Interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress in an infinite elastic plane with two circular holes

Numerous researches have focused on the physical behavior of an elastic material in the vicinity of a single hole under the assumption that the interaction effects arising from the introduction of multiple holes remain negligible if the holes are placed sufficiently far from each other.In an effort to understand hole interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress,we consider the case when two circular holes are embedded in an infinite elastic material and use complex variable methods together with numerical analysis to obtain solutions describing temperature and elastic fields in the vicinity of the two circular holes.The results indicate that the interaction effects on temperature distribution and stress strongly depend on the relative size of the two holes and the distance placed between them but not on the actual size of the holes.

Bootstrap inference of the skew-normal two-way classification random effects model with interaction

In this paper,we consider the statistical inference problems for the fixed effect and variance component functions in the two-way classification random effects model with skewnormal errors.Firstly,the exact test statistic for the fixed effect is constructed.Secondly,using the Bootstrap approach and generalized approach,the one-sided hypothesis testing and interval estimation problems for the single variance component,the sum and ratio of variance components are discussed respectively.Further,the Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that the exact test statistic performs well in the one-sided hypothesis testing problem for the fixed effect.And the Bootstrap approach is better than the generalized approach in the one-sided hypothesis testing problems for variance component functions in most cases.Finally,the above approaches are applied to the real data examples of the consumer price index and value-added index of three industries to verify their rationality and effectiveness.

Neuroimmune actions in the brain and interactions with the effects of alcohol

The neuroimmune system of the brain:Early studies(1990’s)on the neurological consequences of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)infection in the brain were instrumental in establishing that specific brain cell types can function as an innate immune system within the brain and in that role influence cognitive function(Kaul et al.,2005).

Effects of Hyperfine and Dopant Cation Interactions on theDC-Electrical Conductivity of MnZn Ferrites

Samples of undoped, and CuO, CaO, Al2O3 as well as V2O5 doped MnZn ferrite were prepared using standard ceramic method. The X-ray diffraction results for the base and doped ferrite samples show a single phase with spinel cubic structure. The Mossbauer spectrum of the base sample indicates line broadening and overlapping due to relaxation of magnetic dipoles. The temperature dependence of DC-electrical conductivity has been discussed on the basis of electronic conduction (electron hopping) and ionic conduction mechanism.

Effects of Maternal Marginal Iodine Deficiency on Interactions between Cerebellar Bergmann Glia Cells and Purkinje Cells in Rat Offspring

Iodine deficiency(ID)during early pregnancy has an adverse effect on children’s psychomotor and motor function but the mechanism has not been clarified.Therefore,our aim was to study the effect of maternal marginal ID on cerebellar neurodevelopment and the underlying mechanism.After obtaining marginal ID rats,we examined interactions between Bergmann glia cells(BGs)and Purkinje cells(PCs)using immunofluorescence

A comparison of two wave energy converters’power performance and mooring fatigue characteristics-One WEC vs many WECs in a wave park with interaction effects

The production of renewable energy is key to satisfying the increasing demand for energy without further increasing pollution.Harnessing ocean energy from waves has attracted attention due to its high energy density.This study compares two generations of floating heaving point absorber WEC,WaveEL 3.0 and WaveEL 4.0,regarding their power performance and mooring line fatigue characteristics,which are essen-tial in,e.g.,LCoE calculations.The main differences between the two WECs are the principal dimensions and minor differences in their geometries.The DNV software SESAM was used for simulations and anal-yses of these WECs in terms of buoy heave motion resonances for maximising energy harvesting,motion characteristics,mooring line forces,fatigue of mooring lines,and hydrodynamic power production.The first part of the study presents results from simulations of unit WEC in the frequency domain and in the time domain for regular wave and irregular sea state conditions.A verification of the two WECs’motion responses and axial mooring line forces is made against measurement data from a full-scale installation.In the second part of the study,the influence of interaction effects is investigated when the WECs are installed in wave parks.The wave park simulations used a fully-coupled non-linear method in SESAM that calculates the motions of the WECs and the mooring line forces simultaneously in the time domain.The amount of fatigue damage accumulated in the mooring lines was calculated using a relative tension-based fatigue analysis method and the rainflow counting method.Several factors that influence the power performance of the wave park and the accumulated fatigue damage of the mooring lines,for example,the WEC distance of the wave park,the sea state conditions,and the direction of incoming waves,are simulated and discussed.The study’s main conclusion is that WaveEL 4.0,which has a longer tube than WaveEL 3.0,absorbs more hydrodynamic energy due to larger heave motions and more efficient power production.At the same time,the accumulated fatigue damage in the moorings is lower compared to WaveEL 3.0 if the distance between the WECs in the wave park is not too short.Its motions in the hor-izontal plane are larger,which may require a larger distance between the WEC units in a wave park to avoid losing efficiency due to hydrodynamic interaction effects.

Effects of the Dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content on the soil disintegration characteristics of gully erosion

Benggang erosion is caused by a special type of gully erosion in southern China that seriously endangers the local ecology and environment.In this study,typical Benggang collapsing-wall soils were used as the study area to investigate the effects of different initial moisture contents and dicranopteris linearis root weight densities,as well as their interactions on disintegration in orthogonal test method.The results showed that the rate of soil disintegration decreased as a linear function of the initial moisture content.The soil disintegration rate tended to rise and then fall as the root weight density increased,reflecting an optimum root weight density of 0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3.The incorporation of dicranopteris linearis roots was most effective for soil consolidation in the shallow layers of soil.In addition,the disintegration rate of the collapsing-wall soils increases as the soil layer deepened.The dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content had an interactive effect that was more pronounced in deeper soils.However,the combined effect of these processes was always dominated by the initial moisture content.Moderate initial soil moisture content(0.20-0.24 g/g)and the addition of a high root density in dicranopteris linearis(0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3)were the optimal combinations that reduced the disintegration rate.In conclusion,maintaining a suitable natural moisture content in collapsing-wall soils and taking measures that use plants to consolidate soil can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Benggang erosion.The results of this study provided further insight into the factors that influence soil disintegration and offered a scientific basis for soil erosion management in the southern China.

A Hydrodynamic Model for Dimpled Mechanical Gas Seal Considering Interaction Effect

The mechanical gas seal of aero engine has to face the problems of high wear rate and short lifetime.Surface texture has shown beneficial effects over the tribological characteristics.Here,a hydrodynamic model for dimpled annular area of mechanical gas seal considering the″interaction effect″between adjacent dimples is developed based on the Reynolds equation.Different multi-row columns are chosen and the dimensionless pressure in radial and circumferential directions is calculated.The results indicate that the″interaction effect″is more obvious in the circumferential direction than in the radial direction,even when the area and depth of the dimples are same.Moreover,for the 5×5column,the dimensionless average pressure considering the″interaction effect″increases by45.41% compared with the 1×5column.Further analysis demonstrates that the model with the 5×5column can be more reasonable with the consideration of reducing the calculation error caused by boundary conditions to investigate the hydrodynamic effect for dimpled mechanical gas seal.

Particles inside electrolytes with ion-specific interactions, their effective charge distributions, and effective interactions

In this work, we explore the statistical physics of colloidal particles that interact with electrolytes via ion-specific interactions. Firstly we study particles interacting weakly with electrolyte using linear response theory. We find that the mean potential around a particle is linearly determined by the effective charge distribution of the particle, which depends both on the bare charge distribution and on ion-specific interactions. We also discuss the effective interaction between two such particles and show that, in the far field regime, it is bilinear in the effective charge distributions of two particles. We subsequently generalize the above results to the more complicated case where particles interact strongly with the electrolyte.Our results indicate that in order to understand the statistical physics of non-dilute electrolytes, both ion-specific interactions and ionic correlations have to be addressed in a single unified and consistent framework.

Genotype×year interaction of pod and seed mass and stability of Pongamia pinnata families in a semi-arid region

Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dryland conditions to identify stable,high-yielding families.The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Each family,consisting of nine trees per replication,was planted at a spacing of3 m x 3 m.Yield stability was analyzed using(1)Eberhart and Russel’s regression coefficient(β_i)and deviation from regression(S_d^2),(2)Wrike’s ecovalence(W_i);(3)Shukla stability variance(σ_i^2);and(4)Piepho and Lotito’s stability index(L_i).Families were also analyzed for adaptability and stability using AMMI and GGE biplots graphical methods.The study revealed significant variances due to family and family x year interaction for pod and seed yield.Families performed differently and ranked differently across years.The performance of families was influenced by both genetic factor and environmental conditions in different years.Among families tested,TNMP20,Acc14,TNMP14 and Acc30 were high yielders for pods,and Acc14,Acc30,TNMP6,RAK19 and TNMP14 were high for seed yield.According to the Eberhart and Russell model,Acc30,TNMP14 and TNMP3 were stable across years.In the graphical view of family x year interaction based on AMMI methods,TNMP3,TNMP4 and TNMP14 had greater stability with moderate seed yield,and Acc14 and Acc30 had moderate stability with high seed yield.On the other hand,GGE biplots revealed Acc14,Acc30 and TNMP14 as high yielders with moderate stability.AMMI and GGE biplots were able to capture nonlinear parts of the family x year interaction that were not be captured by the Eberhart and Russel model while also identifying stable families.Based on different methodologies,Acc14,Acc30 and TNMP14 were identified as high yielding and stable families for promoting pongamia cultivation as a biofuel crop for semi-arid regions.

The Research of Spin-Orbital Interaction in Intermetallic Compounds of System Gd-In on Paramagnetic Area

Normal,R0,and anomalous,RS,components of the Hall coefficient are determined from the results of experimental investigations of temperature dependences of the Hall coefficient,magnetic susceptibility,and specific electrical resistance for intermetallic Gd3In,Gd3In5 and GdIn3 compounds.Effective parameters of spin-orbital interactionλSO of intermetallic compounds are calculated from anomalous components RS of the Hall coefficient and specific electrical resistance.The results calculated for the band parameters and effective parameters of spin-orbital interactionλSO for Gd-In system intermetallides coincide by orders of magnitude with the results obtained from the optical spectra of pure REMs(rare-earth metals).

Multi-Environment Evaluation and Genotype ×Environment Interaction Analysis of Sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>(L.) Moench] Genotypes in Highland Areas of Ethiopia

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a high-yielding, nutrient-use efficient, and drought tolerant crop that can be cultivated on over 80 per cent of the world’s agricultural land. However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. Diseases (leaf and grain) are considered as one of the major biotic factors hindering sorghum productivity in the highland and intermediate altitude sorghum growing areas of Ethiopia. In addition, the yield performance of crop varieties is highly influenced by genotype × environment (G × E) interaction which is the major focus of researchers while generating improved varieties. In Ethiopia, high yielding and stable varieties that withstand biotic stress in the highland areas are limited. In line with this, the yield performance of 21 sorghum genotypes and one standard check were evaluated across 14 environments with the objectives of estimating magnitude G × E interaction for grain yield and to identify high yielder and stable genotypes across environments. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in all environments. The combined analysis of variance across environments revealed highly significant differences among environments, genotypes and G × E interactions of grain yield suggesting further analysis of the G × E interaction. The results of the combined AMMI analysis of variance indicated that the total variation in grain yield was attributed to environments effects 71.21%, genotypes effects 4.52% and G × E interactions effects 24.27% indicating the major sources of variation. Genotypes 2006AN7010 and 2006AN7011 were high yielder and they were stable across environments and one variety has been released for commercial production and can be used as parental lines for genetic improvement in the sorghum improvement program. In general, this research study revealed the importance of evaluating sorghum genotypes for their yield and stability across diverse highland areas of Ethiopia before releasing for commercial production.

Effect of Electron Correlation and Breit Interaction on Energies, Oscillator Strengths, and Transition Rates for Low-Lying States of Helium

The transition energies, E1 transitional oscillator strengths of the spin-allowed as well as the spin-forbidden and the corresponding transition rates, and complete M1, E2, M2 forbidden transition rates for 1s^(2), 1s2s, and 1s2p states of He I, are investigated using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock method. In the subsequent relativistic configuration interaction computations, the Breit interaction and the QED effect are considered as perturbation, separately. Our transition energies, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are in good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical results. As a result, the QED effect is not important for helium atoms, however, the effect of the Breit interaction plays a significant role in the transition energies, the oscillator strengths and transition rates.

The Effect of the Interaction among Multi-Scale Systems and the Asymmetric an

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Family selection and evaluation of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger based on stem analysis data at multiple sites

Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding research of families of the species has not been reported previously.Based on diameter at breast height(DBH),height and volume of 25 families on four experimental sites,we calculated variance components,genetic parameters,juvenile and mature trait correlations and made genotype main effect plus genotype×environment interaction effect(GGE)biplot based on the breeding values estimated using the method of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP).Compared with height,DBH and volume had higher heritability and larger variation coefficients,making them the more suitable traits for family selection and evaluation.Based on these,GGE biplots containing 20 combinations of site×age were drawn using data at 13 to 17 years when the interactions between family and location were strong.Test sites classifications based on DBH,and volume were inconsistent,with two categories for DBH and one for volume.The Guyuan site was the most suitable with strong discriminating ability,high representativeness and stability among tree ages.Integrating the ranking results of DBH and volume,families 66,76,82 and 111 were high-yielding and stable,families 78 and96 were high-yielding with above average stability,families72 and 79 were high-yielding with below average stability,whereas stability of family 100 was inconsistent between DBH and volume.Early selection based on DBH was convenient and reliable,and can be made at seven years.This study provides support for the selection of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii families in Hebei province and an example for the application of stem analysis data from multiple sites in tree breeding.

Coupled interactive effects of ammonia and hydrogen additions on ethylene diffusion flames: A detailed kinetic study

In order to create effective combustion technologies and fuels with low or no carbon emissions,the research was conducted to assess the coupled interactive effects of NH_(3) and H_(2) additions on ethylene counterflow diffusion flames from a kinetic perspective.The effects of the NH_(3)/H_(2) combination on flame temperatures,major species,key radicals,important intermediate species,representative oxygenated species and NO_xwere examined.The results of the study utilizing fictitious inert NH_(3) and/or H_(2) revealed the chemical effects of the two components.It was found that the NH_(3)/H_(2) coupled effects had a more effective inhibitory effect on soot precursors than the effects of corresponding sum of single NH_(3) or H_(2) addition.The production of soot precursors was promoted by the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and H_(2),but the coupled dilution and thermal effects were observed to have a greater impact,resulting in a decrease of the mole fractions of soot precursors.As for the interaction of NH_(3) and H_(2) effects,the presence of H_(2) decreased the chemical effects of NH_(3) on the augmentation of C_(2)H_(2),A1,A2,and CH_(3)CHO mole fractions.The NH_(3) addition alleviated the H_(2) chemical effects on increasing C_(2)H_(2),C_(3)H_(3),A1 and A2 concentrations.Conversely,the NH_(3)chemical effects on C_(3)H_(3),OH and CH_(3)CHO were enhanced when H_(2) was added.The presence of NH_(3) augmented the chemical effects of H_(2) on the growth of OH mole fraction.Moreover,the H_(2) chemical effects hindered the production of NO and NO_(2) in the presence of NH_(3).

Joint Effects and Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Driving Factors of Landslides in Earthquake Areas

Understanding the joint effects of earthquakes and driving factors on the spatial distribution of landslides is helpful for targeted disaster prevention and mitigation in earthquake-prone areas.By far,little work has been done on this issue.This study analyzed the co-seismic landslide of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and 2014.The joint effects and spatiotemporal characteristics of the driving factors in seismic regions were revealed.Results show that(a)between 2008 and 2014,the dominant driving-factor for landslides has changed from earthquake to rock mass;(b)driving factors with weak driving force have a significant enhancement under the joint effects of other factors;(c)the joint effects of driving factors and earthquake decays with time.The study concluded that the strong vibration of the Wenchuan earthquake and the rock mass strength are the biggest contributors to the spatial distribution of landslides in 2008 and 2014,respectively.It means that the driving force of the earthquake is weaker than that of the rock mass after six years of the Wenchuan earthquake.Moreover,the landslide spatial distribution can be attributed to the joint effects of the Wenchuan earthquake and driving factors,and the earthquake has an enhanced effect on other factors.

Soil conservation assessment via climate change and vegetation growth scenarios in the Nile River basin

Soil conservation by vegetation can mitigate soil erosion hazard and prevent reductions in food productivity.However,previous research applies little consideration to the interaction between vegetation and climate change in the estimation of future soil conservation change.Therefore,based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE),Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs,specifically RCP4.5 and RCP8.5),and the vegetation index and precipitation datasets,we built a multivariate regression equation that considers changes in vegetation growth under climate change scenarios in the context of soil conservation.Using the Nile River basin as a case study,via our established methods,we modelled and projected the impact of vegetation and climate change on future soil conservation between 2020 and 2100,where three main results were obtained:(1)under the scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2020 to 2100,soil conservation in the Nile Basin will first increase and then decrease,with its highest value in the years 2060,at 117.72(t ha^(-1)y^(-1)),and 2070,at 134.39(t ha^(-1)y^(-1)).(2)Soil conservation under RCP4.5 is lower than that under the RCP8.5 scenario,with a maximum difference of 27(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))in 2040 and a minimum difference of 0.2(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))in 2100.(3)The vegetation and climate change models in 2100 had soil conservation values of 110.77(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))under RCP4.5 and 38.70(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))under RCP8.5.In conclusion,although vegetation growth can increase soil conservation in the Nile River basin,the change in precipitation can offset the soil conservation enhanced by vegetation growth.

Times Series Applied to Study Vitamin D Seasonality in Argentina

In this study, we analyze how vitamin D (VD) serum levels flow with latitude and throughout seasons of the year within a population sample over three years, taking into account that VD is mainly photosynthesized in the skin from sun exposure. Vitamin D levels have been measured in 80,763 patients during 2013, 2014, and 2015. To accomplish the objectives, we first perform some inference tests like two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc tests. Secondly, we develop time series techniques including cross correlation calculations. Least than 10% of the sample had healthy VD levels, which should be a fact of public health major concern. The effect of the interaction between the two factors, zones and seasons, was proved by ANOVA. The mean values which are significantly different were determined by post hoc test. Furthermore, we find that mean serum VD levels, measured as 25-hydroxy-VD, follow a seasonal lag pattern of 9 weeks, a delay for minimum and maximum values after the respective equinoxes and daily sunlight duration. Reliable estimates of the population are provided in the present study, since one of the strengths is its huge sample size. We have quantitatively characterized the seasonality of serum vitamin D levels in the Argentine and the seasonal lag pattern has been determined for the study region.

One compound approach combining factor-analytic model with AMMI and GGE biplot to improve multi-environment trials analysis

To improve multi-environmental trial(MET)analysis,a compound method—which combines factor analytic(FA)model with additive main effect and multiplicative interaction(AMMI)and genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction(GGE)biplot—was conducted in this study.The diameter at breast height of 36 open-pollinated(OP)families of Pinus taeda at six sites in South China was used as a raw dataset.The best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP)data of all individual trees in each site was obtained by fitting the spatial effects with the FA method from raw data.The raw data and BLUP data were analyzed and compared by using the AMMI and GGE biplot.BLUP results showed that the six sites were heterogeneous and spatial variation could be effectively fitted by spatial analysis with the FA method.AMMI analysis identified that two datasets had highly significant effects on the site,family,and their interactions,while BLUP data had a smaller residual error,but higher variation explaining ability and more credible stability than raw data.GGE biplot results revealed that raw data and BLUP data had different results in mega-environment delineation,test-environment evaluation,and genotype evaluation.In addition,BLUP data results were more reasonable due to the stronger analytical ability of the first two principal components.Our study suggests that the compound method combing the FA method with the AMMI and GGE biplot could improve the analysis result of MET data in Pinus teada as it was more reliable than direct AMMI and GGE biplot analysis on raw data.