Opposing Trends of Winter Cold Extremes over Eastern Eurasia and North America under Recent Arctic Warming

Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature(SAT)variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16,and found the daily SAT variance,mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component,shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America,respectively.Increasing cold extremes(defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations)dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia,while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America.The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia(North America)is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals(Alaska)and surface Siberian(Canadian)high.The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region,while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)–like sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific.The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming,reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days,and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America.The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America.Therefore,the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.

SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF LOCAL AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

Based on the air-sea interface heat fluxes and related meteorological variables datasets recently released by Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes(OA Flux) Project of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,as well as the outgoing longwave radiation and surface wind datasets from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,the seasonal dependence of local air-sea interaction over the tropical western Pacific warm pool(referred to the region(1o-6oN,144o-154oE)) is revealed and the probable impacts of remote forcing on the air-sea interaction are examined.The results indicated the dominance of oceanic forcing with the significant impact of ENSO in March and that of atmospheric feedback without notable influence of remote forcing in June.While the interannual variability of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) is larger than that of SSTA tendency when oceanic forcing is dominant,the opposite is true when atmospheric feedback is dominant.The magnitude of the oceanic forcing of the atmosphere tends to decrease in March with the occurrence of ENSO,though ENSO has little influence on the atmospheric feedback to the ocean in June.The local air-sea interaction is substantially the same before and after the removal of the effect of Indian Oceanic Dipole.The reduction of shortwave radiation fluxes into the western Pacific warm pool,due to the enhanced overlaying convection in March associated with ENSO,leads to the decline of SST tendency that will weaken the oceanic forcing of the atmosphere.

2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气分析

选用常规气象观测资料、人工加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR格点资料,对2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:东北冷涡和地面气旋为此次极端雨雪天气的主要影响系统,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及强的冷暖气流交汇,是产生极端雨雪天气的主要原因;高低空急流耦合和高空辐散抽吸作用,配合东北冷涡动力抬升作用,暖湿低空急流沿冷垫爬升,进一步加强了上升运动。暖湿急流为此次极端雨雪天气提供了充沛的水汽条件,暖湿急流的增强对应水汽辐合作用增强,配合低层冷垫和东北冷涡的动力抬升作用,对降雪有明显增幅作用;地面辐合线沿地形分布,触发了此次极端强降雪天气。地形阻挡导致地面冷空气堆积形成冷垫,是极端降雪天气发生的重要原因。温度层结差异是鞍山、岫岩雨雪相态差异的主要原因。具有冻结层特征的低层冷垫,为鞍山极端暴雪提供了有利的温度层结条件;融化层厚度和地面温度是岫岩出现冻雨的关键因素。

疗愈导向下寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间的交互模式研究

校园心理健康工作的重要性日趋提高,寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间是学生课余活动的主要场所,规划建设时需均衡交通功能、活动功能与疗愈功能。疗愈导向下的寒地校园与绿地空间交互模式研究,旨在为学生提升校园环境中缓解压力、舒缓紧张情绪、恢复身心健康的作用,为校园规划提供决策指导和实施思路。以哈尔滨工业大学校园规划为例,通过问卷调查的方法,提取寒地校园暖廊的功能需求、暖廊内外休闲活动空间意向类型、暖廊与绿地的组合方式等,将暖廊与绿地空间作为校园规划的两类体系组织规划,提出通过空间布局、功能复合、植物配置等规划途径,形成疗愈导向下的暖廊与绿地空间网络化布局交互模式、暖廊内外绿化融合交互模式、休闲活动空间交互模式,以期指导寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间规划。

寒温统一论视角下的脾胃病证治

寒温统一论是外感热病治疗过程中重要的指导理论,临床提倡寒温结合治疗。外邪是导致脾胃病的重要因素,伤寒温病皆可致脾胃病的发生,且内伤脾胃病亦可由外邪久治不愈引起,临床上往往表现为寒热虚实错杂。故寒温统一论中的治疗法则亦可运用到脾胃病的治疗当中。本文结合伤寒、温病经典,从脾胃生理病理出发,总结寒温统一论辨治下的脾胃病治法,归纳为“辛开苦降”“寒热并用”“清宣祛邪”三大方面,兼顾脾胃病治疗中阴阳特征、气机升降、邪正关系,并通过现代生理学、药理学研究阐释寒温统一类方治疗脾胃病的机制,为临床治疗疑难脾胃病提供了新的思路。

地形及暖锋共同影响下京津冀典型重污染过程数值模拟

由于京津冀所处的独特地理位置,地形及中尺度天气对该地区空气污染的形成起到至关重要的作用。2023年12月29—30日京津冀发生了一次典型区域性重污染过程。利用RMAPS-CHEM数值模式系统的预报结果,结合地面PM2.5质量浓度及气象资料等,研究了地形及暖锋共同作用下边界层过程加剧平原地区重污染程度的影响机制。结果发现:受华北地形槽影响,西南风在传输污染物的同时还将暖湿气团自南向北输送,造成京津冀平原东南侧形成低空暖锋;在暖锋及地形的共同影响下,被污染的冷气团因东南侧受暖锋驱动、西北侧受地形限制,堆积于近山区平原的地面附近,形成冷池;冷池的逆温、静风和极低边界层等强稳定大气层结特性,导致污染物被限制在有限垂直空间内,同时弱风造成气团停滞,抑制污染物水平方向的传输和扩散,这些不利因素最终导致污染物浓度持续积累。

广州某大型医院冷热源方案选型及水系统设计分析

介绍了广州市某大型综合医院空调系统设计,基于对综合医院所处位置及实际需求的深入分析,探讨非净化区与净化区空调冷热源系统的方案选型。另外,通过一级泵变流量系统与二级泵变流量系统方案的对比,根据实际情况探索该大型医疗综合楼空调水系统的最佳方案。

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RE-INTENSIFICATION OF HIGOS IN SOUTHERN CHINA AFTER LANDFALL

The NCEP Global Data Assimilation System analysis of grid data, satellite products of Naval Research Laboratory, conventional meteorological data and observations of automatic weather stations in Guangdong province were used together with environmental conditions, atmospheric circulation, and physical characteristics to diagnose the cause and mechanism of the intensification of tropical cyclone Higos in Southern China. The results showed that favorable environmental conditions of high temperature, humidity of the underlying surface, strong upper divergence, weak vertical wind shear, and the persistence of a southwest jet stream beside the southern Higos were the necessary ingredients that contributed to the maintenance of intensity and re-intensification of Higos. The sinking intrusion of cold air from the lower troposphere was the critical condition for its intensification over land. The fxontal genesis caused by weak cold air increased the lower tropospheric convergence and updraft, and the condensation latent heat released by heavy rains promoted convergence. From this positive feedback process, Higos obtained an increasing of positive vorticity and re-intensified over land. The re-intensification was due not only to the build-up of wind and the reduction of pressure but also to the simultaneous warm-up of its warm core.

Weak ENSO Asymmetry Due to Weak Nonlinear Air–Sea Interaction in CMIP5 Climate Models

State-of-the-art climate models have long-standing intrinsic biases that limit their simulation and projection capabilities. Significantly weak ENSO asymmetry and weakly nonlinear air-sea interaction over the tropical Pacific was found in CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5） climate models compared with observation. The results suggest that a weak nonlinear air-sea interaction may play a role in the weak ENSO asymmetry. Moreover, a weak nonlinearity in air-sea interaction in the models may be associated with the biases in the mean climate--the cold biases in the equatorial central Pacific. The excessive cold tongue bias pushes the deep convection far west to the western Pacific warm pool region and suppresses its development in the central equatorial Pacific. The deep convection has difficulties in further moving to the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially during extreme El Nifio events, which confines the westerly wind anomaly to the western Pacific. This weakens the eastern Pacific El Nifio events, especially the extreme E1 Nifio events, and thus leads to the weakened ENSO asymmetry in climate models. An accurate mean state structure （especially a realistic cold tongue and deep convection） is critical to reproducing ENSO events in climate models. Our evaluation also revealed that ENSO statistics in CMIP5 climate models are slightly improved compared with those of CMIP3. The weak ENSO asymmetry in CMIP5 is closer to the observation. It is more evident in CMIP5 that strong ENSO activities are usually accompanied by strong ENSO asymmetry, and the diversity of ENSO amplitude is reduced.

A Climatology of Heavy Rain and Major Flood Events in Victoria 1876-2019 and the Effect of the 1976 Climate Shift

An extensive search has been carried out to find all major flood and very heavy rainfall events in Victoria since 1876 when Southern Oscillation(SOI)data became available.The synoptic weather patterns were analysed and of the 319 events studied,121 events were found to be East Coast Lows(ECLs)and 82 were other types of low-pressure systems.Tropical influences also played a large role with 105 events being associated with tropical air advecting down to Victoria into weather systems.Examples are presented of all the major synoptic patterns identified.The SOI was found to be an important climate driver with positive SOIs being associated with many events over the 144 years studied.The 1976 Climate Shift and its influence on significant Victorian rainfall events is studied and negative SOI monthly values were shown to dominate following the Shift.However,one of the most active periods in 144 years of Victorian heavy rain occurred after the shift with a sustained period of positive SOI events from 2007 to 2014.Therefore,it is critical for forecasting future Victorian heavy rainfall is to understand if sequences of these positive SOI events continue like those preceding the Shift.Possible relationships between the Shift and Global Temperature rises are also explored.Upper wind data available from some of the heaviest rainfall events showed the presence of anticyclonic turning of the winds between 850hPa and 500hPa levels which has been found to be linked with extreme rainfall around the Globe.

一场突发性局地大暴雨触发作用的分析和探讨

利用多种非常规高时空分辨率观测资料并结合ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis V5)再分析资料,分析了2019年6月2日长春市区的一场突发性局地大暴雨的中尺度特征,结果发现,低层或高层冷中心、暖湿气流和冷池出流三者之间不同的相互作用是该过程两段不同强度降水产生的根本原因:第一时段降水较强,并伴有强雷电和冰雹,700 hPa附近较弱冷中心在低层偏南风急流作用下北移至长春站北部并叠加在高层强冷中心之下,其下沉气流在边界层顶附近受该处降水形成的冷池和冷锋后部冷平流阻挡向南回流,冷池出流强度增强并在长春站附近迫使强暖湿气流抬升,长春站上空层结不稳定性加强,当上游对流云团东移至该地时强烈发展,回波强度超过60 dBZ,后向传播作用形成东西向线状对流,列车效应显著;第二时段降水相对较弱,仅伴有雷电,长春上空中低层仍为暖平流控制,高层冷空气继续加强并南压,其下沉气流在边界层顶附近受低层急流作用向北辐散,冷平流较强并与第一阶段强降水产生的冷池出流(较弱冷平流)在长春站附近辐合,迫使其低层相对较暖的气团抬升,700 hPa以下转为垂直上升运动,对流云团移至该处再次发展并与周围对流云团合并形成线状对流群,但两支辐合气流均为冷平流,近地面层缺少热力条件配合,不利于上升气流加强和维持,强度不超过55 dBZ且质心较低,维持时间短。

影响上海地区冬春季流感流行强度的关键局地气象因子研究

识别影响流感流行强度的关键气象因子有助于提高流感疫情预警、预测能力。基于2010—2018年上海市冬、春季周流感样病例数(ILI)和气象观测资料,采用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)和广义相加回归模型(GAM)系统分析了ILI与多种气象因子的关联,在此基础上使用多元逐步回归模型识别调控流感流行强度的关键气象因子。结果表明,冬、春季平均气温和相对湿度与ILI呈反向关系,低温和低湿效应的滞后持续时间较长,5℃和50%环境下滞后3周的累积风险分别为2.16(95%CI:1.18—3.95)和2.51(95%CI:1.96—3.23),且气温与相对湿度对ILI存在交互影响,干燥环境会显著加强冷效应。此外,与气温有关的不稳定天气要素也与ILI具有显著关联,其中气温日较差对ILI的影响在当周最大,每升高1℃,ILI风险增加1.8%(95%CI:0.2%—3.4%),ILI流行早期的冷空气活动频次与ILI呈单调递增线性关系,冷空气活动频次每增加1次,ILI风险增大6.8%(95%CI:2.1%—11.7%)。其中,流行早期阶段的频繁冷空气活动和流行期内的干燥环境为严重流感事件的爆发提供了合适的外界环境。研究结果可为科学理解暖冬背景下出现的大规模流感流行事件提供理论依据。

Variations of widespread extreme cold and warm days in winter over China and their possible causes

The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than-1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High(SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong(weak) SH before(after) the1990 s corresponds to an increase(decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH.When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold(south-cold-north-warm) days occur more(less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China.

低涡和副热带高压共同影响下的暴雨落区分析

应用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析低涡和副热带高压共同影响下的暴雨过程,发现暴雨落区并不与低涡位置及路径一致,因而不能简单的按其位置和路径预报暴雨落区,应着眼于暴雨发生的物理机理,注意分析影响系统的空间结构、发展阶段和地面形势的演变特征。在有锋面系统影响时,初始对流往往由锋面触发,因此,暴雨的第一落区在锋面附近。冷锋触发的暖区暴雨随后出现,不需强的动力辐合条件,可能远离低涡中心,而是位于副热带高压边缘的高温湿舌内。另外,应密切关注周边初生的对流云团及其移人时造成的暴雨。

经向切变线暴雨落区分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对有静止锋和无锋面的两类经向切变线的暴雨落区从地面形势、高低空系统配置及冷暖空气的相互作用等方面进行精细分析,补充完善低涡、切变线类天气系统暴雨落区位于低涡东南象限的一般概念模型,以满足精细化预报的需求。结果表明:有地面静止锋配合和无锋面的两类经向切变线,在空间结构上有显著差异。由于有静止锋配合的切变线系统具有锋面结构,锋面抬升作用显著,暴雨的第一落区位于地面倒槽顶端;其次,由于冷暖空气相互作用阶段不同,在地面中尺度气旋发展成熟阶段,由于干空气侵人暖湿输送带上空,在静止锋前暖区中,出现暴雨第二落区。在无锋面配合的经向切变线过程中,地面不存在南北风交替的锋面系统,除了低涡东南象限较强的水汽辐合造成的暴雨区,850 hPaθ_e高值区、高比湿舌和弱水汽辐合重合的区域,由于潜在对流不稳定造成另一个暴雨区,且不需低空急流存在。

基于空间化技术对中国近50年平均气温时空演变特征的研究

结合GIS空间化技术,对中国近50年平均气温数据进行定量化的分析,并分析其时空演变规律。采用空间化气候值+年际距平空间插值法生成中国1951—2001年分辨率为10 km×10 km的年、季平均气温空间化数据,通过对近50年空间化数据的分析,认为近50年中,年、季的全国平均气温都表现出显著增温趋势,冬季增幅最大,为0.313℃/10a,夏季增幅最小,为0.152℃/10a,年平均气温增幅为0.208℃/10a。1980年代中期以后增温趋势更加明显。从空间分布看,我国西南地区及西藏东南部和新疆西天山中段在不同季节都是主要的降温区域,而北方大部和西藏中西部地区在不同季节都表现为较强的增温趋势,我国东南地区在不同季节温度变化并不稳定,增温或降温的幅度都很小。暖冬事件在北方发生比较频繁,四川及云南部分地区较少,全国发生面积呈逐渐增大的趋势,增幅为国土面积的8.6%/10a。冷夏在新疆南部、西藏西北部和东南部以及江淮一带发生次数较多,辽宁南部、新疆沙漠地区、西藏中部、青海东部、四川大部分地区以及长江以南广大地区最少。全国发生冷夏的面积不断减小,50年平均减幅约为国土面积的5.8%/10a。

2008年1月中国低温与北大西洋涛动和平流层异常活动的联系

运用中国160站月平均气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,在结合近30年中国1月地面气温年际异常变化可能机理基础上,分析了2008年1月气温异常变化的原因。结果表明:2008年1月中国大范围气温异常偏低,其异常变化与同期北大西洋西风急流及其相联系的北大西洋涛动遥相关环流异常有密切的关系。北大西洋急流加强东扩,北大西洋涛动正异常,从北大西洋经欧亚中高纬到中国北方出现波状环流异常,贝加尔湖南侧气压偏高,冷空气活动偏强,是中国1月气温偏低的主要环流因子。进一步分析发现,2008年1月中国低温还受到了平流层的影响。平流层环流异常开始于2007年9月,对流层从2007年12月开始,两者都在2008年1月达到最强。从平流层环流显著异常的波源区有异常的波作用量向西向下传播,在北大西洋东部到西欧上空平流层和对流层的波向量耦合,导致对流层该地区上空高压脊扰动加强,扰动向北的经向热输送异常偏强,锋区向北扩展,相应急流异常偏北东扩;通过波流相互作用,扰动能量向下游频散,引起相应遥相关环流异常,导致2008年1月中国低温。

冷空气入侵对热带气旋发生发展的影响

本文从梯度风方程出发,证明温度梯度增强对涡度起到增强作用.因此当冷空气侵入热带气旋外围时,只要没有破坏热带气旋的暖心结构,就会引起温度梯度的增长,从而促进热带气旋的发生发展.本文采用NCAR/PSU研制的非静力中尺度模式MM5,研究北半球冷暖空气入侵在热带气旋形成和加强过程中的作用.通过研究冷暖空气对热带气旋发展影响的试验发现,冷暖空气在入侵热带气旋外围时,最主要改变的是外围的环流场.北半球冷空气的入侵将会增强热带气旋北面的北风,形成指向热带气旋中心的推力,即辐合增强,暖空气入侵减弱北面的北风,形成背向热带气旋中心的拉力,即辐合减弱.由于拉力作用,一方面把边界上由于冷空气入侵而生成的能量往热带气旋中心输送,另一方面导致温度梯度的增加.因此从天气学形势来看,在热带气旋发生发展的过程中,北方的冷高压将会增强热带气旋北面的风速,从而导致热带气旋的增强;南半球澳高的增强,将使越赤道气流增强,热带气旋南面的风速也因此增强,从而引起热带气旋的增强.

一次夜间弓形回波特征分析

针对2012年7月13—14日一次发生在高空槽前暖湿环境中产生短时强降水和7—9级雷雨大风的夜间弓形回波系统,进行了天气过程分析和数值模拟,发现弓形回波系统由两个多单体雷暴合并发展,强降水特征明显,在弓形回波的弓形顶点经过的浙江北部的嘉兴到上海青浦、宝山等一线出现了长距离的直线大风。分析表明,在整层湿度较大的环境中,来自对流系统南侧的中高层干暖气流卷人,加强了雷暴中降水的蒸发冷却作用,导致雷暴中的下沉运动明显增强,是产生长距离直线大风的关键环境因素;弓形回波系统后侧维持向前、向下倾斜的后侧人流急流,与雷暴内的下沉运动共同作用增强了风暴前侧的气压梯度,是产生此次弓形回波大风的主要原因;强低空环境风垂直切变阻止了冷池快速离开风暴主体,弓形回波前侧的阵风锋与低层环境风垂直切变形成的匹配涡对使得前侧新生对流垂直发展,是该弓形回波系统发展、维持的关键机制。

青藏高原暖季与冷季气温的时空演变分析

;利用1974—2003年青藏高原地区海拔高度>3000 m以上的49个气象站月平均气温,分析了暖季与冷季气温的时空演变特征。结果表明,青藏高原暖季气温的空间分布可以分为三部分:大致在85°E以西的高原西部地区,大致以85°E和33°N为界的高原东北部地区和高原东南部地区;西部高温区、柴达木盆地高温区和藏南高温带很明显。冷季气温的空间分布基本上为南暖北冷,南北分界大约在32°N。青藏高原暖、冷季气温空间分布有较一致的年代际变暖现象,主要表现在北部地区,尤其是西北部地区。青藏高原北部暖季升温明显,五道梁站暖季长期升温趋势为0.035℃/a;青藏高原南部冷季升温明显,拉萨站冷季长期升温趋势达0.060℃/a。青藏高原暖、冷季气温为大体一致的年际变化,江河源区有明显的高值区,为气温变化的关键区;暖、冷季气温长期变化趋势虽然都是上升的,但近10年的变化趋势却相反,暖季为降温趋势,冷季为明显的增温趋势。