸载算法相比,GA-DDPG卸载算法还能提升收敛速度和稳定性.

Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Increasing Robustness in Satellite Networks

In low earth orbit（LEO） and medium earth orbit（MEO） satellite networks, the network topology changes rapidly because of the high relative speed movement of satellites. When some inter-satellite links （ISLs） fail, they can not be repaired in a short time. In order to increase the robustness for LEO/MEO satel- lite networks, an effective dynamic routing algorithm is proposed. All the routes to a certain node are found by constructing a destination oriented acyclic directed graph（DOADG） with the node as the destination. In this algorithm, multiple routes are provided, loop-free is guaranteed, and as long as the DOADG maintains, it is not necessary to reroute even if some ISLs fail. Simulation results show that comparing to the conventional routing algorithms, it is more efficient and reliable, costs less transmission overhead and converges faster.

A MEO Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System Constellation Scheme for China

A medium earth orbit （MEO） tracking and data relay satellite system （TDRSS） constellation scheme for China is proposed. This system consists of MEO satellite constellation, inter-satellite links （ISLs） and terrestrial gateway station, which can provide continuous bidirectional data transmission links between low altitude spacecrafls and the terrestrial gateway station in China. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed constellation can cover the global low altitude space sphere and earth surface of China continuously, and has a preferable practical perspective.

Autonomous satellite constellation orbit determination using the star sensor and inter-satellite links data

A method of autonomous orbit determination for a satellite constellation using a star sensor combined with inter satellite links(ISLs) is studied.Two types of simulated observation data,Three-Satellite Constellation ISLs and background stellar observations by a CCD star sensor,are first produced.Based on these data,an observation equation is built for the constellation joint autonomous orbit determination,in which the simulations are run.The accuracy of this method with different orbital determination models are analyzed and compared with regard to the effect of potential measurement errors.The results show that autonomous satellite constellation orbit determination using star sensor measurement and ISLs data is feasible.Finally,this paper arrives at several conclusions which contribute to extending this method to a more general satellite constellation.

Walker-δ星座星间链路的预算分析与仿真

为确定星间链路其他传输耗损以及合理发射功率,首先,在方位角、俯仰角的变化范围较小,平均距离较小和距离变化范围较小的情况下,给出Walker-δ星座星间链路的建立准则。然后,详细讨论星座星间链路的预算分析和自由空间传输耗损及其他传输耗损,并给出这些传输耗损的参考值或求解公式;特别是提出以数据传输速率的数学期望等于额定数据传输速率为条件来确定合理发射功率的方法,并推导数据传输速率方差的计算公式。最后,在仿真算例中,分析Walker 27/3/1星座中星间链路的方位角、俯仰角和距离的变化范围,讨论不同载波频率和不同数据传输速率对星间链路发射功率的影响,并给出了合理的发射功率。

星地SLR和星间链路的BDS-3卫星精密定轨

目前,BDS-3卫星上已全部搭载星间链路设备,可利用星间双向测量数据分离卫星相对钟差和相对几何距离解耦卫星轨道和钟差,再把星间距离作为观测量结合地面测量数据进行星地星间联合定轨。人卫激光测距(SLR)技术不受载波相位模糊度、钟差等因素的影响,数据处理过程相对于GNSS技术的数据处理更简单,可以作为一种独立于GNSS观测技术的测量手段。所有BDS卫星上已搭载激光角反射器,因此本文利用2020年1月北斗星间链路数据及少量SLR数据对11颗BDS-3卫星(MEO/IGSO/GEO)进行联合精密定轨试验。分析结果表明,基于SLR和星间链路的3类轨道类型的BDS-3卫星定轨精度相当,轨道精度径向为4.2 cm,三维精度为30.2 cm;卫星轨道预报12 h和24 h MEO卫星三维精度约40.0 cm,IGSO三维精度优于60.0 cm;GEO卫星三维精度约1.0 m。在精密定轨的同时解算地球自转参数(ERP),由于激光数据量少,极移精度约3.0 mas,日长变化精度为0.35 ms。利用少量SLR观测数据和星间链路测量数据联合可以实现导航卫星的高精度定轨,如果能够对BDS卫星加强激光观测,有助于提升轨道精度,为BDS自主可控空间基准参数解算提供参考。

CCSDS Proximity-1及其在编队飞行小卫星群中的应用

讨论近距离空间链路协议 Proximity- 1的层次结构和传输帧 Version- 3构成 ,分析包括 CCSDS标准包和用户自定义数据的数据业务及定时业务。针对编队飞行小卫星群的星间数据交换和自主测控 ,对 Proximity-

基于Simulink的星间链路信道仿真分析

对星间链路信道统计模型进行了理论分析,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上,设计并实现了一种星间链路仿真模型。该模型充分考虑了星间链路信道中的多普勒频移、卫星星座的周期性引起的自由空间传播衰减,以及链路中存在的干扰、噪声、时延等对卫星通信信号的影响。仿真结果证明了该模型的正确性。

Starlink 星座应用现状及分析

Starlink星座计划是目前全球最具前瞻性和影响力的低轨宽带卫星互联网星座。随着Starlink星座部署规模扩大,其高频次的发射及批量卫星部署,多样化卫星宽带服务提供,全球终端用户的快速增长,以及对军事应用的潜在支持和增强能力等应用潜力逐步显现。首先分析Starlink的在轨运行现状,并将其互联网服务与其他卫星宽带服务提供商进行对比;然后重点研究Starlink星间激光链路的应用特点及技术挑战,探讨Starlink的军事应用现状及演化趋势;最后总结Starlink的综合应用优势及面临的技术挑战,为我国卫星网络设计提供依据。总体而言,巨型LEO星座的建设及其应用不仅是卫星平台的实现,还涉及卫星设计及工业化生产、发射能力支持、星座的运维、卫星组网、地面站配套等一系列的工业链能力集成。

鹊桥中继星-北斗导航卫星的单链路星间自主定轨

星间链路ISL(Inter-Satellite Link)测距测速是导航星座自主定轨的主要数据来源。当星座仅涉及传统二体问题意义下的卫星时,ISL定轨是秩亏的。若引进地月系平动点轨道飞行器,则有望解决扩展星座的自主定轨。本文探讨了联合嫦娥四号的“鹊桥”中继卫星与北斗导航星座的自主联合定轨方法。分别构建了“鹊桥”与北斗混合星座中3类轨道卫星的星间测距单链路,数值分析表明,引入“鹊桥”卫星的定轨法矩阵的条件数约减小3个数量级,大大削弱了法矩阵的病态性。EKF自主定轨的滤波收敛后,除GEO的Z分量外,3类北斗卫星的自主定轨结果均可将初轨误差减小50%,但“鹊桥”中继星的轨道改进程度不如北斗卫星。若以“鹊桥”作为空间基准仅解算北斗导航卫星轨道,GEO定轨精度可达m级。仿真结果可为北斗导航星座星间链路的拓展应用提供一种新思路。

COMPASS卫星网络基于DT-DVTR的路由算法研究

COMPASS卫星网络采用时分的通信体制,其星间链路的两大功能分别为星间精密测量与星间数据分发及境外卫星控制管理。由于受建站范围的限制,国内的注入站对境外卫星不可见时间长达7小时。为了解决这一问题,文中参考了DT-DVTR路由算法,并针对COMPASS星座构型进行改进,提出了适用于COMPASS卫星网络的路由算法。最后,利用真实卫星抽象的仿真模型对该算法进行了验证,仿真结果表明,该算法满足COMPASS卫星网络的测量与数传需求。

面向大规模低地球轨道卫星网络的星间链路连接策略

针对大规模低地球轨道(LEO)卫星网络,提出了2类新型星间链路(ISL)连接策略:Grid-V和Grid+,并对传统的Grid连接策略进行改进。所提策略充分利用了次邻轨和跨邻轨星间链路,Grid-V连接策略舍弃了Grid连接策略的轨内链路,利用次邻轨和跨邻轨的星间链路形成网络拓扑;Grid+连接策略在保留Grid连接策略中的星间链路基础上,允许卫星与同轨道或者次邻轨道卫星建立跨星连接。针对Walker-Delta星座构型的大规模LEO卫星网络,设计了基于所提星间链路连接策略的最短距离路由算法,并分别从几何拓扑和数据包层面对路由进行了系统级仿真,以评估各连接策略的性能。仿真结果表明,在几何拓扑层面,所提策略可以有效减少平均路由跳数与路径切换次数;在数据包层面,所提策略在往返时延及抖动、路径占用率、平均吞吐量等方面具有更好的性能。

星间链路通信收发一体化系统设计

随着卫星制造发射成本的降低以及全球通信需求的增加,低轨星间链路技术成为研究热点;星间链路可将多颗卫星互联,建立具有导航和通信功能的自主运行系统,可靠的通信技术是当前的研究重点;为了适应外太空具有较大多普勒频移的高动态环境,设计了星间链路通信收发一体化系统;发射端采用UQPSK直接序列扩频技术,双通道架构可同时完成不同速率的导航与通信数据的发射,再运用LDPC编码技术提升数据发射速率与稳定性;接收端采用改进的PMF-FFT分段捕获算法与归一化最小和LDPC译码算法,以快速准确捕获星间信息;在FPGA硬件平台经过多次测试,该系统均可在高动态环境下,正确快速捕获到多普勒频移高达±341 kHz的信号,捕获算法时间均可保持在200 ms以内,符合实际应用中的性能需求。

面向6G通信的多层低轨卫星网络路由算法

在面向6G的移动通信网络中,低轨卫星网络(LEO,Low Earth Orbit)运行高度低、时延小,可大范围部署实现全球广域低时延通信。当前低轨卫星星座正朝着多层轨道面发展,多层轨道的跨层链路增加了数据传输路径,但跨层轨间链路的频繁通断,增大了多层LEO网络层间路由选择的难度。为此提出了一种面向6G移动通信的多层LEO卫星网络路由算法。首先建立跨层链路,面向端到端传输时延和可靠性需求,分析影响跨层轨间链路频繁通断的因素,基于LEO卫星网络虚拟位置思想,选择卫星节点对建立可靠跨层链路;然后实现路由选择,基于所建立的跨层星间链路,采用时空演化图模型刻画动态网络拓扑,设计最短路径算法计算最佳传输路径。最后,构建三层卫星网络场景对所提算法进行仿真验证。结果表明,相对于现有方法,所提算法在端到端时延和可靠性均有明显提升。