Hierarchical multicast with inter-layer random network coding

To maximize the aggregate throughput achieved in heterogeneous networks, this paper investigates inter-session network coding for the distribution of layered source data. We define inter-layer hierarchical random linear network codes （IHRLNC）, which not only take the flexibility of intersession network coding for layer mixing but also consider the strict priority inherent in the layered source data. Furthermore, we propose the inter-layer hierarchical multicast （IHM）, which performs IHRLNC in the network such that each sink can recover some source layers according to its individu- al capacity. To determine the optimal type of IHRLNC that should be performed on each edge in IHM, we formulate an optimization problem based on 0-1 integer linear programming, and propose a heuristic approach to approximate the optimal solution in polynomial time. Simulation results show that the proposed IHM can achieve throughput gains over the layered muhicast schemes.

冲压发动机燃烧室超声速来流横向喷雾轨迹预测模型及动态特性分析研究

为探究超声速来流下圆柱横向射流轨迹及喷雾动态特性,在宽来流马赫数(Ma=1.50,2.02,3.09)条件下开展了不同喷嘴直径与喷注压力的煤油喷雾试验,通过纹影系统捕捉射流图像并进行外边界拟合与频谱分析。建立了考虑射流前激波效应的穿透深度预测模型,最大与平均相对误差较先前的预测模型分别下降约36%和19.1%。通过快速傅里叶变换分析,发现喷雾所受扰动以低频波为主,同时伴有时间特征较为复杂的波动。本征正交分解分析结果证明,喷雾表面同时存在高低频扰动,但低频波占据主导地位,高频波能量较低可被忽略,对应了快速傅里叶变换分析结果;低频波频率与来流有效韦伯数有关,有效韦伯数增大会使波长减小,当喷雾前端的来流速度差别较小时,频率就会增大。

深度学习在边界层流动稳定性分析中的应用

基于线性稳定性理论(linear stability theory,LST)的e^(N)方法是边界层转捩预测中比较可靠的方法之一。为了将传统LST特征值问题的求解过程大幅度简化和自动化,使用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)在边界层相似性解的LST分析样本集上进行训练,针对流向和横流不稳定性,分别在自然层流翼型和无限展长后掠翼上预测扰动的当地增长率、N因子和转捩位置,结果与标准LST一致性良好;验证了CNN可以将边界层剖面速度型导数信息编码为满足伽利略不变性的标量特征,在翼型边界层中起到了表征压力梯度的作用,在后掠翼边界层中起到了表征横流强度的作用;在CNN对LST特征值预测的基础上,以LST控制方程、边界条件和平凡解惩罚项构造总损失函数来训练内嵌物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,PINN),实现了在不依赖样本的情况下对LST特征函数的准确预测,结果表明PINN可以为LST的特征函数问题提供有效的建模方法。

煤层气藏相对渗透率动态计算方法研究

为获取煤层气藏气水相对渗透率实际变化特征,进一步深化对煤层气藏气水产出规律的认知,构建了结合煤层气藏实时动用情况的煤层气藏相对渗透率动态计算方法。该方法首先通过多煤层全过程耦合流动模型对目标单煤层或多煤层进行产量历史拟合,获得储层和流体的基本物性参数。而后,基于得到的基本物性参数开展煤层气井全生产周期产能预测,同时,根据储层压降漏斗的实时扩展规律对储层参数进行平均化处理,并结合流体的实际运移情况计算煤层气藏气—水相对渗透率曲线。研究结果表明:本文提出的煤层气藏相对渗透率动态计算方法可在对煤层气藏内部动用情况实时定量分析的基础上,动态计算煤层气藏实际气水相对渗透率。通过本文提出的方法计算得到的气相相对渗透率曲线上存在反转点,其反应储层中的解吸气开始稳定、连续的供应。若不考虑储层压降漏斗实际扩展规律,对储层参数进行全域平均,计算得到的煤层气藏气水相对渗透率将偏低。对于多煤层气藏,窜流效应导致的层间流体质量交换和储层压力下降不可忽略,生产3 y时气相窜流量与产气量比值可达0.57,水相窜流量与产水量的比值可达0.69。忽略窜流量条件下计算得到的煤层气藏气水相对渗透率偏低,仅为考虑窜流量条件下的42.89%和24.40%。在煤层气井实际生产过程中,含水饱和度保持在较高值,大于40%,受高含水饱和度的制约,煤层气藏气相相对渗透率值较低,小于0.2。

棒束结构气冷换热的湍流模型适用性评价

高功率空间核电源采用棒束气冷堆具有质量轻等优势,其紧凑的栅格结构以及流动雷诺数(Re)较低的特点会影响堆芯的流动换热规律,采用CFD开展数值分析时需评价湍流模型的适用性。在气体工质棒束结构流动换热实验的基础上,利用ANSYS Fluent建立了试验段的数值模型,针对入口Re在688~2 986之间的实验工况,选择4种湍流模型开展了数值模拟,对比了加热棒包壳温度实验测量值与计算值。结果表明,4种湍流模型计算的棒温整体上均低于实验值,其中转捩SST模型结果与实验值最接近,整体平均偏差为-2.0%,较好地反映了横流等特征,可用于Re在2 000左右的棒束气冷堆芯热工水力数值计算。

基于多特征提取的合成射流涡流控制机理研究

在横流的底部施加倾斜角为60?的合成射流,并采用大涡模拟(LES)对其周期性涡运动过程进行了数值模拟,研究不同激励参数条件下合成射流与横流相互作用涡环结构的产生机理及演变规律。该文首先利用第三代涡识别方法(Liutex矢量法)对流场中涡环的演变过程进行了运动跟踪,并且定量统计合成射流在不同驱动频率(S t=0.25,0.5,0.75,1)和驱动振幅(A0=1,1.5,2,2.5)下涡旋结构的旋转强度和涡核尺度。此外,采用本征正交分解法(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)方法和动态模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)对合成射流特定频率(S t=0.25)及振幅(A0=2.5)下流场速度场进行模态分解,提取影响流场的主特征模态。结果表明:振幅对旋转强度和涡核尺寸大小有正贡献,而频率对旋转强度和涡核尺寸大小有负贡献;合成射流在横流中的涡运动机理可以概括为,在低频低振幅条件下有利于顺时针涡结构的产生,而在高频高振幅条件下有利于逆时针涡结构的产生;基于各阶POD模态的空间结构及频谱特征等特性,流场主特征结构为脱落涡,脱落频率与射流驱动频率一致(S t=0.25)。初级顺时针涡旋结构为涡流控制的主导结构,而每阶模态均为多频耦合;通过DMD对流场信息进行时空解耦,得到了剪切诱导、涡合并等动力特征。多种特征提取方法的结合更有助于合成射流涡流控制机理的深入研究。

高温高速来流条件下扇形喷嘴雾化特性研究

为了探索扇形喷嘴在加力燃烧室应用的可行性,采用Mie散射和PLIF激光测量系统对其在高温高速环境中的雾化特性开展了研究。获得了在不同来流温度、来流马赫数以及燃油流量条件下燃油轨迹变化规律、蒸发距离及气液两相分布特性,并拟合了穿透深度经验公式。试验结果表明:在来流温度850~1 250 K,马赫数为0.15~0.35,燃油流量6~14 g/s的工况下,(1)温度升高,燃油穿透深度减小,蒸发距离变短;(2)马赫数增加,燃油穿透深度减小,蒸发距离变长;(3)燃油流量增加,燃油穿透深度增加,对蒸发距离影响较小;(4)气相燃油分布区约为液相的6倍。

Target Controllability of Multi-Layer Networks With High-Dimensional Nodes

This paper studies the target controllability of multilayer complex networked systems,in which the nodes are highdimensional linear time invariant(LTI)dynamical systems,and the network topology is directed and weighted.The influence of inter-layer couplings on the target controllability of multi-layer networks is discussed.It is found that even if there exists a layer which is not target controllable,the entire multi-layer network can still be target controllable due to the inter-layer couplings.For the multi-layer networks with general structure,a necessary and sufficient condition for target controllability is given by establishing the relationship between uncontrollable subspace and output matrix.By the derived condition,it can be found that the system may be target controllable even if it is not state controllable.On this basis,two corollaries are derived,which clarify the relationship between target controllability,state controllability and output controllability.For the multi-layer networks where the inter-layer couplings are directed chains and directed stars,sufficient conditions for target controllability of networked systems are given,respectively.These conditions are easier to verify than the classic criterion.

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire-arc additively manufactured Al-Cu alloy

Wire-arc additive manufacture(WAAM)has great potential for manufacturing of Al-Cu components.However,inferior mechanical properties of WAAM deposited material restrict its industrial application.Inter-layer cold rolling and thermo-mechanical heat treatment(T8)with pre-stretching deformation between solution and aging treatment were adopted in this study.Their effects on hardness,mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed and compared to the conventional heat treatment(T6).The results show that cold rolling increases the hardness and strengths,which further increase with T8 treatment.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 513 MPa and yield stress(YS)of 413 MPa can be obtained in the inter-layer cold-rolled sample with T8 treatment,which is much higher than that in the as-deposited samples.The cold-rolled samples show higher elongation than that of as-deposited ones due to significant elimination of porosity in cold rolling;while both the T6 and T8 treatments decrease the elongation.The cold rolling and pre-stretching deformation both contribute to the formation of dense and dispersive precipitatedθ′phases,which inhibits the dislocation movement and enhances the strengths;as a result,T8 treatment shows better strengthening effect than the T6 treatment.The strengthening mechanism was analyzed and it was mainly related to work hardening and precipitation strengthening.

基于VOF-DPM的横向射流雾化过程数值模拟

为高效精确模拟航空动力系统的液态燃料横向射流多尺度雾化过程,分别采用离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)、流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)法耦合DPM(VOF-DPM)对横向射流雾化过程进行数值模拟,对比2种模型对横向射流雾化过程的仿真结果,并研究模型转换直径与破碎模型对横向射流雾化过程仿真结果的影响。仿真结果表明:相比DPM,VOF-DPM仿真得到的射流穿透深度更接近试验结果,射流雾化过程更真实,并且能够捕捉到更详细的流场信息;当模型转换直径较小时,不能转换为离散相颗粒的液滴相对较多,这些液滴仍由VOF求解,并阻挡气流导致在其周围产生小涡团;添加破碎模型对射流穿透深度和流场结构几乎没有影响,但导致离散相颗粒继续破碎成更多更小的颗粒。

The Structure of A Turbulent Jet in A Crossflow-Effect of Jet-Crossflow Velocity

A comprehensive numerical study on the three-dimensional structure of a turbulent jet in crossflow is performed. The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio (R) varies in the range of 2 - 16; both vertical jets and inclined jets without excess streamwise momentum are considered. The numerical results of the Standard two-equation k-ε model show that the turbulent structure can be broadly categorised according to the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio. For strong to moderate jet discharges, i.e. R> 4, the jet is characterized by a longitudinal transition through a bent-over phase during which the jet becomes almost parallel with the main freestream, to a sectional vortex-pair flow with double concentration maxima; the computed flow details and scalar mixing characteristics can be described by self-similar relations beyond a dimensionless distance of around 20-60. The similarity coefficients are only weakly dependent on R. The cross-section scalar field is kidney-shaped and bifurcated, vvith distinct double concentration maxima; the aspect ratio is found to be around 1.2. A loss in vertical momentum is ob-served and the added mass coefficient of the jet motion is found to be approximately 1. On the other hand, for weak jets in strong crossflow, i. e. R ≥ 2, the lee of the jet is characterized by a negative pressure region. Although the double vortex flow can stili be noted, the scalar field becomes more symmetrical and no longer bifurcated. The similarity coeffcients are al-so noticeably different. The predicted jet flovv characteristics and mixing rates are well supported by experimental and field dala

Three-Di mensional Computations of Multiple TandemJets in Crossflow

The mixing and merging characteristics of multiple tandem jets in crossflow are investigated by use of the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） code FI,UENT. The realizable k - ε model is employed for turbulent elosure of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical experiments are performed for 1-, 2- and 4-jet groups, tbr jet-tocrossflow velocity ratios of R = 4.2 ～ 16.3. The computed velocity and scalar concentration field are in good agreement with experiments using Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） and Laser Induced Fluorescence （LIF）, as well as previous work. The results show that the leading jet behavior is similar to a single free jet in crossflow, while all the downstream rear jets have less bent-over jet trajectories - suggesting a reduced ambient velocity for the rear jets. The concentration decay of the leading jet is greater than that of the rear jets. When normalized by appropriate crossflow momentum length scales, all jet trajectories follow a universal relation regardless of the sequential order of jet position and the nund）er of jets. Supported by the velocity and trajectory measurements, the averaged maximum effective crossflow velocity ratio is computed to be in the range of 0.39 to 0.47.

Effects of the jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio on a sonic jet into a supersonic crossflow

Numerical investigation of a transverse sonic jet injected into a supersonic crossflow was carried out using large-eddy simulation for a free-stream Mach number M = 1.6 and a Reynolds number Re = 1.38×10~5 based on the jet diameter.Effects of the jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio on various fundamental mechanisms dictating the intricate flow phenomena,including flow structures, turbulent characters and frequency behaviors,have been studied.The complex flow structures and the relevant flow features are discussed to exhibit the evolution of shock structures,vortical structures and jet shear layers.The strength of the bow shock increases and the sizes of the barrel shock and Mach disk also increase with increasing momentum ratio.Turbulent characters are clarified to be closely related to the flow structures.The jet penetration increases with the increase of the momentum ratio.Moreover,the dominant frequencies of the flow structures are obtained using spectral analysis.The results obtained in this letter provide physical insight in understanding the mechanisms relevant to this complex flow

Experimental investigation of crossflow characteristics in multi-jets system at small nozzle-to-plate spacing

To further extend knowledge about the detailed knowledge on the crossflow characteristics in a multi-jets system under a confined space,particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to investigate the flow structures together with the distributions of the mean velocity components for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 6 213 to 13 418,nozzle-to-plate spacing (H/D) varying from 0. 20 to1. 25,respectively. Results show that the crossflow configuration is significantly different from those of large nozzle-to-plate spacing. In addition,a turning point H/D=0.50 is revealed in the profile of the normalized maximum radial velocity which is associated with the heat transfer distribution on the impingement plate.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the vortical structures of an impinging jet in crossflow

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the impinging jet under the influence of crossflow. It has been known that there exist jet shear layer, impingement on the bottom wall, interactions between the induced wall jet and the ambient crossflow in near field. There are few intensive studies of the impinging jet in crossflow at home and abroad due to the complexities of flow, such as the formation and evolution of the vortical structures, interactions among vortices, while researches on the temporal and spatial evolution of these vortical structures can promote the practical applications in environment engineering, hydroelectricity engineering, etc., and provide the basis for flow control and improvement through revealing the inherent mechanism and development of the vortical structures.

Applications of EPSE method for predicting crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary layers

The nth-order expansion of the parabolized stability equation （EPSEn） is obtained from the Taylor expansion of the linear parabolized stability equation （LPSE） in the streamwise direction. The EPSE together with the homogeneous boundary conditions forms a local eigenvalue problem, in which the streamwise variations of the mean flow and the disturbance shape function are considered. The first-order EPSE （EPSE1） and the second-order EPSE （EPSE2） are used to study the crossflow instability in the swept NLF（2）-0415 wing boundary layer. The non-parallelism degree of the boundary layer is strong. Compared with the growth rates predicted by the linear stability theory （LST）, the results given by the EPSE1 and EPSE2 agree well with those given by the LPSE. In particular, the results given by the EPSE2 are almost the same as those given by the LPSE. The prediction of the EPSE1 is more accurate than the prediction of the LST, and is more efficient than the predictions of the EPSE2 and LPSE. Therefore, the EPSE1 is an efficient ey prediction tool for the crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary-layer flows.

Single-jet Spray Mixing with a Confined Crossflow

In order to achieve uniform mixing between spray droplets and crossflow, cold-model experiment of a hollow-cone water spray in an air crossflow is investigated via a numerical simulation. The simulation cases are designed by using the orthogonal design method. The Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is employed for modeling the droplets-crossflow two-phase flow while the realizable k-ε turbulence model is used to describe the turbulence. A new index, mixedness quality, is proposed to assess the overall mixing of the droplets in the crossflow. The simulation results demonstrate that the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) imposes a more significant impact on the spatial distribution than on the size distribution of the droplets. Pairs of CVP with smaller scales are preferable for achieving a better mixing. The influencing factors are listed in the following order in terms of the degree of their impact from the greatest to the least: the Sauter diameter of the initial droplets, the mixing tube diameter, the spray angle, the velocity of the inlet crossflow, and the vertical velocity of the initial droplets. A moderate droplet diameter, a smaller tube diameter, a moderate spray angle, a greater crossflow velocity and a moderate vertical velocity of the droplet are favorable for achieving a higher mixedness quality of the jet spray in a confined crossflow.

On the trajectory of nonturbulent liquid jets in subsonic crossflows at different density ratios

Numerical simulations using volume of fluid(VOF)method are performed to study the impact of liquid-to-gas density ratio on the trajectory of nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflows.In this paper,large eddy simulation(LES)turbulence model is coupled with the VOF method to describe the turbulence effects accurately.In addition,dynamic adaptive mesh refinement method with two refinement levels is applied to refine the size of the cells located at gas-liquid interface.Density ratio is changed from 10 to 5000 while other nondimensional numbers are kept constant.Large density ratios are considered in this paper since they are common in many practical applications such as solution precursor/suspension plasma sprays.Our simulations show that the penetration height,especially in the farfield,increases as the density ratio increases.A general correlation for the jet trajectory,which can be used for a wide range of density ratios,is developed based on our simulation results.

LARGE-SCALE VORTICAL STRUCTURES PRODUCED BY AN IMPINGING DENSITY JET IN SHALLOW CROSSFLOW

The large-scale vortical structures produced by an impinging density jet in shallow crossflow were numerically investigated in detail using RNG turbulence model. The scales, formation mechanism and evolution feature of the upstream wall vortex in relation to stagnation point and the Scarf vortex in near field were analyzed. The computed characteristic scales of the upstream vortex show distinguished three-dimensionality and vary with the velocity ratio and the water depth. The Scarf vortex in the near field plays an important role in the lateral concentration distributions of the impinging jet in crossflow. When the velocity ratio is relatively small, there exists a distinct lateral high concentration aggregation zone at the lateral edge between the bottom layer wall jet and the ambient crossflow, which is dominated by the Scarf vortex in the near field.

Study of shear-thinning/thickening effects on plane Couette-Poiseuille flow with uniform crossflow

The shear-thinning/thickening effects on the plane Couette-Poiseuille flow with a uniform crossflow are studied. The detailed solution procedures for both theo- retical and numerical purposes are given. In order to clarify the difference between the Newtonian flow and the power-law flow, all cases of the plane Couette-Poiseuille flows with uniform crossflows for different power indexes are assigned to the phase diagram in the parameter plane corresponding to the Couette number and the crossflow Reynolds number. The effects of shear-thinning/thickening on the phase diagram are discussed. An important feature of the shear-thinning circumstance distinguished from the shear- thickening circumstance is discovered.