Study on soil-pile-structure-TMD interaction system by shaking table model test

The success of the tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing wind-induced structural vibrations has been well established. However, from most of the recent numerical studies, it appears that for a structure situated on very soft soil, soil-structure interaction (SSI) could render a damper on the structure totally ineffective. In order to experimentally verify the SSI effect on the seismic performance of TMD, a series of shaking table model tests have been conducted and the results are presented in this paper. It has been shown that the TMD is not as effective in controlling the seismic responses of structures built on soft soil sites due to the SSI effect. Some test results also show that a TMD device might have a negative impact if the SSI effect is neglected and the structure is built on a soft soil site. For structures constructed on a soil foundation, this research verifies that the SSI effect must be carefully understood before a TMD control system is designed to determine if the control is necessary and if the SSI effect must be considered when choosing the optimal parameters of the TMD device.

SOIL PILE INTERACTION UNDER STATIC, DYNAMIC AND CYCLIC LATERAL LOADS AND A PROPOSAL OF p-y CURVE FORMULA

In this paper, the studies on soil-pile interaction behaviors in saturated sands under static, dynamic and cyclic lateral loads by model testing are described. By comparing with the field test results for piles in soft sandy clay, a formula of p-y curves based on constitutive relationship of soils applicable for both sandy and soft clays is proposed. Good agreements are obtained in comparison with the field test results performed by other investigators abroad. A p-y hysteresis curve formula based on the modified Masing's doubling criterion is also proposed, and the results are in satisfactory agreement with field test results.

Influence of dynamic soil-pile raft-structure interaction:an experimental approach

Traditionally seismic design of structures supported on piled raft foundation is performed by considering fixed base conditions, while the pile head is also considered to be fixed for the design of the pile foundation. Major drawback of this assumption is that it cannot capture soil-foundation-structure interaction due to flexibility of soil or the inertial interaction involving heavy foundation masses. Previous studies on this subject addressed mainly the intricacy in modelling of dynamic soil structure interaction (DSSI) but not the implication of such interaction on the distribution of forces at various elements of the pile foundation and supported structure. A recent numerical study by the authors showed significant change in response at different elements of the piled raft supported structure when DSSI effects are considered. The present study is a limited attempt in this direction, and it examines such observations through shake table tests. The effect of DSSI is examined by comparing dynamic responses from fixed base scaled down model structures and the overall systems. This study indicates the possibility of significant underestimation in design forces for both the column and pile if designed under fixed base assumption. Such underestimation in the design forces may have serious implication in the design of a foundation or structural element.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

Dynamic Response of A Group of Cylindrical Storage Tanks with Baffles Considering the Effect of Soil Foundation

The sloshing in a group of rigid cylindrical tanks with baffles and on soil foundation under horizontal excitation is studied analytically.The solutions for the velocity potential are derived out by the liquid subdomain method.Equivalent models with mass-spring oscillators are established to replace continuous fluid.Combined with the least square technique,Chebyshev polynomials are employed to fit horizontal,rocking and horizontal-rocking coupling impedances of soil,respectively.A lumped parameter model for impedance is presented to describe the effects of soil on tank structures.A mechanical model for the soil-foundation-tank-liquid-baffle system with small amount of calculation and high accuracy is proposed using the substructure technique.The analytical solutions are in comparison with data from reported literature and numerical codes to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the model.Detailed dynamic properties and seismic responses of the soil-tank system are given for the baffle number,size and location as well as soil parameter.

Effect of nonlinear soil-structure interaction on seismic response of low-rise SMRF buildings

The nonlinear behavior of a soil-foundation system may alter the seismic response of a structure by providing additional flexibility to the system and dissipating hysteretic energy at the soil-foundation interface. However, the current design practice is still reluctant to consider the nonlinearity of the soil-foundation system, primarily due to lack of reliable modeling techniques. This study is motivated towards evaluating the effect of nonlinear soil-structure interaction （SSI） on the seismic responses of low-rise steel moment resisting frame （SMRF） structures. In order to achieve this, a Winkler- based approach is adopted, where the soil beneath the foundation is assumed to be a system of closely-spaced, independent, nonlinear spring elements. Static pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on a 3-story SMRF building and the performance of the structure is evaluated through a variety of force and displacement demand parameters. It is observed that incorporation of nonlinear SSI leads to an increase in story displacement demand and a significant reduction in base moment, base shear and inter-story drift demands, indicating the importance of its consideration towards achieving an economic, yet safe seismic design.

Influence of Soil-Foundation Interaction Properties on Oscillations of the System “Building-Building” and “Building-Stack-Like Structure”

Seismic oscillations of the “building-building” system which is interconnected buildings built close to each other, and “building-stack-like structure” system which is adjacent and connected in different ways to existing building are considered in the paper. Different types of connections, such as dampers, including the ones suggested by the authors, are studied. Seismic impact is given as a harmonic function and various existing accelerograms, including synthesized ones. Distinctive feature of this paper from previously published ones [1] [2] is the fact that the emphasis falls on the influence of soil-foundation interaction properties, which are described using various models of load-displacement connections. Calculation results are compared in the case of representation of the building as concentrated masses and spatial systems. Ways to reduce seismic response of buildings during the earthquakes are pointed out. Results of experimental studies are given in the paper and are compared with calculations.

Cone model for two surface foundations on layered soil

In this paper, the cone model is applied to the vibration analysis of two foundations on a layered soil half space. In the analysis, the total stress field in the subsoil is divided into the free-field and the scattering field. Seed＇s simplified method is adopted for the free-field analysis, while the cone model is proposed for analyzing the dynamic scattering stress wave field. The shear stress field and the compressive stress field in the layered stratum with two scattering sources are calculated by shear cone and compressive cone, respectively. Furthermore, the stress fields in the subsoil with two foundations are divided into six zones, and the P wave and S wave are analyzed in each zone. Numerical results are provided to illustrate features of the added stress field for two surface foundations under vertical and horizontal sinusoidal force excitation. The proposed cone model may be useful in handling some of the complex problems associated with multi-scattering sources.

基于Pasternak海床模型的椭圆余弦波浪荷载作用下埋置管线动力响应解析解

通过两阶段分析方法,针对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应进行了探究。基于椭圆余弦波理论,采用Biot固结方程推导了非线性波浪作用下浅水区埋置管线所受的周期波浪压力;将管线考虑为动力Pasternak海床模型上的Euler-Bernoulli梁,将波浪动荷载施加到管线上获得无限长管线的动力响应偏微分控制方程;利用Fourier变换和Laplace变换并借助卷积定理得到管线挠度、速度、加速度、转角、弯矩和剪力的动力响应解。通过与三维有限元数值算例及既有试验结果对比验证了解析解的正确性与适用性。对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应特性进行了敏感参数分析,结果表明:波浪高度H显著影响了波面形状与海床内波浪力大小,不同浪高下管线转角、弯矩和剪力的变化更明显,而挠度、速度和加速度响应敏感性则较低。

考虑土-储罐-液体相互作用的隔震储罐简化力学模型及地震响应研究

为了寻求一种既能减震又能降低成本的储罐结构,提出一种隔震储罐结构体系,根据力的平衡原则推导了滚动隔震装置恢复力模型,得出了复合滚动隔震装置的恢复力模型。基于三质点模型和场地土模型,提出了考虑土-储罐-液体相互作用(STLI)的隔震储罐的简化力学模型和运动方程,并研究了考虑STLI效应和不考虑STLI效应时抗震储罐和隔震储罐在不同场地的地震响应。结果表明:隔震储罐能够有效地降低其基底剪力及倾覆弯矩,但对晃动波高的控制有限,建议在高烈度区,满足晃动波高的前提下,隔震储罐在设计时可以降低烈度。考虑STLI效应后,抗震储罐的基底剪力和倾覆弯矩明显降低,且从Ⅰ类场地到Ⅳ类场地差异率逐渐增大,软土场地降低最为显著。隔震储罐地震响应受STLI效应的影响较小,可以有效地隔断上部结构与场地土之间的耦联,弱化STLI效应对上部结构的影响。

大跨度桥梁抗震分析中的整体有限元法及其应用

为了研究高烈度区抗震设计中桩土相互作用对大跨度桥梁结构地震反应影响,采用基于虚拟人工边界的整体有限元法来考虑桩土相互作用,并与无桩模型以及我国公路桥梁抗震规范中推荐采用的m法模型得到的结果进行对比分析,在建模分析中采取多尺度建模方法,开展了桩土相互作用对大跨度拱桥地震响应的影响规律以及关键构件局部受力和变形特征研究。结果表明:桩土相互作用将增大计算模型拱座和关键节点的应力和位移响应,建议m法应用于同类型大型桥梁抗震分析时,应考虑合理安全系数以保证强震作用下大跨度拱桥的抗震安全性。

基于界面本构模型的砂土中单桩荷载−沉降响应预测方法

基于界面本构模型提出了一种新的砂土中单桩荷载沉降响应的预测方法。首先,从土−结构界面本构模型出发推导了严格的桩−土界面非线性荷载传递模型,该模型承继了界面本构模型特征,能够模拟桩−土界面上发生的应变硬化/软化、剪胀与应力路径依赖性等行为。此外,采用双曲线荷载传递模型模拟桩端−土相互作用的非线性应力−位移关系。上述荷载传递模型所需参数可以通过室内界面剪切试验和土工试验进行校准。继而,基于荷载传递法,提出了单桩荷载沉降响应分析的一维计算模型,并采用迭代算法进行数值求解。最后,将理论解答与已报道的模型试验、自主开展的模型桩试验以及数值模拟结果进行比较,以验证所提出的理论方法的正确性。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值吻合较好,且该方法能够很好地预测非位移桩与位移桩的荷载沉降响应。提出了一个基于界面本构模型的单桩荷载沉降响应分析框架,为竖向荷载下砂土中单桩优化设计提供了理论参考。

软基中多向受荷大直径单桩桩土相互作用试验研究

为了研究多向循环受荷大直径单桩的水平变形响应及桩土相互作用机理,开展多向受荷大直径单桩的1g大比尺模型试验,探讨不同竖向和水平循环荷载比下的桩侧受力及变形响应.试验结果表明,施加竖向循环荷载会增大桩身水平位移的发展速率;最大弯矩出现在2.0倍桩径深度处,随着循环次数的增大,桩身弯矩表现出减小的趋势;在循环荷载作用下,最大土抗力所在的位置随着循环次数的增大逐渐从1.5倍桩径深度处向2.0倍桩径深度处移动,循环土体抗力-桩身水平变形(p-y)曲线的退化主要发生在表层土体;施加竖向循环荷载会增大桩土界面的初始刚度,但同时也会加速桩土体系的刚度退化.建议在海上风电大直径单桩的设计中,特别注意竖向循环荷载对长期循环荷载作用下桩身位移及桩土相互作用的不利影响.

新工科背景下管土作用创新实验教学平台设计

为推动深水复合柔性管道的设计和研究,依托重点科研项目成果,建立了管土作用创新实验教学平台。突出学生主体地位,通过文献调研、实验设计、实践操作和数值模拟,开展模块化实践教学,激发创新思维,塑造工程素养,促进对管土作用机理的探索与研究。创新实验教学平台的搭建,实现了理论实践、学科交叉及工程应用的有机结合,凸显了实验教学的工程性、实践性和探究性。

荷载作用下砂土边坡-管道相互作用试验研究

随着我国西气东输、南水北调等重大工程的快速推进,埋地管道不可避免地会穿越高陡山区,并受到区域地形地貌的影响,而关于边坡-管道相互作用机制的认识还相对滞后,相关研究亟需加强。基于分布式光纤应变传感(distributed strain sensing,简称DSS)、粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)技术,开展加载工况下砂土边坡-管道相互作用的室内模型试验,探究了临坡地基极限承载力的影响因素,并研究了不同坡角下边坡土体变形破坏机制及埋地管道的结构响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)临坡地基经历了弹性压密、局部剪切和整体破坏3个阶段,并呈现不对称楔形破坏模式;(2)临坡地基极限承载力随着坡角的增大呈减小趋势,同一坡角下埋地管道的存在会降低临坡地基极限承载力;(3)管道对边坡滑裂面形成路径的影响程度随着坡角的增大而变大;(4)在荷载作用下埋地管道横截面环向应变呈“椭圆化”分布,据此提出了管周界面土抗力的简化计算模型与椭圆度计算式。相关结论对边坡-管道系统的变形控制与结构设计有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

L型抗滑桩加固土坡特性的离心模型试验与有限元模拟研究

L型抗滑桩在传统等截面抗滑桩的基础上加入横段,有效提高桩的稳定性和加固边坡效果。本文采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的变形特征与桩土相互作用。基于离心模型试验得到了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的位移场,并采用有限元软件对离心模型试验过程进行了数值模拟,数值与试验结果得出的土坡荷载位移曲线吻合程度较高,水平位移分布趋势基本一致。模拟结果表明,L型抗滑桩的加固效果明显优于传统等截面抗滑桩,土坡位移减小约25%,桩转角减小约70%。通过对比、融合离心模型试验观测与数值模拟结果,分析了L型抗滑桩对土坡的加固效果及桩-土相互作用。横段上下侧的土压力分布相差很大,差距最大时上侧土压力仅为下侧土压力的20%左右。L型抗滑桩横段与土的摩擦力分布存在极小值,竖直段抗滑桩可以改变土坡位移场,使得内侧位移分布存在极大值。坡体受力变形分析结果表明,抗滑桩导致土坡出现土拱效应,L型抗滑桩的横段会进一步增强土拱效应,形成应力重分布,使横段所受土压力增大,提高抗滑桩的稳定性。

钢渣混凝土桩土相互作用机理试验研究

通过设计桩土相互作用可视化试验装置,模拟钢渣混凝土桩加固吹填土地基,对桩周土体的水分含量、孔压值以及桩体对土体的扰动情况进行监测分析,并利用宏观、细观和微观相结合的试验手段,深入研究桩土间产生的物理化学反应及其产物。试验结果表明,桩体具有膨胀挤密土体的作用;桩体能够加快土体的排水减压过程;桩土间产生的物理化学反应及其产物对地基稳定性有着正向加强作用。

土-承台动力相互作用对砂土场地桩基桥梁地震反应的影响

在桩基桥梁的地震反应分析中,桩-土动力相互作用是个重要的问题,而对于采用低桩承台基础的桥梁,承台埋在土面以下,还存在土与承台之间的动力相互作用。目前,地震反应分析中一般不考虑土-承台动力相互作用的影响,相关研究也很少。为此,利用OpenSees有限元分析程序,基于p-y曲线建立了土-结构一体化桩基单墩模型,选择40条实际岩石场地地震记录作为输入,开展了考虑土-承台动力相互作用的桩基桥梁地震反应分析。结果表明,考虑土-承台动力相互作用后,结构的基本周期会减小,墩底曲率会明显增大,桩顶曲率会大幅减小,但墩顶位移的减小可以忽略。

盾构掘进引起砂土沉降及管道脱空模型试验研究

为系统研究盾构隧道开挖引起的土与管线相互作用问题,揭示盾构掘进过程中地层位移的复杂性及管土界面接触状态变化规律,采用缩尺物理模型试验方法,制作可监测管线沉降、管底脱空和管底土压的模型管线,通过拔管的方式来模拟盾构隧道掘进过程,依次开展盾构掘进引起砂土深层沉降试验、管线响应与管土脱空试验。试验结果表明:1)盾构隧道开挖引起的深层土体沉降仍符合高斯分布,沉降槽宽度参数与地层损失率均随地层埋深呈现非线性变化。2)试验证实了在较大的地层损失条件下容易出现管土脱空现象,隧道开挖引起的最大管线变形和管底脱空值均随管线埋深增大而增大,而管底脱空范围递减。3)当管线挠曲较小时,管线与土体保持紧密接触;随着盾构掘进,在开挖面距管线1.5倍隧道直径处其底部开始出现脱空现象,开挖面距离管线1倍隧道直径至离开管线1倍隧道直径是脱空的主要发展阶段。

基于离心机实验的海上风力机大直径单桩桩土作用研究

地基基础是海上风电结构所受载荷的最终承载者,针对中国沿海软弱超固结软土地基开展力学特性研究。通过离心模型试验方法对单桩基础形式的静力特性进行分析和对比。研究结果揭示通过离心模型试验模拟桩基础的有效性,该方法能准确捕捉现场地基的应力分布及桩与土体之间的相互作用特性。在软黏土环境中,针对不同直径的单桩进行的分析表明,其变形行为及桩土相互作用机制呈现出显著的差异性。规范中的p-y曲线不适用于中国近海土质,据试验结果提出地基无量纲水平抗力系数随埋深变化和与循环应力幅值相关的循环弱化因子计算模型。