An interacting multiple model-based two-stage Kalman filter for vehicle positioning

To address the problem that a general augmented state Kalman filter or a two-stage Kalman filter cannot achieve satisfactory positioning performance when facing uncertain noise of the micro-electro-mechanical system（MEMS） inertial sensors, a novel interacting multiple model-based two-stage Kalman filter（IMM-TSKF） is proposed to adapt to the uncertain inertial sensor noise. Three bias filters are developed based on different noise characteristics to cover a wide range of noise levels. Then, an accurate estimation of biases is calculated by the interacting multiple model algorithm to correct the bias-free filter. Thus, the vehicle positioning system can achieve good performance when suffering from uncertain inertial sensor noise. The experimental results indicate that the average position error of the proposed IMMTSKF is 25% lower than that of the general TSKF.

一种基于模型概率单调性变化的自适应IMM-UKF改进算法

针对现有交互式多模型(IMM)算法模型间切换迟滞和转换速率慢的缺点,提出一种基于模型概率单调性变化的自适应交互式多模型无迹卡尔曼滤波改进算法(mIMM-UKF)。该算法利用后验信息模型概率的单调性,对马尔可夫转移概率矩阵及模型估计概率进行二次修正,加快了匹配模型的切换速度及转换速率。仿真结果表明,与现有算法相比,该算法通过快速切换匹配模型,有效提高了水下目标跟踪精度。

Maneuvering target tracking using threshold interacting multiple model algorithm

To avoid missing track caused by the target maneuvers in automatic target tracking system, a new maneuvering target tracking technique called threshold interacting multiple model （TIMM） is proposed. This algorithm is based on the interacting multiple model （IMM） method and applies a threshold controller to improve tracking accuracy. It is also applicable to other advanced algorithms of IMM. In this research, we also compare the position and velocity root mean square （RMS） errors of TIMM and IMM algorithms with two different examples. Simulation results show that the TIMM algorithm is superior to the traditional IMM alzorithm in estimation accuracy.

基于改进自适应IMM算法的高速列车组合定位

针对列车高精度定位问题,该文提出基于改进自适应交互多模型(IMM)的高速列车高精度组合定位方法。首先,根据列车定位需求和各传感器特点,设计了卫星接收器、轮轴测速传感器、测速雷达以及单轴陀螺仪4种传感器的组合定位方案。然后,针对IMM融合滤波算法因先验信息不准导致固定参数设置不当的问题,引入Sage-Husa自适应滤波和转移概率矩阵(TPM)自适应更新集成为自适应IMM算法。针对多模型切换的滞后问题,利用子模型似然函数值能快速反映模型变化趋势的特点,将似然函数值设为判定标志,并引入判定窗对TPM矩阵元素进行修正,有效提升了模型的切换速度。最后,基于改进自适应IMM算法对4种传感器定位信息进行融合滤波,实现高速列车的高精度组合定位。仿真结果表明:改进后的算法相比其他自适应IMM算法提升定位精度1.6%~14.7%,并且能通过提高模型间切换速度来有效降低位置误差峰值,同时具备较好的抗噪性能。

基于IMM-JPDA-ISTUKF的车载毫米波雷达多目标跟踪算法

为提高车载毫米波雷达多目标跟踪精度指标,提升道路车辆行驶安全性,文中在交互多模型无迹卡尔曼滤波(IMM-UKF)和联合概率数据关联(JPDA)融合的算法基础上,针对车辆运动状态突变处UKF鲁棒性差、滤波精度低的问题,提出了一种基于改进强跟踪UKF(ISTUKF)的IMM-JPDA-ISTUKF算法。通过模拟道路场景搭建的仿真环境对算法性能进行了验证,且为证明该算法在实际道路工况下跟踪精度的提升,还进行了雷达道路测试,通过雷达在道路上获取的车辆数据进一步验证了该算法的有效性。结果表明,该算法在目标车辆运动状态发生变化时的距离跟踪精度和速度跟踪精度方面均得到了提高。

An Algorithm of the Adaptive Grid and Fuzzy Interacting Multiple Model

This paper studies the algorithm of the adaptive grid and fuzzy interacting multiple model （AGFIMM） for maneuvering target tracking, while focusing on the problems of the fixed structure multiple model （FSMM） algorithm＇s cost-efficiency ratio being not high and the Markov transition probability of the interacting multiple model （IMM） algorithm being difficult to determine exactly. This algorithm realizes the adaptive model set by adaptive grid adjustment, and obtains each model matching degree in the model set by fuzzy logic inference. The simulation results show that the AGFIMM algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy and cost-efficiency ratio of the multiple model algorithm, and as a result is suitable for enineering apolications.

基于改进ATPM-IMM算法的外辐射源雷达机动目标跟踪

针对外辐射源雷达进行机动目标跟踪时,现有的自适应交互式多模型(AIMM)算法难以达到高精确度跟踪的问题,提出一种基于改进的自适应转移概率交互式多模型(ATPM-IMM)的机动目标跟踪算法。该算法在ATPM-IMM算法的基础上增加了自适应控制窗,对转移概率矩阵进行再次修正,从而可根据目标的机动情况自适应切换机动模型,提高真实模型的匹配概率。仿真和实测数据结果表明,所提算法可有效提高外辐射源雷达进行机动目标跟踪的精确度。

基于IMM-KF算法改进的欺骗式干扰检测算法

针对基于接收机基线长度的欺骗干扰检测方法在短基线和低定位精度下检测性能差的问题,提出了一种交互多模型卡尔曼滤波(Interactive Multi-model Kalman Filtering,IMM-KF)算法改进的欺骗式干扰检测算法。该方法通过IMM-KF算法对两个接收机天线的位置信息进行最优估计,提高基线解算精度,从而提升基于基线长度的欺骗干扰检测方法的检测性能。首先,详细分析了基于基线长度的欺骗干扰检测方法的数学原理;其次,建立欺骗检测算法模型,并对其性能进行仿真分析;然后,根据算法应用场景引入IMM-KF算法优化基线长度估计量;最后,针对不同的基线长度和定位精度进行仿真实验,对算法进行性能评估。仿真结果表明,该算法可以在接收机伪距测量精度为0.1 m、基线长度为0.5 m的情况下达到86%的检测成功率,而传统算法在此情况下检测成功率仅为10%。

Aircraft Trajectory Prediction Based on Modified Interacting Multiple Model Algorithm

In order to realize the aircraft trajectory prediction,a modified interacting multiple model(M-IMM) algorithm is proposed,which is based on the performance analysis of the standard interacting multiple model(IMM) algorithm.In the proposed M-IMM algorithm,a new likelihood function is defined for the sake of updating flight mode probabilities,in which the influences of interacting to residual's mean error are taken into account and the assumption of likelihood function being a zero mean Gaussian function is discarded.Finally,the proposed M-IMM algorithm is applied to the simulation of the aircraft trajectory prediction,and the comparative studies are conducted to existing algorithms.The simulation results indicate the proposed M-IMM algorithm can predict aircraft trajectory more quickly and accurately.

Application of interacting multi-model algorithm in gyro signal processing

There is one problem existing in gyroscope signal processing,which is that single models can＇ t adapt to change of carrier maneuvering process.Since it is difficult to identify the angular motion state of gyroscope carriers,interacting multiple model （IMM） is employed here to solve the problem.The Kalman filter-based IMM （IMMKF） algorithm is explained in detail and its application in gyro signal processing is introduced.And with the help of the Singer model,the system model set of gyro outputs is constructed.In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,static experiment and dynamic experiment are carried out respectively.Simulation analysis results indicate that the IMMKF algorithm is excellent in eliminating gyro drift errors,which could adapt to the change of carrier maneuvering process well.

Application of interacting multiple model in integrated positioning system of vehicle

To solve low precision and poor stability of the extended Kalman filter （EKF） in the vehicle integrated positioning system owing to acceleration, deceleration and turning （hereinafter referred to as maneuvering） , the paper presents an adaptive filter algorithm that combines interacting multiple model （IMM） and non linear Kalman filter. The algorithm describes the motion mode of vehicle by using three state spacemode]s. At first, the parallel filter of each model is realized by using multiple nonlinear filters. Then the weight integration of filtering result is carried out by using the model matching likelihood function so as to get the system positioning information. The method has advantages of nonlinear system filter and overcomes disadvantages of single model of filtering algorithm that has poor effects on positioning the maneuvering target. At last, the paper uses IMM and EKF methods to simulate the global positioning system （OPS）/inertial navigation system （INS）/dead reckoning （DR） integrated positioning system, respectively. The results indicate that the IMM algorithm is obviously superior to EKF filter used in the integrated positioning system at present. Moreover, it can greatly enhance the stability and positioning precision of integrated positioning system.

基于GPDA-IMM和时间管理的相控阵雷达多目标跟踪算法

多功能相控阵雷达具有灵活性强、跟踪能力强的优势。为了提高相控阵雷达目标跟踪器精确度,进行相控阵雷达能量调节和任务执行的科学管理,通过合理调整机动目标和非机动目标的回访率,进而实现搜索、跟踪时间资源管理。设计了广义概率数据关联-交互式多模型(Generalized Probability Data Association-Interacting Multiple Model, GPDA-IMM)算法,GPDA运算量小,IMM综合了无迹和容积卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波多模型滤波的特点,且优化权重因子,达到了较好跟踪性能。最后,通过仿真平台模拟8个运动目标的现实场景,结合时间管理和目标跟踪调整回访率,进行大量的仿真实验,证明了算法对不同目标类型和机动状态的有效性和实用性。

GEO混合推力机动目标跟踪IMM算法

针对交互多模型(IMM)算法求解地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星混合推力机动目标跟踪问题时模型匹配难、模型转移概率近似平均和响应速度慢的问题,从交互模型集构建和模型转移概率自适应设计两个方面出发提出一种改进IMM算法。该方法通过考虑无机动、脉冲机动和有限推力机动三种模式,构建了覆盖目标机动状态的交互模型集,提高了模型与机动目标实际运行状态的匹配度;采用一种基于加速度估计自适应修正的模型交互概率修正方法,提升了算法对目标机动状态的响应速度和跟踪精度。仿真结果表明,所提算法是解决混合推力模式下的GEO机动目标跟踪问题的有效手段,在收敛速度和收敛精度等方面与传统方法相比有较大提高。

Modeling of UAV path planning based on IMM under POMDP framework

In order to enhance the capability of tracking targets autonomously of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model for UAV path planning is established based on the POMDP framework. The elements of the POMDP model are analyzed and described. The state transfer law in the model can be described by the method of interactive multiple model (IMM) due to the diversity of the target motion law, which is used to switch the motion model to accommodate target maneuvers, and hence improving the tracking accuracy. The simulation results show that the model can achieve efficient planning for the UAV route, and effective tracking for the target. Furthermore, the path planned by this model is more reasonable and efficient than that by using the single state transition law.

室内外混合环境下基于IMM-EKF的AGV连续定位方法研究

针对室内外混合环境下自动导引车(AGV)连续定位中存在多模型不匹配竞争、定位精度差的问题,提出一种基于交互式多模型—扩展卡尔曼滤波(IMM-EKF)的AGV室内外连续定位算法。针对AGV连续定位存在定位精度差的问题,提出采用平行扩展卡尔曼滤波器分别实现激光雷达(LiDAR)/里程计(ODOM)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)/ODOM的融合滤波定位。针对AGV连续定位存在多模型不匹配竞争问题,提出通过模型的似然概率分别计算LiDAR和GNSS模型概率,并根据模型概率对定位结果进行加权融合,从而计算AGV的最优位姿估计。AGV连续定位实验结果表明:本文提出融合LiDAR/GNSS/ODOM的IMM-EKF连续定位滤波算法,极大地提高了室内外连续定位精度、并有效抑制模型间的不匹配竞争关系,实现AGV的实时全局精准定位。

VICKF-IMM算法在机动目标跟踪中的应用

针对智能体移动方式复杂,对其进行观测的传感器测量的信息存在噪声以及目标运动轨迹发生突然的改变会导致目标观测失真甚至错误的问题,提出了一种变积容积卡尔曼滤波交互多模型算法(VICKF-IMM)。该算法将容积卡尔曼滤波与交互多模型算法相结合,并对容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)中球面积分进行变积分转换处理。优化了其积分求解的方式,提高了整体的稳定性。Monte-Carlo仿真分析,与CKF-IMM和UKF-IMM算法相比,该算法的跟踪精度有明显的提高,并在目标运动发生突变时有更高的稳定性。

马尔可夫矩阵修正IMM跟踪算法

传统交互多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)滤波算法中,马尔可夫概率转移矩阵参数固定,切换过程模型概率滞后。基于后验信息修正,扩展了一种在线更新马尔可夫概率转移矩阵的自适应跟踪算法,新算法克服了原算法只能交互2个模型的局限性。在计算过程中,依据不匹配模型误差压缩率的更新信息,在线调整先验马尔可夫概率转移矩阵,模型转换过程中更多地利用匹配模型的信息,而减小不匹配模型信息的影响,使收敛速度得到了提高。最后通过多模交互3个当前统计模型(current statistical model,CSM)验证了所提算法的有效性。

基于自适应CS模型的IMM算法

目标运动状态的改变将导致目标跟踪算法精度降低或发散。为了提高机动目标跟踪的跟踪性能,首先,针对当前统计(current statistical,CS)模型中最大加速度固定设置导致模型误差增大的问题,提出了一种自适应CS模型;在自适应CS模型和交互式多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)的基础上,提出了一种交互式多自适应模型(interacting multiple adaptive model,IMAM),该模型通过采用两个自适应CS模型,能够有效消除目标状态突变造成模型误差急速增大的问题,提高了模型的准确度和适应性。其次,在IMAM的基础上,结合修正卡尔曼滤波(amendatory Kalman filter,AKF)的思想,提出了IMAM-AKF算法,该算法通过修正最终的状态融合估计值,有效地降低了目标机动造成的模型误差,进一步提高了机动目标跟踪的性能。最后,结合自适应渐消卡尔曼滤波(adaptive fading Kalman filter,AFKF)的思想,提出了IMAM-AFAKF算法。仿真结果表明,无论是强机动还是弱机动,IMAM-AFAKF算法都具有较好的跟踪性能。

基于VS-IMM算法的A-SMGCS场面运动目标跟踪

为实现先进场面运动引导控制系统中场面监视雷达对运动目标的跟踪,研究了将变结构交互式多模型(Variable structure interacting multiple model,VS-IMM)算法应用到该系统中。首先,根据飞机的真实运动情况建立了飞机的匀速运动、匀加速运动和匀速转弯运动模型;然后,针对固定结构交互式多模型(Fixed structureinteractive multiple model,FS-IMM)算法在目标跟踪方面的不足,结合机场地图,将VS-IMM算法应用到机场场面运动目标跟踪中;最后,基于扩展卡尔曼滤波将VS-IMM算法与FS-IMM算法进行仿真比较。结果表明:VS-IMM算法的跟踪精度及模型选择均优于FS-IMM算法,VS-IMM算法在场面跟踪方面具有更大的应用价值。

适用于模型失配时的改进IMM算法

机动目标难以跟踪的主要原因是无法找到一个准确的模型来描述目标的运动,即此时目标运动模型是失配的。现今交互式多模型(interacting multiple-model,IMM)算法是一种常用的用于机动目标的跟踪算法。推导分析了现有的典型IMM滤波算法在跟踪机动目标时存在的不足,提出了一种更适用于运动模型失配情况下机动目标跟踪的改进IMM算法。该算法对在跟踪机动目标时滤波器的新息序列的均值特性进行推导分析,改进了IMM算法中模型概率的计算方法,提高了模型概率计算的准确性,从而提高对机动目标的跟踪精度。建立了典型的机动目标跟踪场景,将改进后的IMM算法和原有的典型IMM算法的跟踪性能进行了对比研究,并对模型转换概率的准确性进行了分析,仿真结果验证该改进算法的有效性。