A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Hull-Propeller Interaction of A Long Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Range is an important factor to the design of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), while drag reduction efforts are pursued, the investigation of body-propeller interaction is another vital consideration. We present a numerical and experimental study of the hull-propeller interaction for deeply submerged underwater vehicles, using a proportional-integral- derivative (PID) controller method to estimate self-propulsion point in CFD environment. The hydrodynamic performance of hull and propeller at the balance state when the AUV sails at a fixed depth is investigated, using steady RANS solver of Star-CCM+. The proposed steady RANS solver takes only hours to reach a reasonable solution. It is more time efficient than unsteady simulations which takes days or weeks, as well as huge consumption of computing resources. Explorer 1000, a long range AUV developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, was studied as an object, and self-propulsion point, thrust deduction, wake fraction and hull efficiency were analyzed by using the proposed RANS method. Behind-hull performance of the selected propeller MAU4-40, as well as the hull-propeller interaction, was obtained from the computed hydrodynamic forces. The numerical results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental results obtained in the Qiandao Lake of Zhejiang province, China.

Numerical Study on Flow Around Modern Ship Hulls with Rudder-Propeller Interactions

Reducing the fuel consumption of ships presents both economic and environmental gains. Although in the past decades,extensive studies were carried out on the flow around ship hull, it is still difficult to calculate the flow around the hull while considering propeller interaction. In this paper, the viscous flow around modern ship hulls is computed considering propeller action. In this analysis, the numerical investigation of flow around the ship is combined with propeller theory to simulate the hull-propeller interaction. Various longitudinal positions of the rudder are also analyzed to determine the effect of rudder position on propeller efficiency. First, a numerical study was performed around a bare hull using Shipflow computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code to determine free-surface wave elevation and resistance components.A zonal approach was applied to successively incorporate Bpotential flow solver^ in the region outside the boundary layer and wake, Bboundary layer solver^ in the thin boundary layer region near the ship hull, and BNavier-Stokes solver^in the wake region. Propeller open water characteristics were determined using an open-source MATLAB code Open Prop, which is based on the lifting line theory, for the moderately loaded propeller. The obtained open water test results were specified in the flow module of Shipflow for self-propulsion tests. The velocity field behind the ship was recalculated into an effective wake and given to the propeller code that calculates the propeller load. Once the load was known, it was transferred to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) solver to simulate the propeller action. The interaction between the hull and propeller with different rudder positions was then predicted to improve the propulsive efficiency.

Numerical Evaluation of Rudder Performance Behind a Propeller in Bollard Pull Condition

Correct evaluation of rudder performance is a key issue in assessing ship maneuverability.This paper presents a simplified approach based on a viscous flow solver to address propeller and rudder interactions.Viscous flow solvers have been applied to this type of problems,but the large computational requests limit(or even prevent)their application at a preliminary ship design stage.Based on this idea,a simplified approach to include the propeller effect in front of the rudder is considered to speed up the solution.Based on the concept of body forces,this approach enables sufficiently fast computation for a preliminary ship design stage,therebymaintaining its reliability.To define the limitations of the proposed procedure,an extensive analysis of the simplified method is performed and the results are compared with experimental data presented in the literature.Initially,the reported results show the capability of the body-force approach to represent the inflow field to the rudder without the full description of the propeller,also with regard to the complex bollard pull condition.Consequently,the rudder forces are satisfactorily predicted at least with regard to the lift force.However,the drag force evaluation ismore problematic and causes higher discrepancies.Nevertheless,these discrepancies may be accepted due to their lower influence on the overall ship maneuverability performance.

Numerical simulation of hull/propeller interaction of submarine in submergence and near surface conditions

Hull/propeller interaction is of great importance for powering performance prediction. The features of hull/propeller interaction of a submarine model with a high-skew five blade propeller in submergence and near surface conditions are numerically simulated. The effect of propeller rotation is simulated by the sliding mesh technique. Free surface is captured by the volume of fluid （VOF） method. Computed results including resistance, thrust, torque and self-propulsion factor are compared with experimental data. It shows fairly good agreement. The resistance and wave pattern of the model at different depths of submergence are computed. And the thrust, torque and self-propulsion factor of the model in submergence and near surface condition are compared to analyze the effect of free surface on self-propulsion performance. The results indicate that free surface has more influence on resistance than that on self-propulsion factors.

Hydrodynamic interaction among hull,rudder and bank for a ship sailing along a bank in restricted waters

By applying a CFD tool to solve the RANS equations, the viscous flow around a model of hull-rudder system towed along a bank in shallow water is numerically simulated. Hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the ship are calculated for different ship-bank distances and rudder angles. A container ship, KCS, is taken as an example for the numerical study. Under the assumption of low ship speed, the influences of free surface elevation and ship squat are assumed to be negligible. Based on the calculation results, the hydrodynamic interaction among the hull, rudder and bank is analyzed.

CFD Investigations of Ship Maneuvering in Waves Using naoe-FOAM-SJTU Solver

Ship maneuvering in waves includes the performance of ship resistance, seakeeping, propulsion, and maneuverability. It is a complex hydrodynamic problem with the interaction of many factors. With the purpose of directly predicting the behavior of ship maneuvering in waves, a CFD solver named naoe-FOAM-SJTU is developed by the Computational Marine Hydrodynamics Lab(CMHL) in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The solver is based on open source platform OpenFOAM and has introduced dynamic overset grid technology to handle complex ship hull-propeller-rudder motion system. Maneuvering control module based on feedback control mechanism is also developed to accurately simulate corresponding motion behavior of free running ship maneuver. Inlet boundary wavemaker and relaxation zone technique is used to generate desired waves. Based on the developed modules, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) computations are carried out for several validation cases of free running ship maneuver in waves including zigzag, turning circle, and course keeping maneuvers. The simulation results are compared with available benchmark data. Ship motions, trajectories, and other maneuvering parameters are consistent with available experimental data, which indicate that the present solver can be suitable and reliable in predicting the performance of ship maneuvering in waves. Flow visualizations, such as free surface elevation, wake flow, vortical structures, are presented to explain the hydrodynamic performance of ship maneuvering in waves. Large flow separation can be observed around propellers and rudders. It is concluded that RANS approach is not accurate enough for predicting ship maneuvering in waves with large flow separations and detached eddy simulation(DES) or large eddy simulation(LES) computations are required to improve the prediction accuracy.

Numerical estimation of bank-propeller-hull interaction effect on ship manoeu-vring using CFD method

This paper presents a numerical investigation of ship manoeuvring under the combined effect of bank and propeller. The incompressible turbulent flow with free surface around the self-propelled hull form is simulated using a commercial CFD software （ANSYS-FLUENT）. In order to estimate the influence of the bank-propeller effect on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship, volume forces representing the propeller are added to Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulations are carried out using the equivalent of experiment conditions. The validation of the CFD model is performed by comparing the numerical results to the availa- ble experimental data. For this investigation, the impact of Ship-Bank distance and ship speed on the bank effect are tested with and without propeller. An additional parameter concerning the advance ratio of the propeller is also tested.

舵几何特征对桨−舵系统尾流场演化的影响

发生在桨和舵之间的干扰会影响螺旋桨尾流的演化,导致尾流场中的湍流在下游增强,恶化船舶的振动和噪声性能,深入分析舵几何参数对桨−舵系统尾流场演化的影响能够为推进器尾流场的调节和减振降噪提供新思路.因此,从弦长、剖面和梯形舵入手分析不同的舵几何参数对螺旋桨尾流场演化特性的影响,使用大漩涡模拟方法模拟流场中的湍流结构,对不同舵弦长、剖面下的螺旋桨尾涡结构演化进行了分析,在舵弦长、剖面影响螺旋桨尾流场演化的研究的基础上分析了梯形舵对螺旋桨尾涡结构的影响,进一步分析了梯形舵影响下的螺旋桨尾流场中湍动能的分布.结果表明舵的弦长和剖面均会影响螺旋桨尾流场的演化,这种影响表现为更大的弦长和更厚的剖面会促进螺旋桨梢涡在舵压力面上的偏移,更薄的舵剖面会带来更强烈的螺旋桨毂涡偏移;涡管轮廓和舵表面脉动压力的对比均表明梯形舵会促进螺旋桨尾流场沿逆舵梯度方向偏移,从而导致螺旋桨的尾涡结构在舵两侧及下游呈现不对称分布,桨−舵系统下游的湍流结构与螺旋桨尾涡−舵碰撞过程、螺旋桨尾涡−舵随边涡干扰过程、螺旋桨梢涡−螺旋桨毂涡干扰有关,偏移更大的螺旋桨尾涡结构会在尾流场中更早地引起湍动能增强.

螺旋桨对船舶操纵运动水动力影响的数值研究

船-桨-舵相互作用是影响船舶操纵性能的重要因素之一。本文采用RANS方程求解方法并结合SST k-ω湍流模型,计及自由面兴波影响,螺旋桨用体积力法建模,数值模拟了带桨、舵的全附体集装箱船KCS船模的舵力试验、斜拖试验。为研究螺旋桨对操纵运动水动力的影响,分别对带螺旋桨和不带螺旋桨的船-舵系统进行计算,对比了船模水动力随漂角、舵角的变化情况。研究结果表明:带螺旋桨的船-舵系统的水动力和力矩对舵角的变化更加敏感;螺旋桨的运转主要增大了船艉部的横向力;在舵力试验和带舵角的斜拖试验中,螺旋桨对横向力、转艏力矩有显著的影响。

An integral calculation approach for numerical simulation of cavitating flow around a marine propeller behind the ship hull

In this paper, the unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a marine propeller is simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) with emphasis on the hull-propeller interaction by an integral calculation approach, which means the propeller and hull are treated as a whole when the cavitating flow is calculated. The whole calculational domain is split to an inner rotating domain containing a propeller and an outer domain containing a hull. And the two split sections are connected together in ANSYS CFX by using the GGI interfaces and the transient rotor stator frame change/mixing model. The alternate rotation model is employed for the advection term in the momentum equations in order to reduce the numerical error. Comparison of predictions with measurements shows that the propeller thrust coefficient can be predicted satisfactorily. The unsteady cavitating flow around the propeller behind the ship hull wake shows quasi-periodic features including cavity inception, growth and shrinking. These features are effectively reproduced in the simulations which compare well to available experimental data. In addition, significant pressure fluctuations on the ship hull surface induced by the unsteady propeller cavitation are compared with experimental data at monitoring points on the hull surface. The predicted amplitudes of the first components corresponding to the first blade passing frequencies match well with the experimental data. The maximum error between the predictions and the experimental data for the pressure pulsations is around 8%, which is acceptable in most engineering applications.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECT ON EFFETIVE WAKE FIELD AND HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF PROPELLER BEHIND SHIP

The Reynolds number effect of the interaction between the three-dimen-sional ship stern with multi-propellers and its corresponding hydrodynamic performance under four different orders of the Reynolds number (including the full scale Reynolds number 1. 67×109 and the model scale Reynolds number 1. 67×106) are numerically investigated in this paper. This approach to propeller-hull interaction is based on three-di-mensional unsteady RANS equations coupled with a propeller performance program in an interactive and iterative manner to predict the combined flow field and hydrodynamic per- formance of propeller. By comparing the computed effective wake distribution and fraction under four different orders of the Reynolds number, the scale effect of nominal and effec-tive wake distribution is examined and discussed.

船后桨的布局对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响

为了研究大型水面船舶船桨干扰作用对螺旋桨的水动力性能的影响,探讨船后螺旋桨的布置设计原则,以某大型四桨水面船舶为研究对象,基于RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方法,建立了船桨整体计算模型,重点研究了螺旋桨的相对纵向和横向布置位置的变化对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响.数值计算结果表明:对于四桨船舶,船后螺旋桨的水动力性能对螺旋桨的纵向位置移动不是很敏感,而对螺旋桨横向位置移动则比较敏感,应当尽量避免使同侧两螺旋桨的盘面中心横向距离小于1倍螺旋桨直径.

螺旋桨/船体粘性流场的整体数值求解

螺旋桨和船体是相互作用的,孤立地对螺旋桨或船体流场进行数值模拟均无法有效地对它们的相互影响进行研究。本文采用周向平均的混合面处理方法,实现了螺旋桨/船体流场的整体计算,计算结果和试验数据进行了比较,表明该方法能很好地模拟螺旋桨和船体之间的相互影响,从而揭示了真实螺旋桨和船体之间相互干扰的内在规律。本文研究结果为研究螺旋桨和船体相互影响提供了更加精确和实用的研究手段。

浅水效应对螺旋桨轴承力的影响分析

为了分析浅水条件对螺旋桨轴承力的影响,本文采用RANS方法和VOF模型,对计及自由液面的KCS船桨舵一体系统开展了不同吃水条件下螺旋桨非定常轴承力的数值预报分析。首先计算了深水(h/T=20)工况下的螺旋桨轴承力,通过与试验结果对比,验证了网格划分方法和计算方法的可行性。然后在此基础上进行了不同吃水工况下螺旋桨非定常力计算,监测发现螺旋桨非定常轴承力随时间周期性脉动,浅水条件下螺旋桨轴承力时均值明显大于深水工况。经快速傅里叶变换得到轴承力脉动幅值,分析得出:当h/T<3时,脉动幅值随水深增加迅速减小;当h/T>3时,水深变化对脉动幅值影响较小。

襟翼舵的敞水及桨后水动力性能研究

采用面元法对螺旋桨与襟翼舵相互干扰水动力性能进行计算,两者之间的相互干扰采用迭代处理.计算了敞水中襟翼舵与普通舵的法向力系数,并与试验值进行了比较.敞水计算结果显示,与普通舵相比,襟翼舵的法向力系数有了较大的提高,同时襟翼舵的转舵比对于襟翼舵水动力性能的影响比较大.在敞水襟翼舵的基础上,计算了螺旋桨与襟翼舵相互干扰的水动力性能.与敞水襟翼舵相比,桨后襟翼舵在相同舵角的情况下,法向力系数增大,但增加的幅度不同.还计算了襟翼舵在转舵比为1/4、进速系数为0.5时襟翼舵某剖面在敞水及桨后的表面压力系数分布情况.

潜水器螺旋桨和舵翼布局的优化

对潜水器螺旋桨和舵翼的布置方式进行了研究。根据双桨在敞水中的相互干扰情况确定双桨的安装位置,而后将螺旋桨、艇体和舵翼作为一个整体来分析,采用数值模拟的方法计算四种不同的桨舵布置方式中螺旋桨的水动力性能、舵翼的舵效和艇体的阻力随着舵角不同的变化情况。结合实际要求,选择最好的桨舵布置方式。

风浪作用下船体纵摇运动对螺旋桨激振力特性影响分析

大型高速船舶在风浪中航行时会发生摇荡,导致推进效率下降,还会引发严重的螺旋桨激振力。以KCS船和KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,采用RANS方法和重叠网格技术,对无船体纵摇运动和有船体纵摇运动下的船-桨-舵系统开展了水动力数值计算分析。计算结果显示,在纵摇运动下桨盘面处标称流场的空间不均匀度基本上和无纵摇运动相当,但流场的时间不均匀度急剧增加。同时,在船体纵摇运动情况下船体阻力时均值大幅增加、螺旋桨推力时均值大幅减小。对螺旋桨水动力时域信号进行快速傅里叶分析,发现在纵摇运动时螺旋桨非定常力频谱中的峰值更加丰富,在所有峰值中以纵摇运动频率处的峰值为最大,且远大于叶频处的峰值,它随纵摇运动幅值的增大而升高。

CFD数值模拟船舶在波浪中的回转操纵运动

[目的]船舶回转操纵运动能够反映出船舶的回转特性,与船舶的航行安全密切相关。[方法]为此,采用基于重叠网格技术的CFD求解器naoe-FOAM-SJTU,对标准船模ONRT在波浪中自由回转操纵运动进行直接数值模拟。运用动态重叠网格技术求解船、桨、舵系统复杂运动,计算中,螺旋桨转速对应于静水中的船模自航点进行35°转舵,实现自由回转船舶操纵运动。通过全粘性流场的整体求解,给出波浪中自由回转操纵运动中船舶六自由度运动、螺旋桨和舵的水动力载荷变化,以及波浪中船舶的回转圈特征参数,并与同试验结果进行对比。通过数值计算得到精细的流场信息,分析波浪对船舶自由回转操纵运动的影响。[结果]数值预报得到的船舶运动轨迹、回转圈参数与试验值吻合较好,证明naoe-FOAM-SJTU求解器对于波浪中船—桨—舵相互作用下的船舶自由回转操纵运动数值预报的适用性和可靠性。[结论]船舶回转操纵运动的数值模拟,可为回转性能的评估提供有效的前期评估手段。

实效伴流雷诺数影响的数值模拟

本文用数值计算的方法模拟三维船舶尾流与螺旋桨之间的相互作用，计算在四个不同量级雷诺数情况下（包括实船雷诺数１．６７×１０９和模型雷诺数１．６７×１０６）的水动力性能。船桨干扰采用三维不可压ＲＡＮＳ方程、ｋ－湍流模型和升力面理论作为基本研究工具进行相互干扰和迭代来预报此复杂流场及其螺旋桨的水动力性能。比较四个不同量级雷诺数情况下实效伴流分布及实效伴流分数的计算值，初步探索实效伴流的雷诺数影响。

船桨整体及螺旋桨诱导的船体表面脉动压力计算

为了形成一套满足工程使用要求的船桨整体计算规程,对现有各种螺旋桨CFD计算方法进行了综合研究.定常计算主要进行了多参考系方法(MRF)和混合面方法(M IX)的研究.非定常计算采用移动网格方法,主要是探讨了时间步长和内迭代次数以及网格对计算结果的影响.结果表明:与其他混合面方法相比,MRF是最容易收敛的,混合面方法中3个面都混合不易收敛;MRF的推力和扭矩计算精度最高,其次是前后2个面混合的方法;由于非定常计算本身而非真实的物理现象引起的高频振荡成分,通过细化网格和增加内迭代次数,可以得到解决.