Evaluation of the coefficient of lateral stress at rest of granular materials under repetitive loading conditions

Although the internal stress state of soils can be affected by repetitive loading,there are few studies evaluating the lateral stress(or K_(0))of soils under repetitive loading.This study investigates the changes in K_(0) and directional shear wave velocity(V_(s))in samples of two granular materials with different particle shapes during repetitive loading.A modified oedometer cell equipped with bender elements and a diaphragm transducer was developed to measure the variations in the lateral stress and the shear wave velocity,under repetitive loading on the loading and unloading paths.The study produced the following results:(1)Repetitive loading on the loading path resulted in an increase in the K_(0) of test samples as a function of cyclic loading number(i),and(2)Repetitive loading on the unloading path resulted in a decrease in K_(0) according to i.The shear wave velocity ratio(i.e.V_(s)(HH)/V_(s)(VH),where the first and second letters in parentheses corresponds to the directions of wave propagation and particle motion,respectively,and V and H corresponds to the vertical and horizontal directions,respectively)according to i supports the experimental observations of this study.However,when the tested material was in lightly over-consolidated state,there was an increase in K_(0) during repetitive loading,indicating that it was the initial K_(0),rather than the loading path,which is responsible for the change in K_(0).The power model can capture the variation in the K_(0) of samples according to i.Notably,the K_(0)=1 line acts as the boundary between the increase and decrease in K_(0) under repetitive loading.

Cyclic Lateral Responses of Monopiles Considering the Influence of Pile−Soil Relative Stiffness in Sand

The existing studies have primarily focused on the effect of cyclic load characteristics(namely,cyclic load ratio and amplitude ratio)on cyclic lateral response of monopiles in sand,with little attention paid to the effect of pile−soil relative stiffness(K_(R)).This paper presents a series of 1-g cyclic tests aimed at improving understanding of the cyclic lateral responses of monopiles under different pile−soil systems.These systems are arranged by two model piles with different stiffness,including four different slenderness ratios(pile embedded length,L,normalized by diameter,D)under medium dense sand.The K_(R)-values are calculated by a previously proposed method considering the real soil stress level.The test results show that the lateral accumulation displacement increases significantly with the increment of the K_(R)-value,while the cyclic secant stiffness performs inversely.The maximum pile bending moment increases with the cycle number for the rigid pile−soil system,but shows a decreasing trend in the flexible system.For an uppermost concern,an empirical model is proposed to predict the accumulated displacement of arbitrary pile−soil systems by combining the results from this study with those from previous experimental investigations.The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated by 1-g and centrifuge tests.

Lateral magnetic stiffness under different parameters in a high-temperature superconductor levitation system

Magnetic stiffness determines the stability of a high-temperature superconductor(HTS)magnetic levitation system.The quantitative properties of the physical and geometrical parameters that affect the stiffness of HTS levitation systems should be identified for improving the stiffness by some effective methods.The magnetic stiffness is directly related to the first-order derivative of the magnetic force with respect to the corresponding displacement,which indicates that the effects of the parameters on the stiffness should be different from the relationships between the forces and the same parameters.In this paper,we study the influences of some physical and geometrical parameters,including the strength of the external magnetic field(B0)produced by a rectangular permanent magnet(PM),critical current density(Jc),the PM-to-HTS area ratio(α),and thickness ratio(β),on the lateral stiffness by using a numerical approach under zero-field cooling(ZFC)and field cooling(FC)conditions.In the first and second passes of the PM,the lateral stiffness at most of lateral positions essentially increases with B0 increasing and decreases withβincreasing in ZFC and FC.The largest lateral stiffness at every lateral position is almost produced by the minimum value of Jc,which is obviously different from the lateral force–Jc relation.Theα-dependent lateral stiffness changes with some parameters,which include the cooling conditions of the bulk HTS,lateral displacement,and movement history of the PM.These findings can provide some suggestions for improving the lateral stiffness of the HTS levitation system.

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Interface Stiffness and Damping Considering Asperity Lateral Contact

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)point contact occurs between two rough surfaces at the mesoscopic level,while the interaction of rough surfaces involves contact between asperities at the microscale level.In most cases,the contact between asperities within an interface takes the form of lateral contact rather than peak contact.Regions devoid of contact asperities are filled with lubricating oil.However,conventional models often oversimplify lateral contact forms as interactions between asperities and a smooth,rigid plane.These simplifications fail to accurately represent the true contact conditions and can lead to inaccuracies in the analysis of EHL’s contact performance.To address this issue,we have developed a novel EHL interface model comprising two rough surfaces.This model allows us to explore the influence of asperity height,contact angle,and contact azimuth angle on EHL interface performance.

Behavior of Pile Group with Elevated Cap Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loads

The pile group with elevated cap is widely used as foundation of offshore structures such as turbines, power transmission towers and bridge piers, and understanding its behavior under cyclic lateral loads induced by waves, tide water and winds, is of great importance to designing. A large-scale model test on 3×3 pile group with elevated cap subjected to cyclic lateral loads was performed in saturated silts. The preparation and implementation of the test is presented. Steel pipes with the outer diameter of 114 mm, thickness of 4.5 mm, and length of 6 m were employed as model piles. The pile group was cyclic loaded in a multi-stage sequence with the lateral displacement controlled. In addition, a single pile test was also conducted at the same site for comparison. The displacement of the pile cap, the internal forces of individual piles, and the horizontal stiffness of the pile group are presented and discussed in detail. The results indicate that the lateral cyclic loads have a greater impact on pile group than that on a single pile, and give rise to the significant plastic strain in the soil around piles. The lateral loads carried by each row of piles within the group would be redistributed with loading cycles. The lateral stiffness of the pile group decreases gradually with cycles and broadly presents three different degradation patterns in the test. Significant axial forces were measured out in some piles within the group, owing to the strong restraint provided by the cap, and finally lead to a large settlement of the pile group. These findings can be referred for foundation designing of offshore structures.

Comparison of Wind-Induced Displacement Characteristics of Buildings with Different Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Due to excessive displacements of tall buildings occasioned by lateral loads, lateral load resisting systems are usually provided to curtail the load effect. The resistance may be offered by Frame Action, Shear Walls, or combined Walls and Frames (also known as Dual System). In this study, finite element based software, ETABS, was used to generate and analyse three-dimensional building models for the assessment of the relative effectiveness of the various lateral load resisting systems. Three models were used, one each for the three resisting systems. Each model consisted of three samples representing three different building heights of 45 m, 75 m, and 99 m. Wind Design Spreadsheet complying with the appropriate British Standards was used to compute preliminary wind load coefficients using the wind speed values from the relevant wind isopleth map of Nigeria as primary data. Lateral wind load was then applied at floor levels of each of the building samples. Each building sample was subjected to three-dimensional analysis for the determination of both the lateral displacements of storey tops and interstorey drifts. The results of the work showed that the dual system was the most efficient lateral-load resisting system based on deflection criterion, as they yielded the least values for lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. The moment frame was the least stiff of the resisting systems, yielding the highest values of both the lateral displacement and the inter-storey drift.

An Inelastic Material Model for Lateral Torsional Buckling and Biaxial Bending of Steel W-Shapes

A new material model for beam elements was developed for use as normalized tangent modulus expressions when performing 3-dimensional second-order inelastic analyses of steel I-section beams.The stiffness matrix of a 14 degree-of-freedom beam element was updated to include the effects of yielding on St.Venant’s torsion and bimoment stiffness at the initial and terminal nodes.A validation study compared the new model’s results with those from published detailed finite element analyses and was found to be in very close agreement.A biaxial end-moment study with two different depth-to-flange-width ratios provided expected and consistent results over a range of moment conditions.

道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性的影响

铁路道床机械清筛作业中,分次回填道砟颗粒会导致道砟分层,出现非均匀分布现象。为了解道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性的影响,基于离散单元法基本原理,生成有砟道床仿真模型,模拟道砟均匀分布、“上大下小”分层分布、“上小下大”分层分布等3种道床工况,分析3种道床工况在捣固作业和稳定作业中的力学特性变化。结果表明:道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性产生影响,其中道床密实度特性受道砟分布状态影响较小,而道床垂向刚度和横向阻力特性则受道砟分布状态影响较大。在捣固作业中,道砟“上小下大”分层分布最有利于道床垂向刚度提升。在稳定作业中,道砟“上大下小”分层分布最有利于道床横向阻力提升。道砟颗粒流动则是使得道床垂向刚度和横向阻力提升的重要因素。

基于六点刚度试验的输送带翘曲问题分析

圆管带式输送机具有封闭运输的优点,但相较于普通带式输送机也存在一些缺点,如输送带横向刚度引起的输送带翘曲问题。文中针对输送带翘曲问题,基于六点刚度试验进行输送带仿真模型的建立,并通过仿真模型对输送带翘曲现象进行了定性分析。结果表明,输送带的翘曲量与输送带的横向刚度呈非线性增加的关系,与张力呈非线性减小的关系,并且随托辊间距的增加而增加,本研究为输送带的选型和圆管带式输送机的设计提供一定的参考。

离散侧向平移支撑圆弧拱的自由振动分析

拱通常采用离散侧向平移支撑增加其面外稳定性,而离散侧向平移支撑会产生振型耦合效应,显著影响拱的振动特性。为研究等间距离散侧向平移支撑对两铰圆弧拱自由振动的影响,通过假定拱的耦合振型,基于Hamilton原理求解离散侧向平移支撑圆弧拱的自振频率,并与有限元数值结果比较。同时,还探究了拱的面外长细比、圆心角以及侧向支撑的数量和位置对拱的临界刚度及最大基频的影响。研究结果表明:假定的耦合振型可以描述复杂的离散侧向平移支撑拱的弯扭振型,并能准确预测拱的自振频率和支撑临界刚度。侧向平移支撑拱的基频随支撑刚度的增加呈现多种增长模式,根据振型变化情况将其划分为第1类、过渡和第2类增长模式,不同增长模式之间的转换取决于拱的面外长细比、拱的圆心角、支撑数量以及支撑位置。当拱的面外长细比和拱的圆心角的组合靠近第1类增长模式和其他增长模式的分界线时,拱的支撑临界刚度和最大基频显著增大。支撑位置靠近两端翼缘时可能会改变拱的基频振型,但支撑位置在剪切中心附近时,拱的基频最大。拱基频在第1类增长模式时,支撑数量的增加显著提高拱的最大基频,在过渡增长模式时,支撑数量的增加对最大基频的影响减弱,而在第2类增长模式下,拱的最大基频随支撑数量的增加基本不发生变化。

外侧柱入路肘关节松解术治疗肘关节僵硬的应用疗效研究

目的探究外侧柱入路手术松解治疗肘关节僵硬的应用及早期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)关节外科2022年2月至2023年6月采用外侧柱入路肘关节松解术治疗肘关节僵硬患者的临床资料21例。其中,男15例,女6例;年龄12~61岁,平均(49.4±13.0)岁。采用Mayo肘关节功能(Mayo elbow performance score,MEPS)评分、肘关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)的变化及疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)对临床治疗效果进行评估。结果术后21例患者均获得随访,随访时间为3~16个月,平均(9.3±3.1)个月,患者的手术时间为39~155 min,平均(84.2±25.5)min,住院时间为3~16 d,平均(8.8±3.0)d,术中无血管、神经损伤。末次随访时所有患者肘关节MEPS评分、肘关节ROM的变化及VAS评分与术前相比均获得显著变化,差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用外侧柱入路肘关节松解术治疗肘关节僵硬可显著改善早期肘关节功能及活动度,为肘关节僵硬患者的手术治疗提供了一种安全且有效的术式选择。

多层剪切型支撑钢框架整体稳定性的解析算法研究

剪切型支撑钢框架整体稳定计算需考虑钢框架与剪切型支撑之间的相互作用,还需要考虑同层柱间的相互支援以及层与层之间的支援作用,规范计算长度系数法无法考虑这些因素可能会造成不合理设计。提出了一种计算多层剪切型支撑钢框架整体稳定性的解析算法,首先分析了支撑刚度与结构临界承载力之间的关系,推导了层临界支撑刚度计算公式,接着利用弹簧-摇摆柱力学模型推导了任意支撑下框架柱临界刚度比系数计算公式,然后将各楼层的有效抗侧刚度及荷载刚度进行楼层间的组装,将求解剪切型支撑钢框架的临界承载力转化为求解结构的楼层有效抗侧刚度,最后基于轴力权重加权平均的方法推导了可直接求解多层剪切型支撑钢框架临界承载力的计算公式,该公式能够判断结构的薄弱层,可以定量地计算楼层之间相互支援程度,有效地弥补规范尚无法求解弱支撑钢框架柱计算长度系数的不足。

车辆轨迹模型预测控制器的算法研究

为提高无人驾驶汽车行驶控制中的跟踪精度和车辆稳定性,提出了一个改进的模型预测控制器(MPC)。首先,为解决高速转弯工况下轮胎侧偏刚度的强非线性特性导致的车辆失稳问题,建立了轮胎动态侧偏刚度估计器进行实时估计;在此基础上,利用改进粒子群算法对现有模型预测控制器的时域参数进行优化,以提高算法跟踪精度和稳定性;最后,为验证控制器的效果,选取合适的工况进行了联合仿真测试。结果表明,改进控制器在高速转弯的工况下,跟踪精度误差降为4.9%,横摆角误差降为2.6%,比传统模型预测控制器分别提高了67.8%和62.3%,比模糊控制算法优化的控制器分别提高了55.8%和58%。

某388m超高层建筑的侧移刚度与整体稳定性分析

通过某带伸臂桁架和环带桁架加强层的边筒-周边框架体系超高层结构工程设计实例,讨论了高层建筑结构侧移刚度和整体稳定性分析方法。指出在计算结构侧移刚度时应考虑楼板面内有限刚度、地下室结构构件变形、混凝土抗侧向力结构构件开裂刚度折减及二阶效应,从而得到更准确的结构侧移变形和最低阶整体屈曲荷载因子。提出了利用弯矩-曲率分析方法,并根据构件实际受力状态,迭代计算混凝土抗侧向力结构构件的开裂刚度折减系数。比较了中国、欧盟及美国规范关于整体稳定性分析的计算方法,提出在进行整体稳定性分析时,应考虑各种不利因素,从而准确评估二阶效应。讨论了高层建筑在正常使用极限状态下层间位移角限值的取值,并介绍了美国规范对层间位移角的计算方法和限值的建议。详细论述了当前中国规程中关于侧移刚度分析的不足并提出建议,以期为相关类似工程设计提供参考。

一种新型沙漏式橡胶辅助弹簧的设计

轨道车辆对空气弹簧的横向变形能力以及无气下的垂向刚度要求越来越高,这对空气弹簧的辅助弹簧提出了更高的设计要求。通过总结现有轨道车辆中不同类型的橡胶辅助弹簧,对比分析其优缺点。并针对轨道交通更高的舒适性、轻量化要求,创新地设计了一种新型沙漏式橡胶辅助弹簧,既可以通过上盖接触曲面与橡胶接触形成非线性,又通过设计隔板分隔橡胶,使上下部分橡胶分别承担旋转和横向变形,从结构上解决了现有橡胶辅助弹簧横向变形能力不足的难题。通过对该产品进行有限元计算、试制试验和实际应用证明,新型沙漏式橡胶辅助弹簧可以提供较小的垂向刚度和较强的横向变形能力,并且具有重量轻、成本低和工艺简单等诸多优点,可以有效提升轨道车辆无气状态下的安全性和舒适性。

轮辋侧向刚度对路噪提升相关性研究

为优化某款电动汽车路噪,采用仿真结合测试的方法,以轮辋侧向刚度为评价指标,对其轮辋进行模态仿真和试验对标,验证了轮辋侧向刚度可以在车型开发前期通过仿真计算,并提出具体指标进行相应控制,验证不同侧向刚度对噪声传递函数的影响,优化前后轮辋侧向刚度道路测试验证结果显示,在200~400Hz频段内,轮辋侧向刚度对整车路噪有显著影响。文章开展轮辋侧向刚度对路噪提升相关性研究验证,进一步验证了轮辋侧向刚度提高对路噪改善的影响,为优化电动汽车的NVH路噪提供了理论依据。

Lateral stiffness of steel plate shear walls

The steel plate shear wall system has been used in a number of buildings as an innovative lateral force resistant system.Openings often exist in the steel plate shear walls due to the various functional requirements of structures.These openings may negatively impact the lateral stiffness of steel plate shear walls.Therefore,an experimental research was instituted to investigate the seismic behavior of steel plate shear walls,with and without openings.The experimental results showed that steel plate shear walls have the satisfying seismic behavior,and,as expected,the strength and stiffness characteristics of the walls were reduced due to openings.Then a single-story wall panel FE model and an analytical deep beam model are developed in order to find the critical factors dominating the thickness reduction coefficient of wall panels with the opening.Furthermore,extensive parametric analysis is conducted to derive a simplified formula for the determination of the thickness reduction coefficient of wall panels with the opening for substituting solid wall panels with reduced thickness for actual wall panels with the opening.Finally,the design method for calculating the lateral stiffness is verified by some experimental programs and recommended for the routine practice of steel plate shear walls.

基于柔性铰链的大口径望远镜并联调整机构

为减小地基大口径望远镜在光学追踪过程中重力变形对成像质量的影响,设计了一种基于柔性铰链的高侧向刚度、亚微米精度并联调整机构。首先,介绍了系统组成并针对技术指标的要求,开展了两自由度柔性铰链设计。建立了柔性铰链并联机构的等效运动学模型和刚度模型,搭建了并联机构刚柔耦合运动学仿真系统,分析了柔性铰链对机构精度的影响。最后,搭建实验测试系统,来验证柔性铰链的设计合理性和并联调整平台刚柔耦合运动学分析的准确性。仿真和测试结果表明,柔性铰链转动刚度误差控制在3.54%之内,小位移(微米/角秒量级)运动精度达亚微米量级,大位移(毫米/度)运动精度与仿真结果对比误差控制在微米量级,机构侧向刚度优于60 N/μm,能够满足地基望远镜光学成像的要求。

非对称刚构-连续组合体系梁桥受力特性研究

为给非对称刚构-连续组合体系梁桥的设计与应用提供理论基础,以渝湘复线高速长头河特大桥主桥为背景,引入非对称比例系数研究不对称程度对非对称刚构-连续组合梁桥力学特性的影响,提出采用在连续墩处设置组合阻尼支承体系改善该体系梁桥连续墩处主梁在横向风荷载作用下受力不利的问题。保持该桥主跨跨径180 m不变,调整刚构侧和连续侧单侧主梁长度在主跨范围内的占比,采用MIDAS Civil软件建立10个不同非对称比例系数的刚构-连续组合体系梁桥有限元模型,分析不同模型在恒载、汽车荷载、温度荷载、收缩徐变等作用下的主梁内力和支座反力,以及组合阻尼支座不同水平等效刚度对主梁受力的影响。结果表明:非对称刚构-连续组合体系梁桥不对称程度对结构内力影响最大的荷载为收缩徐变;非对称比例系数m>0.2时需适当加大连续墩处主梁梁高、延长小边跨长度以减小非对称性的不利影响,m最大限值建议采用0.3;在连续墩处设置组合阻尼支承体系,利用阻尼位移使主梁协调变形,能有效降低横向风荷载引起的主梁弯矩和应力幅。

堆垛机行走机构V型滚轮接触力及导轨刚度分析

为了解决传统堆垛机在运行过程中出现刚度不足、振动大、易产生侧向倾覆等问题,设计了一种新型堆垛机,并对堆垛机行走机构中V型滚轮接触力与导轨接触刚度进行了分析。首先,提出了一种新型堆垛机的工作原理,对堆垛机各个部分的结构进行了分析;提出了一种V型滚轮的布置形式,并对其结构特点进行了分析;然后,针对堆垛机行走机构的力学模型,分析了V型滚轮的接触力,基于该方法给出了V型滚轮与导轨的接触刚度与接触寿命的理论求解方法,并进行了实例计算;最后,采用有限元方法对新型堆垛机整机进行了静力学分析,求解出了堆垛机V型滚轮的接触力大小以及接触变形量,从而求解出了V型导轨的接触刚度;并对比分析了有限元结果与理论求解结果。仿真结果表明:该堆垛机滚轮理论计算寿命为5 192 km,导轨理论计算寿命为1.9×10^(5)km;初始状态下的理论与仿真刚度分别为7.92×10^(5)N/mm与7.55×10^(5)N/mm,极限状态下理论与仿真接触刚度分别为8.14×10^(5)N/mm与7.86×10^(5)N/mm。研究结果表明:该堆垛机具有较高的使用寿命,且理论模型计算与仿真分析所得的两个接触刚度大小很接近,在处理V型滚轮接触方式的力和刚度分析时,该理论模型可以作为工程适用的快捷计算方法。