AIM:To study the relative efficacy of cisapride, metoclopramide,domperidone,erythromycin and mosapride on gastric emptying(GE)and small intestinal transit(SIT) in morphine treated mice. METHODS:Phenol red marker meal ...AIM:To study the relative efficacy of cisapride, metoclopramide,domperidone,erythromycin and mosapride on gastric emptying(GE)and small intestinal transit(SIT) in morphine treated mice. METHODS:Phenol red marker meal was employed to estimate GE and SIT in Swiss albino mice of either sex.The groups included were control,morphine 1 mg/kg(s.c.15 rain before test meal)alone or with(45 rain before test meal p.o.)cisapride 10 mg/kg,metoclopramide 20 mg/kg, domperidone 20 mg/kg,erythromycin 6 mg/kg and mosapride 20 mg/kg. RESULTS:Cisapride,metoclopramide and mosapride were effective in enhancing gastric emptying significantly(P<0.001) whereas other prokinetic agents failed to do so in normal mice.Metoclopramide completely reversed morphine induced delay in gastric emptying followed by mosapride. Metoclopramide alone was effective when given to normal mice in increasing the SIT.Cisapride,though it did not show any significant effect on SIT in normal mice,was able to reverse morphine induced delay in SIT significantly(P<0.001) followed by metoclopramide and mosapride. CONCLUSION:Metoclopramide and cisapride are most effective in reversing morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in mice respectively.展开更多
Sexual selection is critical to both reproduction and evolution.The effects of male–male competition and female choice regarding body size have been examined in a large number of taxa,including toad species.Males and...Sexual selection is critical to both reproduction and evolution.The effects of male–male competition and female choice regarding body size have been examined in a large number of taxa,including toad species.Males and females have different optimal reproductive strategies,achieving breeding advantages in discrepant ways.Further,the relative contributions of intra-and inter-sexual size selection vary among species.Thus,to understand the mechanisms affecting mating success,it is important to consider both male–male and male–female interactions simultaneously and elucidate their interrelationship.In this study,we measured body sizes of all mated and unmated individuals in a population of Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans)and counted fertilized eggs of several clutches.Based on correlation and regression techniques,we tested for female choice and intra-sexual competition among males relative to body size gradients,and we compared the relative importance of these two processes for mating success.Our results reveal that male–male competition and female choice simultaneously contribute to sexual selection in toads.Furthermore,both interactions are most intense among smaller toads.The synergistic trends of male–male competition and female choice support the mutual mate choice hypothesis and works to stabilize body size in B.gargarizans.Normal distributions of breeding success relative to body size were detected for both sexes,suggesting that medium-sized individuals enjoy a reproductive advantage in the population studied.展开更多
文摘AIM:To study the relative efficacy of cisapride, metoclopramide,domperidone,erythromycin and mosapride on gastric emptying(GE)and small intestinal transit(SIT) in morphine treated mice. METHODS:Phenol red marker meal was employed to estimate GE and SIT in Swiss albino mice of either sex.The groups included were control,morphine 1 mg/kg(s.c.15 rain before test meal)alone or with(45 rain before test meal p.o.)cisapride 10 mg/kg,metoclopramide 20 mg/kg, domperidone 20 mg/kg,erythromycin 6 mg/kg and mosapride 20 mg/kg. RESULTS:Cisapride,metoclopramide and mosapride were effective in enhancing gastric emptying significantly(P<0.001) whereas other prokinetic agents failed to do so in normal mice.Metoclopramide completely reversed morphine induced delay in gastric emptying followed by mosapride. Metoclopramide alone was effective when given to normal mice in increasing the SIT.Cisapride,though it did not show any significant effect on SIT in normal mice,was able to reverse morphine induced delay in SIT significantly(P<0.001) followed by metoclopramide and mosapride. CONCLUSION:Metoclopramide and cisapride are most effective in reversing morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in mice respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31071934)
文摘Sexual selection is critical to both reproduction and evolution.The effects of male–male competition and female choice regarding body size have been examined in a large number of taxa,including toad species.Males and females have different optimal reproductive strategies,achieving breeding advantages in discrepant ways.Further,the relative contributions of intra-and inter-sexual size selection vary among species.Thus,to understand the mechanisms affecting mating success,it is important to consider both male–male and male–female interactions simultaneously and elucidate their interrelationship.In this study,we measured body sizes of all mated and unmated individuals in a population of Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans)and counted fertilized eggs of several clutches.Based on correlation and regression techniques,we tested for female choice and intra-sexual competition among males relative to body size gradients,and we compared the relative importance of these two processes for mating success.Our results reveal that male–male competition and female choice simultaneously contribute to sexual selection in toads.Furthermore,both interactions are most intense among smaller toads.The synergistic trends of male–male competition and female choice support the mutual mate choice hypothesis and works to stabilize body size in B.gargarizans.Normal distributions of breeding success relative to body size were detected for both sexes,suggesting that medium-sized individuals enjoy a reproductive advantage in the population studied.
