Data-Driven Heuristic Assisted Memetic Algorithm for Efficient Inter-Satellite Link Scheduling in the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Inter-satellite link(ISL)scheduling is required by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)to guarantee the system ranging and communication performance.In the BDS,a great number of ISL scheduling instances must be addressed every day,which will certainly spend a lot of time via normal metaheuristics and hardly meet the quick-response requirements that often occur in real-world applications.To address the dual requirements of normal and quick-response ISL schedulings,a data-driven heuristic assisted memetic algorithm(DHMA)is proposed in this paper,which includes a high-performance memetic algorithm(MA)and a data-driven heuristic.In normal situations,the high-performance MA that hybridizes parallelism,competition,and evolution strategies is performed for high-quality ISL scheduling solutions over time.When in quick-response situations,the data-driven heuristic is performed to quickly schedule high-probability ISLs according to a prediction model,which is trained from the high-quality MA solutions.The main idea of the DHMA is to address normal and quick-response schedulings separately,while high-quality normal scheduling data are trained for quick-response use.In addition,this paper also presents an easy-to-understand ISL scheduling model and its NP-completeness.A seven-day experimental study with 10080 one-minute ISL scheduling instances shows the efficient performance of the DHMA in addressing the ISL scheduling in normal(in 84 hours)and quick-response(in 0.62 hour)situations,which can well meet the dual scheduling requirements in real-world BDS applications.

Analysis on Connectivity of Inter-Orbit-Links in a MEO/LEO Double-Layer Satellite Network

As an important scheme of future global mobile satellite communication systems to provide multimedia service, a Double-Layer Satellite Network （DLSN） with MEO satellites and LEO satellites is proposed. The Inter-Orbit-Links （IOLs） between layers is an essential factor, which affects the performances of the DLSN systems. Considering certain constellation parameters, the geometric characteristics of IOLs are described and the connectivity of MEO satellites and LEO satellites in the DLSN is analyzed. By computer simulation, the results show that IOLs should be selectively established according to certain parameters rather than the simple in-sight principle.

Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks

To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example.

Adaptive frame length algorithm for inter-satellite links

In view of the low ranging efficiency of the conventional fixed frame-length algorithm in the inter-satellite link,an adaptive frame-length algorithm is proposed. The frame length is adjusted adaptively according to the results of ranging and velocity measuring to improve ranging efficiency. Buffers which enable the frame length to be selected discretely and adaptively are introduced to avoid frequent hopping of the frame-length.Frame length marker is created to automatically identify the frame-length for frame synchronization procedures in receivers. The feasibility and the validity of the proposed algorithm to improve the efficiency of ranging are verified through both theoretic analysis and simulation,and the efficiency improves up to 88% when there are five buffers. This improvement can be further enhanced by increasing the number of buffers. Proper allocation of inter-satellite buffers is required to make a balance between the ranging efficiency and the system complexity.

A Handover Strategy in the LEO Satellite-Based Constellation Networks with ISLs

A new handover strategy named minimal-hops handover(MHH) strategy for the lowearth orbit(LEO) satellite constellations networks equipped with inter-satellite links(ISLs) is proposed.MHH strategy,which is based on the hops of the end-to-end connection paths and makes good use of theregularity of the constellation network topology,can appropriately combine the handover procedure withrouting and efficiently solve the inter-satellite handover issue.Moreover,MHH strategy can providequality of services(QoS) guarantees to some extent.The system performances of the MHH strategy,suchas time propagation delay and handover frequency,are evaluated and compared with that of otherprevious strategies.The simulation results show that MHH strategy performs better than other previoushandover strategies.

LEO/HEO/GEO三层卫星网络层间ISL性能分析

针对现有基于分层体系结构的卫星网络存在覆盖盲区的问题,尤其是难以提供对特定地区或高纬度地区的覆盖服务,提出一种LEO/HEO/GEO三层卫星网络体系结构,在此基础上对三层卫星网络的层间星间链路几何特性进行了分析,并应用STK进行了仿真。仿真结果表明在该三层卫星网络中,GEO层中卫星可24小时不间断地与LEO层及HEO层中所有卫星建立动态层间星间链路。

基于Simulink的星间链路信道仿真分析

对星间链路信道统计模型进行了理论分析,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上,设计并实现了一种星间链路仿真模型。该模型充分考虑了星间链路信道中的多普勒频移、卫星星座的周期性引起的自由空间传播衰减,以及链路中存在的干扰、噪声、时延等对卫星通信信号的影响。仿真结果证明了该模型的正确性。

Starlink 星座应用现状及分析

Starlink星座计划是目前全球最具前瞻性和影响力的低轨宽带卫星互联网星座。随着Starlink星座部署规模扩大,其高频次的发射及批量卫星部署,多样化卫星宽带服务提供,全球终端用户的快速增长,以及对军事应用的潜在支持和增强能力等应用潜力逐步显现。首先分析Starlink的在轨运行现状,并将其互联网服务与其他卫星宽带服务提供商进行对比;然后重点研究Starlink星间激光链路的应用特点及技术挑战,探讨Starlink的军事应用现状及演化趋势;最后总结Starlink的综合应用优势及面临的技术挑战,为我国卫星网络设计提供依据。总体而言,巨型LEO星座的建设及其应用不仅是卫星平台的实现,还涉及卫星设计及工业化生产、发射能力支持、星座的运维、卫星组网、地面站配套等一系列的工业链能力集成。

An analysis method for ISL of multilayer constellation

The multilayer satellite network has high spatial spectrum utilization, flexible networking, strong survivability, and diversified functions. The inter-satellite links(ISLs) and crosslayer ISLs(CLISLs) enable direct communication paths between satellites, which improves the spatial autonomy of the constellation. Due to the existence of perturbation, ISLs are affected for a long time, which impacts reliable inter-satellite transmission. The stability and complexity of ISL establishment are related to the static and dynamic characteristics of range and azimuth. This paper presents a model of ISLs in a perturbed multilayer constellation. Series of theoretical derivation, simulation, and numerical calculation are carried out. A more comprehensive multilayer constellation ISL model is obtained. The work of this paper provides some theoretical foundations for constellation networking research.

Comparison between several satellite constellation schemes for MEO-TDRSS of China

The satellite constellation classes, which are suitable for the medium earth orbit tracking and data relay satellite system （MEO-TDRSS） of China, are investigated. On the basis of the functionality and the traffic distribution characteristic of MEO-TDRSS, the coverage performance and inter-satellite link properties of four different constellation schemes are compared by simulations. Simulation results indicate that the rosette and common-track constellations, whose satellites are distributed on the celestial sphere more uniformly, are appropriate for the implementation of MEO-TDRSS of China.

Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Increasing Robustness in Satellite Networks

In low earth orbit（LEO） and medium earth orbit（MEO） satellite networks, the network topology changes rapidly because of the high relative speed movement of satellites. When some inter-satellite links （ISLs） fail, they can not be repaired in a short time. In order to increase the robustness for LEO/MEO satel- lite networks, an effective dynamic routing algorithm is proposed. All the routes to a certain node are found by constructing a destination oriented acyclic directed graph（DOADG） with the node as the destination. In this algorithm, multiple routes are provided, loop-free is guaranteed, and as long as the DOADG maintains, it is not necessary to reroute even if some ISLs fail. Simulation results show that comparing to the conventional routing algorithms, it is more efficient and reliable, costs less transmission overhead and converges faster.

面向大规模低地球轨道卫星网络的星间链路连接策略

针对大规模低地球轨道(LEO)卫星网络,提出了2类新型星间链路(ISL)连接策略:Grid-V和Grid+,并对传统的Grid连接策略进行改进。所提策略充分利用了次邻轨和跨邻轨星间链路,Grid-V连接策略舍弃了Grid连接策略的轨内链路,利用次邻轨和跨邻轨的星间链路形成网络拓扑;Grid+连接策略在保留Grid连接策略中的星间链路基础上,允许卫星与同轨道或者次邻轨道卫星建立跨星连接。针对Walker-Delta星座构型的大规模LEO卫星网络,设计了基于所提星间链路连接策略的最短距离路由算法,并分别从几何拓扑和数据包层面对路由进行了系统级仿真,以评估各连接策略的性能。仿真结果表明,在几何拓扑层面,所提策略可以有效减少平均路由跳数与路径切换次数;在数据包层面,所提策略在往返时延及抖动、路径占用率、平均吞吐量等方面具有更好的性能。

A MEO Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System Constellation Scheme for China

A medium earth orbit （MEO） tracking and data relay satellite system （TDRSS） constellation scheme for China is proposed. This system consists of MEO satellite constellation, inter-satellite links （ISLs） and terrestrial gateway station, which can provide continuous bidirectional data transmission links between low altitude spacecrafls and the terrestrial gateway station in China. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed constellation can cover the global low altitude space sphere and earth surface of China continuously, and has a preferable practical perspective.

星间链路通信收发一体化系统设计

随着卫星制造发射成本的降低以及全球通信需求的增加,低轨星间链路技术成为研究热点;星间链路可将多颗卫星互联,建立具有导航和通信功能的自主运行系统,可靠的通信技术是当前的研究重点;为了适应外太空具有较大多普勒频移的高动态环境,设计了星间链路通信收发一体化系统;发射端采用UQPSK直接序列扩频技术,双通道架构可同时完成不同速率的导航与通信数据的发射,再运用LDPC编码技术提升数据发射速率与稳定性;接收端采用改进的PMF-FFT分段捕获算法与归一化最小和LDPC译码算法,以快速准确捕获星间信息;在FPGA硬件平台经过多次测试,该系统均可在高动态环境下,正确快速捕获到多普勒频移高达±341 kHz的信号,捕获算法时间均可保持在200 ms以内,符合实际应用中的性能需求。

一种用于天基低轨卫星网络边缘计算的GA-DDPG卸载算法

低轨卫星网络是第六代移动通信系统(6G)网络的重要组成部分,弥补了地面基站覆盖的盲区.由于星上计算能力和电池容量受限,导致任务出现时延长和能耗高的问题,因此在低轨卫星网络中引入边缘计算,边缘计算的一项关键技术就是计算卸载.针对计算卸载过程中星间环境动态变化和高维动作空间的问题,提出一种基于遗传算法(GA)和深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)的天基低轨卫星网络边缘计算卸载算法——GA-DDPG算法.卫星边缘计算环境的不断变化会导致DDPG奖励稀疏和探索性不足,将GA引入到DDPG算法中,首先,利用GA的选择算子使DDPG算法能够适应不断变化的卫星环境;然后,针对动作空间维度变大导致DDPG算法收敛不稳定的问题,利用GA种群的多样化探索和种群的冗余提升DDPG算法收敛的稳定性.仿真结果表明,GA-DDPG卸载算法能够降低天基低轨卫星网络计算负载,且时延和能耗均低于DDPG卸载算法和GA卸载算法.与DDPG卸载算法相比,GA-DDPG卸载算法还能提升收敛速度和稳定性.

面向6G通信的多层低轨卫星网络路由算法

在面向6G的移动通信网络中,低轨卫星网络(LEO,Low Earth Orbit)运行高度低、时延小,可大范围部署实现全球广域低时延通信。当前低轨卫星星座正朝着多层轨道面发展,多层轨道的跨层链路增加了数据传输路径,但跨层轨间链路的频繁通断,增大了多层LEO网络层间路由选择的难度。为此提出了一种面向6G移动通信的多层LEO卫星网络路由算法。首先建立跨层链路,面向端到端传输时延和可靠性需求,分析影响跨层轨间链路频繁通断的因素,基于LEO卫星网络虚拟位置思想,选择卫星节点对建立可靠跨层链路;然后实现路由选择,基于所建立的跨层星间链路,采用时空演化图模型刻画动态网络拓扑,设计最短路径算法计算最佳传输路径。最后,构建三层卫星网络场景对所提算法进行仿真验证。结果表明,相对于现有方法,所提算法在端到端时延和可靠性均有明显提升。

Schmidt算法在导航卫星自主定轨中的应用

针对现有导航卫星自主定轨采用的等效观测Kalman滤波算法精度难以进一步提升的问题,本文将顾及卫星间状态量协方差信息的Schmidt分布式算法应用于自主定轨,给出了逐观测量处理的Schmidt分布式算法测量更新和时间更新计算公式,提出了采用平方根滤波方法解决Schmidt分布式算法用于星间链路定轨时协方差阵非负定问题。仿真和实测数据自主定轨结果表明,相比等效观测分布式滤波算法,本文方法能够有效提升自主定轨精度。

链路及节点多属性融合的低轨卫星网络路由算法

针对低轨卫星网络面对破坏性事件系统性能损失多、通信延迟和丢包率高的问题,提出了基于多属性的低轨卫星网络多路径路由算法。在采用虚拟拓扑方案仿真的低轨卫星星座中,计算源节点与目标节点之间的多条可行路径,该算法融合卫星间链路属性和相邻卫星节点属性构建路径的传输成本模型,自适应调整两类属性对传输成本的影响权重,每颗卫星将路径传输成本的归一化结果作为通过该路径转发报文的概率,并独立进行分布式的路由选择。仿真结果表明,与经典的低轨卫星网络多路径路由算法相比,无论网络负载较大发生拥塞时,还是卫星遭受网络攻击或出现故障时,该算法性能下降缓慢,丢包率和平均端到端延迟更低,且具有良好的负载均衡能力,有效增强了路由的可用性。

一种适用于北斗三号星间扩展用户的定轨算法

针对北斗卫星导航系统星间链路网络扩展服务航天器的精密轨道确定及时间同步需求,提出了基于多项式轨道拟合方法的轨道确定与时间同步算法,克服了传统算法中使用北斗星间链路双向测量数据必须具备初始轨道和钟差等先验信息的约束,可有效拓宽北斗星间链路使用场景。该算法以多项式表达航天器一段时间的轨道和钟差,并使用星间双向测量数据基于最小二乘算法迭代估计多项式系数,从而完成航天器轨道和钟差解算。利用北斗三号星间链路在轨实测数据的试验表明定轨和时间同步精度均在0.12 m以内,有效验证了该算法的正确性。

基于星间链路的天基遥感中继联合调度方法

通过星间链路(Inter satellite link,ISL)实现遥感卫星和中继卫星互联互通,能将天基遥感数据及时落地,缩短遥感反应时间,故对卫星遥感与中继联合调度问题进行研究。在对上述问题进行描述和分析的基础上,以最大化总的任务优先级为目标函数,以可见时间窗、服务时间窗口以及唯一性等为约束条件构建遥感与中继联合调度规划模型。本文设计了基于自适应大规模邻域搜索框架的联合调度优化算法(Adaptive large‑scale neighborhood search based joint scheduling algorithmⅡ,ALNS‑JS‑Ⅱ)。该算法利用任务分配算子将多星调度分解成多个单星并行调度子问题,利用自适应的方法对所有算子进行选择,整个算法实现了遥感调度和中继调度间有效交互。为了验证ALNS‑JS‑Ⅱ算法的有效性,与遥感中继高耦合的自适应大规模邻域索算法(Adaptive large neighborhood search based highly coupled joint scheduling algorithmⅠ,ALNS‑JS‑Ⅰ)及基于自适应大规模邻域搜索的遥感中继分两阶段独立调度算法(Two stage ALNS,Ts‑ALNS)等在多种任务场景下进行对比实验。实验结果表明,ALNS‑JS‑Ⅱ算法相比ALNS‑JS‑Ⅰ算法以及Ts‑ALNS算法在算法求解收益上分别提高4.58%和1.48%,在求解效率上增加20%~30%。ALNS‑JS‑Ⅱ算法对遥感与中继资源联合调度问题有更好的求解能力。