Formability and strengthening mechanism of AA6061 tubular components under solid granule medium internal high pressure forming

A new technological process of tube forming was developed, namely solution treatment → granule medium internal high pressure forming → artificial aging. During this process, the mechanical properties of AA6061 tube can be adjusted by heat treatment to satisfy the process requirements and the processing method can also be realized by granule medium internal high pressure forming technology with the features of convenient implementation, low requirement to equipment and flexible design in product. Results show that, at a solution temperature of 560 ℃ and time of 120 min, the elongation of AA6061 increases by 313%, but the strength and the hardness dramatically decrease. At an aging temperature of 180 ℃ and time of 360 min, the strength and hardness of AA6061 alloy are recovered to the values of the as-received alloy. The maximum expansion ratio（MER） of AA6061 tube increases by 25.5% and the material properties of formed tube reach the performances of raw material.

Heat treatment and granule medium internal highpressure forming of AA6061 tube

The new forming process of AA6061 alloy tube, including solution treatment, granule medium internal high-pressure forming and aging treatment, was developed. The AA6061 alloy tube via heat treatment satisfied the forming requirement, and the granule medium internal high pressure forming method for AA6061 alloy tube was also realized by using convenient implementation with low requirement of equipment and flexible design of product. At a solution temperature of 560℃ and time of 120 min, the elongation of the AA6061 extruded tube increases by 300% and the strength and the hardness dramatically decrease too. Therefore, the AA6061 alloy tube meets the requirement of internal high-pressure forming because of the improvement of formability. The experiments shows that the strength and hardness of AA6061 alloy workpiece recover to that of the as-received alloy at an aging temperature of 180℃ and time of 360 min, and the strength of AA6061 alloy workpiece is equal to the base alloy. The typical parts of convex ring tube, stepped shaft tube and hexagonal tube were successfully produced in lab by using the present forming method. The forming tests show that the maximum expansion ratio(MER) of the AA6061 extruded tube increases by 25.5% and the material properties of formed AA6061 alloy tube reached the performance of as-received alloy.

High-efficiency forming processes for complex thin-walled titanium alloys components: state-of-the-art and perspectives

Complex thin-walled titanium alloy components play a key role in the aircraft,aerospace and marine industries,offering the advantages of reduced weight and increased thermal resistance.The geometrical complexity,dimensional accuracy and in-service properties are essential to fulfill the high-performance standards required in new transportation systems,which brings new challenges to titanium alloy forming technologies.Traditional forming processes,such as superplastic forming or hot pressing,cannot meet all demands of modern applications due to their limited properties,low productivity and high cost.This has encouraged industry and research groups to develop novel high-efficiency forming processes.Hot gas pressure forming and hot stamping-quenching technologies have been developed for the manufacture of tubular and panel components,and are believed to be the cut-edge processes guaranteeing dimensional accuracy,microstructure and mechanical properties.This article intends to provide a critical review of high-efficiency titanium alloy forming processes,concentrating on latest investigations of controlling dimensional accuracy,microstructure and properties.The advantages and limitations of individual forming process are comprehensively analyzed,through which,future research trends of high-efficiency forming are identified including trends in process integration,processing window design,full cycle and multi-objective optimization.This review aims to provide a guide for researchers and process designers on the manufacture of thin-walled titanium alloy components whilst achieving high dimensional accuracy and satisfying performance properties with high efficiency and low cost.

Numerical Simulation and Experiments of Hydroforming of Rectangular-section Tubular Component

In order to reduce high calibration pressure in hydroforming of components with too small radii, a method wasproposed to manufacture automotive hollow components with rectangular shape by relatively lower pressure. Theprocess is simulated and analyzed. It is thought that the friction force between the die surface and tube is a mainreason that high pressure is needed to form small radii. Using the method proposed in this paper, a petal-like sectionshape is first preformed so that the central zones of the four sides of the preform section do not contact with the diesides, thus the tube metal is easy to flow into the transition radii area in calibration stage. Moreover, a positive forcealong the sides is produced by the internal pressure, which is beneficial to overcome the friction force and push thematerial into the radii. Therefore, the pressure for forming the transition radii is greatly reduced and the componentswith small radii can be formed with relatively lower pressure. For the experimental case conducted in this paper, theforming pressure is reduced by about 28.6% than the estimated forming pressure.

Influence of Axial Feeding on Hydroforming of Aluminum Alloy Tubular Part with Rectangular Section

The hydroforming experiment of aluminum tubular part with rectangular section was carried out to investigate influence of axial feeding on thickness distribution and calibration pressure of the corner.Thickness distribution and relation between corner radius and internal pressure were analyzed.The influence of lubricant was discussed.Microstructure and hardness of different region were observed.It is shown that thickness reduction in the transition region between the corner and center region is the biggest.Friction condition has influence both on the thickness distribution and calibration pressure of the corner.As the increase of the axial feeding,the calibration pressure is decreased.There is only little change for the microstructure,but the hardness is increased by 23.3% for the transition region.

Effect of wrinkles on formability in hydroforming a double-diameter aluminum alloy tubular part

An experiment was conducted on hydroforming a double-diameter aluminum alloy tubular part.The influence of loading paths,i.e.the relation between internal pressure and axial feeding,on the forming results was emphasized with fixed total axial feeding length.The loading paths were analyzed together with the corresponding diagram of stress and strain.Two kinds of bursting phenomenon occurred in the experiment.Sound part can be formed whether there are wrinkles or not.It is indicated by the experiment results that the loading path has great effect on the distribution of material during axial feeding.The thickness distribution is more even for the part formed with wrinkles than that without wrinkles.

定形态隧道压力波激扰下车内压力迭代学习控制

同一列车重复通过同一隧道时所产生隧道压力波激扰具有形态相似、变尺度变幅值的特性.针对现有控制策略未考虑这一定形态特性的问题,提出一种基于高阶反馈遗忘迭代学习的控制方法.首先,建立高速列车车内外气压传递数学模型,并利用实测车内外压力数据进行修正与验证;其次,通过控制列车通风设备的阀门来减缓车内压力变化,提出阶反馈遗忘迭代学习控制算法,并设计变幅值和变尺度处理方法;最后,利用实测压力波生成一组定形态的随机压力波,并进行仿真分析.仿真结果表明:在重复定形态的隧道压力波激扰下,高阶反馈遗忘迭代学习控制算法能够使车内压力在第8个迭代周期后1 s变化率基本收敛到200 Pa/s以下,而且均方根误差也在第4个迭代周期后降低到15.0000%以下.

轻质高强异形管件充液压制成形技术

目的针对轻质高强异形管状构件的迫切需求,研发了充液压制成形技术,以在低载荷下成形出具有高强度、大尺寸、小圆角等特征的异形空心薄壁管状构件。方法给出了充液压制成形的力学原理,建立了成形过程压制力计算模型与临界支撑内压理论模型,分析了充液压制成形过程失稳屈曲/起皱规律、圆角充填机理与壁厚分布规律。结果当管材充液压制过程所需的支撑内压为内高压成形压力的1/10~1/20时,就可以避免管坯发生失稳屈曲与起皱,同时使压制力大幅降低。在弯曲与压缩应力复合作用下对管坯进行圆角充填,充液压制成形得到的管件壁厚减薄非常小。结论利用小吨位合模压力机在超低压条件下可以充液压制成形出具有小圆角与均匀壁厚的轻质高强异形管件,解决了传统内高压成形压力高、易发生开裂等难题。

内高压成形液压机缸筒环缝埋弧焊焊剂防脱装置研制与应用

【目的】对传统埋弧焊接焊剂的单向防脱落机构进行改进,以提高小直径的筒体焊接效率。【方法】通过剖析小管径产品焊接缺陷,在埋弧焊机枪侧增加焊剂防脱装置,设计并应用了一个具有自动张开挡板、旋转更换不同直径的侧板机构,以及左右支撑板宽度调节机构,形成一个围挡机构,以实现不同直径、不同坡口的筒体焊接,确保在焊接过程中焊剂有效供给,从而提高缸筒焊接质量。【结果】优化后的焊剂防脱装置应用于实践,产品焊接质量提高20%,焊接质量更加稳定。【结论】可以有效扩展埋弧焊接应用范围,提高不同管径的焊接效率,给曲面型焊接的应用提供借鉴。

超高压烧结对WC-8Co硬质合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

使用六面顶压机在相同温度(1 400℃)和保温时间(6 min)条件下,研究了不同烧结压力(4.0~6.0 GPa)对WC-8Co硬质合金试样微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在1 400℃、4.0~6.0 GPa超高压条件下,WC-8Co硬质合金试样可在6 min内完成烧结;随着烧结压力的增加,WC-8Co硬质合金试样中WC晶粒的平均尺寸逐渐增大,甚至出现局部WC晶粒异常长大的情况,进而导致硬质合金试样的矫顽磁力、维氏硬度和断裂韧性随之逐渐减小。在考察压力范围内,烧结压力为4.0 GPa时,WC-8Co硬质合金试样的力学性能最好,在载荷为30 kgf(294 N)、保持时间为10 s的检测条件下,试样的维氏硬度为15.2 GPa,断裂韧性为14.9 MPa·m^(1/2),与相同检测条件下的商用YG8硬质合金的力学性能(维氏硬度15.6 GPa,断裂韧性15.9 MPa·m^(1/2))接近。随着烧结压力的增加,硬质合金试样的断裂形式从沿晶断裂占主导逐渐过渡到沿晶断裂与穿晶断裂共存,且穿晶断裂所占的比例逐渐增大。

补料比及反冲推头倾角对Y型管内高压成形质量的影响研究

目的解决5A02铝合金Y型管在内高压成形过程中易出现破裂和内凹缺陷的问题,以获得最佳成形质量的管件,对成形中的补料比和反冲推头倾角进行研究。方法使用内高压成形机进行实验,分析了管件的表面质量、管件壁厚分布情况,研究了补料比和反冲推头倾角对Y型管成形质量的影响。选取端面倾角大小分别为0°、13.5°、27°的反冲推头进行实验,设计了1.5∶1、2∶1、2.5∶1和3∶14组补料比进行对比分析。结果比较3种不同反冲推头成形得到的管件,通过对支管成形效果的分析,确定13.5°为最佳反冲推头倾角;补料比在1.5~2.5时可成形出Y型管,补料比为2∶1时,Y型管成形质量最好。为获得成形质量高的Y型管,需选择补料比为2∶1的加载路径和端面倾角为13.5°的反冲推头进行实验。结论采用合适的反冲推头端面倾角,既可以使Y型管获得理想高度的支管,又可有效地抑制成形中期支管出现的破裂缺陷;选择合理的补料比可以避免过渡圆角内凹缺陷,也可以改善Y型管的壁厚分布情况,进一步提升管件最终的成形质量。

空调座盖塑件模内装饰成型工艺与模具设计

针对空调座盖采用塑件模内装饰(IMD)方式进行成型的要求,为其设计了一种基于高压成型3D膜片镶件的IMD成型工艺用于该塑件的成型。工艺中,IMD塑件的保护层3D膜片镶件使用0.25 mm聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)薄膜高压压制+真空吸附3D成型,内衬使用聚碳酸酯/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(PC/ABS)合金注塑成型。所设计的IMD工艺路径包括9道工序。其中3D膜片镶件高压成型模具为一种模具闭合后具备膜片上表面高压压制和下表面真空吸附能力的双作用成型凸模,对应的高压成型工艺参数为:成型压力(35±1)Kg/保压时间(7.0±1)s/模具温度183℃。内衬的注塑成型中,内衬注塑模具为一种两板式单浇口热流道倒装模具,3D膜片镶件在型腔镶件内的定位依靠2个定模限位滑块进行定位,塑件的脱模由倒装模具动模内设置的2个油缸驱动推板及其上的10个斜顶和14根顶针共同顶出来实现。运用CAE软件Moldflow中“重叠注塑”分析序列对内衬的注塑成型进行了内衬/3D膜片镶件之间的重叠注塑成型仿真优化分析,优化结果为:内衬模腔注塑时,热浇口直径取Ø4 mm,模温79℃,熔料温度260℃,注塑压力90 MPa,保压分4段保压,分别为40 MPa-2 s/30 MPa-2 s/15 MPa-2 s/10 MPa-1.5 s。

轴向补料量对扭力梁内高压成形质量的影响

研究了轴向补料量对CP800材料扭力梁内高压成形质量(成形壁厚分布和成形精度)的影响,结果表明:轴向补料能改善扭力梁的壁厚分布和成形精度,但补料过多会导致连接区起皱,影响其成形质量;当轴向补料量为12 mm时,最大减薄率为8.3%,整个扭力梁的尺寸精度都在0.5%以内,满足零件的设计要求。

EGR壳体内高压成形模开发与改善

通过有限元模拟仿真分析,对汽车用EGR壳体2种不同的内高压成形模分模方式进行分析,并采用模拟结果相对较好的开模方式开发了模具,对比模拟分析结果和实际零件的壁厚减薄率及零件成形质量,针对实际零件胀形不充分的缺陷,分析产生的原因并提出了改善措施,在试验验证中取得了改善效果。

基于Dynaform的钛合金管材内高压成形缺陷模拟研究

根据钛合金管件的数字模型,应用Dynaform 5.9建立了管坯料、上模腔、下模腔、左推头以及右推头的分析模型,通过模拟管材成形过程分析其成型性。模拟结果显示,该件存在不易充满型腔、胀形部分严重变薄以及件表面有划痕等缺陷。因此,分析缺陷产生的原因并提出改进措施,给出合理的工艺参数,用以模具设计。

一种超高压板片成型液压机设计

为满足板式换热器行业对板片压制精度的需求,设计一种超高压板片成型液压机。该设备主要采用钢丝缠绕框架及超高压工作油缸,精度高、运行稳定,具有良好的经济效益。文章简要介绍了板式换热器行业的发展情况,分析了板片成型液压机的结构组成和关键技术。

Effects of pressure on structure and dynamics of metallic glass-forming liquid with miscibility gap

The metallic liquid with miscibility gap has been widely explored recently because of the increasing plastic deformation ability of phase-separated metallic glass. However, the poor glass-forming ability limits its application as the structural materials due to the positive mixing enthalpy of the two elements. Since high pressure is in favor of the formation of the glass, the effect of pressure on the structural and dynamical heterogeneity of phase-separated CusoAgso liquid is inves- tigated by molecular dynamics simulation in the pressure range of 0-16 GPa. The results clearly show that the pressure promotes the formation of metallic glass by increasing the number of fivefold symmetry cluster W and dynamical relaxation time; meanwhile, the liquid-liquid phase separation is also enhanced, and the homogenous atom pAlrs show stronger interaction than heterogeneous atom pAlrs with increasing pressure. The dynamical heterogeneity is related to the formation of fivefold symmetry clusters. The lower growing rate of W at higher pressure with decreasing temperature corresponds to the slow increase in dynamical heterogeneity. The pressured glass with miscibility gap may act as a candidate glass with improved plastic formation ability. The results explore the structural and dynamical heterogeneity of phase-separated liquid at atomic level.

螺杆钻具双等壁厚金属定子外高压成形方法研究

为了解决页岩气开采用螺杆钻具双等壁厚定子内螺旋曲面难加工的问题,建立双等壁厚定子的外高压成形数值模拟模型,研究管坯几何尺寸、液压力大小和回弹对定子成形质量的影响规律,通过实验和三维测量验证了数值模拟模型的准确性。结果表明:管坯几何尺寸与壁厚、等效塑性应变、位移、残余应力和间隙值成正比;成形液压力达到150 MPa及以上对等效塑性应变、壁厚几乎没有影响;定子胀型区域的回弹量大于过渡区域和接触区域;当成形液压力为210 MPa,管坯内径为88 mm,定子成形质量最优。

扭转连接件压胀复合内高压成形工艺优化及试验研究

为获取高疲劳寿命、高生产效率的汽车底盘扭转连接件,针对零件轴线长、截面变化剧烈等问题,制定了压胀复合内高压成形工艺,并采用数值模拟分析了预弯高度、管坯直径和内压力对零件成形质量的影响。通过Box-Behnken Design设计构建了响应面模型,并进行了扭转连接件的压胀复合内高压成形试验。结果表明,模拟结果和试验结果基本吻合,均在预弯高度为24 mm、管坯直径为Φ44.95 mm、内压力为66.14 MPa时成形出合格零件,零件壁厚分布均匀,特征截面质量较好,验证了工艺的可行性和数值模型多目标优化的可靠性。

High pressure effect on structural transition of Fe cluster during rapid quenching processes

Molecular dynamics simulations of 21,952 atoms have been performed to study local structure evolution and glass formation in iron melts rapidly cooled under high pressures.In the quenching processes,structural transition details have been analyzed by using the radial distribution function g(r) and bond pair analysis technique.It is shown that high pressure strengthens the order degree of the glass system and favors the glass formation.That means with the increase of pressures,a more compacted local structure with more ideal icosahedra can be obtained.The calculations of free volume of the system indicate that the decrease of the number of the defected ideal icosahedra under high pressure contributes to the glass formation of Fe.