Research on Inter-turn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method Based on High Frequency Voltage Residual for PMSM

Inter-turn fault is a serious stator winding short-circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM). Once it occurs, it produces a huge short-circuit current that poses a great risk to the safe operation of PMSM. Thus, an inter-turn short-circuit fault(ITSCF) diagnosis method based on high frequency(HF) voltage residual is proposed in this paper with proper HF signal injection. First, the analytical models of PMSM after the ITSCF are deduced. Based on the model, the voltage residual at low frequency(LF) and HF can be obtained. It is revealed that the HF voltage residual has a stronger ITSCF detection capability compared to the LF voltage residual. To obtain optimal fault signature, a 3-phase symmetrical HF voltage is injected into the machine drive system, and the HF voltage residuals are extracted. The fault indicator is defined as the standard deviation of the 3-phase HF voltage residuals. The effectiveness of the proposed ITSCF diagnosis method is verified by experiments on a triple 3-phase PMSM. It is worth noting that no extra hardware equipment is required to implement the proposed method.

FEM based Electromagnetic Signature Analysis of Winding Inter-turn Short-Circuit Fault in Inverter fed Induction Motor

The intent of this paper is to analyze the electromagnetic signature of stator winding inter-turn short-circuit fault in a closed loop speed controlled Induction Motor(IM)employing Finite Element Method.Stator winding short-circuit nearly covers 21%of faults in IM.Diagnosing the inter-turn fault at an incipient stage is one of the challenging task in the area of fault detection of IM to prevent crucial damages in industrial applications.Also detecting the faults in inverter fed IM under variable speed applications under varying load is one of the major issues in industrial drives.As the signatures of electromagnetic field contains the entire data in association with the location of rotor,stator and mechanical parts of the motor,a regular monitoring of fields in the airgap can be used to diagnose the inter-turn fault in the stator winding of IM.In this direction,an IM is modeled with several inter-turn fault severities like 30 turns,15 turns,5 turns&1 turn short using ANSYS Maxwell FEA tool and coupled with ANSYS Simplorer for loading arrangements.The PWM inverter with closed loop speed controlled strategy is implemented in Matlab Simulink and co-simulated with ANSYS Simplorer to integrate all the components in one common simulation platform environment for accurate design&analysis for realistic simulation.Several electromagnetic variables like flux density,flux lines and airgap flux density distribution over the machine are analyzed.The spatial FFT spectrum of radial component of flux density in the airgap contains the information related to the diagnosis of inter-turn fault at the incipient stage.

A spatiotemporal evolution model of a short-circuit arc to a secondary arc based on the improved charge simulation method

The initial shape of the secondary arc considerably influences its subsequent shape.To establish the model for the arcing time of the secondary arc and modify the single-phase reclosing sequence,theoretical and experimental analysis of the evolution process of the short-circuit arc to the secondary arc is critical.In this study,an improved charge simulation method was used to develop the internal-space electric-field model of the short-circuit arc.The intensity of the electric field was used as an independent variable to describe the initial shape of the secondary arc.A secondary arc evolution model was developed based on this model.Moreover,the accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparison with physical experimental results.When the secondary arc current increased,the arcing time and dispersion increased.There is an overall trend of increasing arc length with increasing arcing time.Nevertheless,there is a reduction in arc length during arc ignition due to short circuits between the arc columns.Furthermore,the arcing time decreased in the range of 0°-90°as the angle between the wind direction and the x-axis increased.This work investigated the method by which short-circuit arcs evolve into secondary arcs.The results can be used to develop the secondary arc evolution model and to provide both a technical and theoretical basis for secondary arc suppression.

Short-circuit failure modes and mechanism investigation of 1200 V planar SiC MOSFETs

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the short-circuit failure mechanisms in commercial 1.2 kV planar sili-con carbide(SiC)metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs)under 400 and 800 V bus voltage conditions.The study compares two products with varying short-circuit tolerances,scrutinizing their external characteristics and intrinsic fac-tors that influence their short-circuit endurance.Experimental and numerical analyses reveal that at 400 V,the differential ther-mal expansion between the source metal and the dielectric leads to cracking,which in turn facilitates the infiltration of liquid metal and results in a gate–source short circuit.At 800 V,the failure mechanism is markedly different,attributed to the ther-mal carrier effect leading to the degradation of the gate oxide,which impedes the device's capacity to switch off,thereby trig-gering thermal runaway.The paper proposes strategies to augment the short-circuit robustness of SiC MOSFETs at both volt-age levels,with the objective of fortifying the device's resistance to such failures.

Optimization of short-circuit transition parameters of Q235B steel GMAW based on orthogonal gray relational analysis

In gas metal arc welding(GMAW)process,the short-circuit transition was the most typical transition observed in molten metal droplets.This paper used orthogonal tests to explore the coupling effect law of welding process parameters on the quality of weld forming under short-circuit transition,the design of 3 factors and 3 levels of a total of 9 groups of orthogonal tests,welding current,welding voltage,welding speed as input parameters:effective area ratio,humps,actual linear power density,aspect ratio,Vickers hardness as output paramet-ers(response targets).Using range analysis and trend charts,we can visually depict the relationship between input parameters and a single output parameter,ultimately determining the optimal process parameters that impact the single output index.Then combined with gray the-ory to transform the three response targets into a single gray relational grade(GRG)for analysis,the optimal combination of the weld mor-phology parameters as follows:welding current 100 A,welding voltage 25 V,welding speed 30 cm/min.Finally,validation experiments were conducted,and the results showed that the error between the gray relational grade and the predicted value was 2.74%.It was observed that the effective area ratio of the response target significantly improved,validating the reliability of the orthogonal gray relational method.

Partitioning Calculation Method of Short-Circuit Current for High Proportion DG Access to Distribution Network

Aiming at the problemthat the traditional short-circuit current calculationmethod is not applicable to Distributed Generation(DG)accessing the distribution network,the paper proposes a short-circuit current partitioning calculation method considering the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG.Firstly,the output characteristics of DG in the process of low voltage ride through are analyzed,and the equivalent output model of DG in the fault state is obtained.Secondly,by studying the network voltage distribution law after fault in distribution networks under different DG penetration rates,the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG is used as a partition index to partition the distribution network.Then,iterative computation is performed within each partition,and data are transferred between partitions through split nodes to realize the fast partition calculation of short-circuit current for high proportion DG access to distribution network,which solves the problems of long iteration time and large calculation error of traditional short-circuit current.Finally,a 62-node real distribution network model containing a high proportion of DG access is constructed onMATLAB/Simulink,and the simulation verifies the effectiveness of the short-circuit current partitioning calculation method proposed in the paper,and its calculation speed is improved by 48.35%compared with the global iteration method.

A fault warning for inter-turn short circuit of excitation winding of synchronous generator based on GRU-CNN

Synchronous generators are important components of power systems and are necessary to maintain its normal and stable operation.To perform the fault diagnosis of mild inter-turn short circuit in the excitation winding of a synchronous generator,a gate recurrent unit-convolutional neural network(GRU-CNN)model whose structural parameters were determined by improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)is proposed.The outputs of the model are the excitation current and reactive power.The total offset distance,which is the fusion of the offset distance of the excitation current and offset distance of the reactive power,was selected as the fault judgment criterion.The fusion weights of the excitation current and reactive power were determined using the anti-entropy weighting method.The fault-warning threshold and fault-warning ratio were set according to the normal total offset distance,and the fault warning time was set according to the actual situation.The fault-warning time and fault-warning ratio were used to avoid misdiagnosis.The proposed method was verified experimentally.

Effect of welding speed and electrode extension on the approximate entropy of welding current in short-circuiting GMAW

Based on the phase space reconstruction of welding current in short-circuiting transfer arc welding under carbon dioxide, the approximate entropy of welding current and its standard deviation have been calculated and analyzed at different welding speeds and different electrode extensions respectively. The experimental and calculated results show that at a certain arc voltage, wire feeding rate and gas flow rate, welding speed and electrode extension have significant effects not only on the approximate entropy of welding current, but also on the stability of welding process. Further analysis proves that when the welding speed and electrode extension are in an appropriate range respectively, the welding current approximate entropy attains maximum and its standard deviation minimum. Just under such circumstances, the welding process is in the most stable state.

Stability analysis of CO_(2)gas shielded welding short-circuit transition process based on GMAW dynamic model

Base on the arc phase and short-circuit phase and their relationship, the paper considers the changes of the extension of wire, the arc length, liquid bridge resistance and mass of liquid bridge, combines the improved “mass-spring” model with the loop model of welding power system, puts forward the critical judgment condition of droplet transition, and establishes a more accurate dynamic model for describing the short-circuit transition process. The dynamic changes of short-circuit transfer frequency, welding current and voltage, contact droplet and residual droplet equivalent radius and droplet equivalent radius at different wire feeding speeds were calculated and analyzed, and compared with the experimental results. It shows that the fluctuation of droplet displacement, velocity and wire extension length at the optimal arc starting point is the smallest. The smaller the initial liquid bridge curvature radius is, the better the stability of short-circuit transfer is.

永磁同步发电机匝间短路故障对绕组绝缘温升特性的影响

本文分析了永磁同步发电机匝间短路故障前后的绕组绝缘温升特性。首先推导了正常情况和匝间短路故障下的气隙磁通密度,相电流、铁心损耗和绕组铜耗解析表达式;然后建立了发电机三维有限元仿真模型,将电磁场中计算得到的各类损耗作为热源导入温度场计算绕组绝缘温度分布;最后实测了LR-5型故障模拟永磁同步发电机组在不同短路程度下的绕组绝缘温度,理论分析、仿真计算与实验结果相互吻合。结果表明:匝间短路故障后在故障绕组电流的作用下,绕组绝缘温度明显上升,并且随着短路程度的增加而加剧,由绕组绝缘热载荷分布不均而引起的变形、应变和应力也将增加;绕组鼻端处绝缘易因高温而受损,可通过改进冷却散热结构,或在鼻端绝缘局部涂覆耐热涂层提高鼻端绝缘的可靠性。

Analysis on the fault characteristics of three-phase short-circuit for half-wavelength AC transmission lines

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT) is an ultra-long distance AC transmission technology, whose electrical distance is close to half-wavelength at the system power frequency. It is very important for the construction and operation of HWACT to analyze its fault features and corresponding protection technology. In this paper, the steady-state voltage and current characteristics of the bus bar and fault point and the steady-state overvoltage distribution along the line will be analyzed when a three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault occurs on an HWACT line. On this basis, the threephase fault characteristics for longer transmission lines are also studied.

核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路时转子涡流损耗研究

为研究核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路时转子涡流损耗特性,推导了核电半速汽轮发电机空载运行时励磁绕组匝间短路故障下,定子分数次谐波环流产生的合成磁动势表达式,分析合成磁动势相对于转子的转速,揭示了转子表面产生涡流的原因以及涡流的频率特性。结合涡流损耗计算方法,以一台核电半速汽轮发电机为例进行了仿真验证。在此基础上,对核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组不同位置发生相同程度匝间短路,以及励磁绕组发生不同程度匝间短路过程进行了仿真,计算了转子各阻尼条及槽楔中的涡流及涡流损耗,揭示了励磁绕组匝间短路时影响转子阻尼条及槽楔中涡流和涡流损耗的因素。为核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路故障时,分析转子发热的影响因素提供了理论基础。

基于Hotelling T2-BiLSTM的同步调相机故障诊断方法

同步调相机故障会严重影响特高压直流输电工程的稳定性。针对特高压电网中不对称电压条件下同步调相机励磁绕组匝间短路故障难以识别问题,提出基于霍特林T2-双向长短期记忆网络(Hotelling T2-BiLSTM)的同步调相机故障诊断方法。首先,从三相电压、三相电流、励磁电流、转子振动和无功功率中提取故障特征,计算Hotelling T2统计量以构建故障检测指标;然后,采用BiLSTM模型对特征进行分类,并利用逻辑回归层进行故障诊断;最后,在动模实验室中进行实验验证其有效性。实验结果表明,所提方法具有较高的故障诊断精度。

A Fault Feature Extraction Model in Synchronous Generator under Stator Inter-Turn Short Circuit Based on ACMD and DEO3S

This paper proposed a new diagnosis model for the stator inter-turn short circuit fault in synchronous generators.Different from the past methods focused on the current or voltage signals to diagnose the electrical fault,the sta-tor vibration signal analysis based on ACMD(adaptive chirp mode decomposition)and DEO3S(demodulation energy operator of symmetrical differencing)was adopted to extract the fault feature.Firstly,FT(Fourier trans-form)is applied to the vibration signal to obtain the instantaneous frequency,and PE(permutation entropy)is calculated to select the proper weighting coefficients.Then,the signal is decomposed by ACMD,with the instan-taneous frequency and weighting coefficient acquired in the former step to obtain the optimal mode.Finally,DEO3S is operated to get the envelope spectrum which is able to strengthen the characteristic frequencies of the stator inter-turn short circuit fault.The study on the simulating signal and the real experiment data indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method for the stator inter-turn short circuit fault in synchronous generators.In addition,the comparison with other methods shows the superiority of the proposed model.

The Detection of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in the Stator Windings of Sensorless Operating Induction Motors

This work proposes an alternative strategy to the use of a speed sensor in the implementation of active and reactive power based model reference adaptive system (PQ-MRAS) estimator in order to calculate the rotor and stator resistances of an induction motor (IM) and the use of these parameters for the detection of inter-turn short circuits (ITSC) faults in the stator of this motor. The rotor and stator resistance estimation part of the IM is performed by the PQ-MRAS method in which the rotor angular velocity is reconstructed from the interconnected high gain observer (IHGO). The ITSC fault detection part is done by the derivation of stator resistance estimated by the PQ-MRAS estimator. In addition to the speed sensorless detection of ITSC faults of the IM, an approach to determine the number of shorted turns based on the difference between the phase current of the healthy and faulty machine is proposed. Simulation results obtained from the MATLAB/Simulink platform have shown that the PQ-MRAS estimator using an interconnected high-gain observer gives very similar results to those using the speed sensor. The estimation errors in the cases of speed variation and load torque are almost identical. Variations in stator and rotor resistances influence the performance of the observer and lead to poor estimation of the rotor resistance. The results of ITSC fault detection using IHGO are very similar to the results in the literature using the same diagnostic approach with a speed sensor.

基于相位差的轴向磁通无铁心电机早期轻微匝间短路故障诊断

针对轴向磁通定子无铁心电机早期匝间短路故障问题,提出一种基于零序分量和定子电流分量相位差的轴向磁通定子无铁心电机的早期匝间短路故障诊断和定位方法。首先,根据定子绕组电感极小的特点建立了匝间短路故障数学模型;其次,对故障前后的短路电流、相电流、零序分量等进行了傅里叶分析,通过零序电压基波幅值变化对匝间短路故障进行识别;最后,通过对比零序电压基波与定子三相电流初相位差来进行故障相定位。结果表明,匝间短路故障相的相电流基波初始相位与零序电压基波初相位差的绝对值近似180°,而健康相的相位差与180°相差较大。基于相位差可以实现轴向磁通无铁心电机早期匝间短路故障的诊断与定位,为永磁电机的匝间短路故障诊断提供了参考。

Remedial Phase-Angle Control of a Five-Phase Fault-Tolerant Permanent- Magnet Vernier Machine With Short-Circuit Fault

A fault-tolerant permanent-magnet vernier(FT-PMV)machine incorporates the merits of high fault-tolerant capability and high torque density.In this paper,a remedial phase-angle control(RPAC)strategy is proposed for a five-phase FT-PMV machine with short-circuit fault.Firstly,the proposed strategy can reduce the amount of unknown quantities by structuring the phase-angles of the normal phases.It can simplify the calculation of the remedial currents.Then,in order to obtain the desired torque,only the amplitudes of the remedial currents need to be calculated.Based on the principle of instantaneous electrical input power and mechanical output power balance condition,the real components are used to maintain the torque capability,while the reactive components are limited zero to minimize the torque ripple.Both simulations and experiments are presented to verify the proposed RPAC strategy.

Computer simulation of short-circuiting transfer welding under waveform control on inverter power source

A simulation model is introduced about the non-linearity process of short-circuiting transfer in CO2 arc welding for displaying the interaction between the inverter power source and welding arc under waveform control. In the simulation model, the feedback signals of current and voltage are taken respectively at the different phase in a short circuit periodic time and applied to the PWM （pulse width modulation） module in a model of inverter power source to control the output of power source. The simulation operation about the dynamic process of CO2 short-circuiting transfer welding is implemented on the founded simulation model with a peak arc current of 400 A and a peak voltage of 35 V, producing the dynamic arc waveforms which can embody the effect of inverter harmonic wave. The simulating waveforms are close to that of welding experiments.

Short-circuit fault analysis and isolation strategy for matrix converters

The behavior of matrix converter(MC) drive systems under the condition of MC short-circuit faults is comprehensively investigated. Two isolation strategies using semiconductors and high speed fuses(HSFs) for MC short-circuit faults are examined and their performances are compared. The behavior of MC drive systems during the fuse action time under different operating conditions is explored. The feasibility of fault-tolerant operation during the fuse action time is also studied. The basic selection laws for the HSFs and the requirements for the passive components of the MC drive system from the point view of short-circuit faults are also discussed. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed isolation strategies.

Determination of failure degree of 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs after short-circuit test using an improved test setup

Analysis of the short-circuit characteristics of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs)is very important for their practical application.This paper studies the SiC MOSFET short-circuit characteristics with an improved test setup under different conditions.A high-current Si insulated gate bipolar transistor is used as a circuit breaker in the test circuit rather than the usual short-circuit test conducted without a circuit breaker.The test platform with a circuit breaker does not influence the calculation results regarding the shortcircuitwithstand time and energy,but the SiCMOSFETwill switch off after failure in a very short time.In addition,the degree of failure will be limited and confined to a small area,such that the damage to the chip will be clearly observable,which is significant for short-circuit failure analysis.