Device interchangeability on anterior chamber depth and white-to-white measurements: a thorough literature review

We have reviewed a set of recently published studies that compared the anterior chamber depth（ACD） and/or white-to-white（WTW） distance obtained by means of different measuring devices.Since some of those studies reached contradictory conclusions regarding device interchangeability,this review was carried out in attempting to clarify which clinical devices can or cannot be considered as interchangeable in clinical practice to measure ACD and/or WTW distance,among these devices：A-scan,ultrasound biomicroscopy,Orbscan and Orbscan Ⅱ（Bausch＆Lomb Surgical Inc.,San Dimas,California,USA）,Pentacam and Pentacam HR（Oculus,Wetzlar,Germany）,Galilei（Ziemer,Switzerland）,Visante optical coherence tomography（Visante OCT,Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.,Dublin,California,USA）,lOLMaster（Carl Zeiss Meditec,Jena,Germany）,and Lenstar LS 900/Biograph（Haag-Streit AG,Koeniz,Switzerland/Alcon Laboratories Inc.,Ft Worth,Texas,USA）.

Comparison and interchangeability of macular thickness measured with Cirrus OCT and Stratus OCT in myopic eyes

AIMTo investigate the difference of macular thickness measurements between stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Cirrus OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) in the same myopic patient and to develop a conversion equation to interchange macular thickness obtained with these two OCT devices.METHODSEighty-nine healthy Chinese adults with spherical equivalent (SE) ranging from -1.13 D to -9.63 D were recruited. The macular thickness was measured by Cirrus OCT and Stratus OCT. The correlation between macular thickness and axial length and the agreement between two OCT measurements were evaluated. A formula was generated to interchange macular thickness obtained with two OCT devices.RESULTSAverage macular thickness measured with Stratus OCT (r=-0.280, P=0.008) and Cirrus OCT (r=-0.224, P=0.034) were found to be negatively correlated with axial length. No statistically significant correlation was found between axial length and central subfield macular thickness (CMT) measured with Stratus OCT (r=0.191, P=0.073) and Cirrus OCT (r=0.169, P=0.113). The mean CMT measured with Cirrus OCT was 53.63±7.94 µm thicker than with Stratus OCT. The formula CMTCirrus OCT=78.328+0.874×CMTStratus OCT was generated to interchange macular thickness obtained with two OCT devices.CONCLUSIONMacular thickness measured with Cirrus OCT were thicker than with Stratus OCT in myopic eyes. A formula can be used to interchange macular thickness measured with two OCT devices in myopic eyes. Studies with different OCT devices and larger samples are warranted to enable the comparison of macular values measured with different OCT devices.

The Golden Ratio Theorem: A Framework for Interchangeability and Self-Similarity in Complex Systems

The Golden Ratio Theorem, deeply rooted in fractal mathematics, presents a pioneering perspective on deciphering complex systems. It draws a profound connection between the principles of interchangeability, self-similarity, and the mathematical elegance of the Golden Ratio. This research unravels a unique methodological paradigm, emphasizing the omnipresence of the Golden Ratio in shaping system dynamics. The novelty of this study stems from its detailed exposition of self-similarity and interchangeability, transforming them from mere abstract notions into actionable, concrete insights. By highlighting the fractal nature of the Golden Ratio, the implications of these revelations become far-reaching, heralding new avenues for both theoretical advancements and pragmatic applications across a spectrum of scientific disciplines.

The Relationship between Interchangeability Standards and Precision Design in Teaching a Course on Interchangeability and Measurement Techniques

This article discusses some views on the relationship between carrying out and applying standards and precision design and the teaching of a course on interchangeability and measurement techniques. It points out that while emphasizing precision design, we should not underrate the significance of interchangeability and standardization. Although there are presently many teaching models available for such courses, each course should be designed separately to preserve its systematic character and integrality. As well, the development of students' abilities in precision design and the application of standards should be strengthened in experimental lessons within each course.

Analysis of Roadbed Splicing at Hub Interchanges

This article discusses the roadbed splicing for hub interchanges.The article starts with a description of the characteristics of junction roadbed splicing.The application of splicing technology is explained using a subgrade splicing scheme of a project.Roadbed splicing involves stepwise excavation and preparative measures like surface cleaning and backfilling.This article serves to provide a valuable reference for road and bridge construction and improve the quality of China’s road and bridge projects,so as to achieve sustainable development of the road and bridge engineering industry.

Research of Fly over as a Solution to Congestion of Intersection Junction(Case Study:Jalan Jatingaleh Semarang)

In the next few years traffic will happen most of the time.This was triggered by the growing rate of vehicles against the road capacity which is not balance.All the time the congestion in the city of Semarang has been occurred at peak hours.Congestion also occurred in between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road Jatingaleh because of a plot intersection(Kesatrian intersection,PLN intersection and Jatingaleh intersection)with the Toll Road.Jatingaleh is located in the southern city of Semarang which is a central meeting point between the upper and lower Semarang where the vehicle flows in through a combination of local current and regional traffic,and the flow of vehicles coming in and out from highway.The main cause of the problems that occurred in the area of Jatingaleh is due to the numbers of vehicles movement that occurs at the intersections.With the above issues,it is necessary to analyse the existing conditions and look into some solutions.Before carrying out an analysis a field surveys at peak hours for example morning(06:00 to 08:00 am)and for the afternoon(04:00 to 06:00 pm)should be conducted,then the number of vehicles is counted manually with“short-breakcounting”according to types of vehicles.From the analysis we found that the degree of saturation(DS)is 1.61 between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road during the morning peak hours and 1.56 during the afternoon peak hours.This means that the capacity of the existing road is no longer able to accommodate the traffic flow.One of the solutions for the congestion that occurs at the intersection of Jatingaleh is to apply the efficiency of the intersection that is not in a plot with a Fly over,Underpass and the combination of Fly Over-Underpass.Base on the flow reduction calculation with 3 comparative modeling it shows that the Fly Over is the most technically efficient to be applied in this research.

Design and Engineering of Urban Interchange Ramp Bridge Structure

This paper analyzes the structural design of an urban interchange ramp bridge from four aspects,which are the superstructure,pier structure,foundation structure,and deck structure design to summarize the structural design ideas of this urban interchange ramp bridge,which can be used as a reference for future construction of the same bridge.

抗肿瘤生物类似药临床互换用药有效性与安全性的系统评价

目的系统评价抗肿瘤生物类似药临床互换用药的有效性、安全性与免疫原性,为促进其临床合理应用提供循证医学证据。方法系统检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(WANFANG)、中国生物医学文献数据库(SinoMed)等数据库中有关抗肿瘤生物类似药互换用药的临床研究,检索时间为建库至2022年6月。对符合纳入标准的文献进行资料提取,并根据纳入研究类型选择相应的质量评价工具进行质量评价,采用描述性分析方法对纳入研究进行定性评价。结果共纳入5项研究,包括2项随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)、2项队列研究与1项病例系列研究,总体研究质量较好。对于血液肿瘤患者,3项研究结果表明,利妥昔单抗生物类似药与参照药的单次互换用药治疗未对有效性、安全性与免疫原性产生显著影响。1项队列研究结果提示,2种利妥昔单抗生物类似药的单次互换未增加治疗安全性风险。对于HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者,1项RCT结果提示,曲妥珠单抗生物类似药与参照药的单次互换未对有效性、安全性与免疫原性产生显著影响。尚无研究评价贝伐珠单抗生物类似药的临床互换用药。结论利妥昔单抗与曲妥珠单抗生物类似药与参照药的单次互换用药未对患者治疗结局造成影响,贝伐珠单抗生物类似药临床互换用药的证据仍缺乏。鉴于当前证据有限,本结论仍需开展高质量、大样本临床研究进行验证。

利益相关者视角下生物类似药互换使用国际经验借鉴与启示

选取美国和欧盟生物类似药监管历程作为研究对象,搭建利益相关者框架分析美国和欧盟在生物类似药互换使用管理过程中的职责分配与激励机制。美国和欧盟药品管理部门均建立了推动生物类似药可互换使用体系,并将可互换决定权限下放。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)/欧洲药品管理局(EMA)、卫生系统/支付方、医生和患者协会是推动生物类似药可互换使用的重要利益相关者。美国通过调整报销支付方式以及与患者的有效沟通实现激励;欧盟则综合运用了利益分配机制、配额和跨利益相关者的患者沟通实现生物类似药使用和互换使用激励。与美国将生物类似药可互换进行严格的政策规制相比,欧盟更倾向于将其作为一个科学和医学问题,在促进生物类似药使用和互换使用方面激励机制也更加多元化。推动我国生物类似药互换使用需要建立和完善药物警戒系统、医生培训和患者教育等配套政策体系,明确各利益相关方职责,建立基于按病种分值付费(DIP)的财务激励、基于医生教育的非财务激励机制。

Insights on the use of biosimilars in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Biologic therapy, such as those that target tumor necrosis factor(TNF) signaling, has proven to be an efficacious method of treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) with regards to symptom management and mucosal healing. However, the rising prevalence of IBD worldwide and the everincreasing burden of biologic pharmaceuticals in the health care industry is alarming for insurance companies, clinicians, and patients. The impending patent expiry and the relatively high costs of biologics, particularly anti-TNF agents, have paved the way for biosimilar development for IBD. The United States Food and Drug Administration defines a biosimilar as a biological product that is highly similar to its reference medicinal product, with no clinically meaningful differences in terms of safety, purity, and potency. The hope with biosimilars is that their entry into the market will be able to drive competition between pharmaceutical companies to reduce prices like that of the generic market, and that access to appropriate biologic treatments for IBD patients is increased in the long-term. Yet, there are challenging issues such as indication extrapolation and interchangeability that are still being debated in the field of IBD and must be addressed in future issued guidance. This review will discuss the issues and implications concerning the use of biosimilar therapy for IBD.

Experimental determination and research on combustion characteristics domain of gas appliance

This manuscript developed an adjustability test system of gas appliances,and proposed determination methods of adjustability domain and technical approach of performance testing of gas appliance,in order to develop experimental determination,quantify the product performance,design quality and combustion characteristics of gas appliances,and provide test foundation and platform for product design,performance test,quality assessment and technology upgrading for gas appliance industry aiming to multi-gas resources in China.The flexible range of gas appliances to different gases and the interchangeability domain of city gases were determined experimentally,together with the equation of combustion characteristics limit curves of gas appliances.The results showed that the second gas appliance has the biggest capability for the change of gas quality,which permits an 11.2% fluctuation in the Wobbe Index of gas;while the third gas appliance has the least capability for the change of gas quality,which only permits a 1.9% fluctuation in the Wobbe Index of gas.The paper also provides the common adjustability domain of the three gas appliances.

基于WEB服务的B2B系统集成

Web Services可以将应用程序转换为网络应用程序,本文先简单介绍了XML和Web Service技术,然后着重讨论了基于Web Service的系统集成技术的特点和优势,以及通过开发实例介绍了基于Web Service的系统集成技术在B2B业务平台实现中的应用。

Interrogating the effect of decentralized biogas injection on a natural gas network

Biogas from renewable sources and natural gas(NG) are both high-efficient and good-quality gaseous fuels on account of their enrichment in methane. Due to the dissimilar physical properties of biogas and NG, biogas cannot substitute NG directly without treatment and is usually used on site due to the high cost of the transportation and distribution via exclusive pipeline system. Consequently, the injection of biogas into existing NG infrastructure was proposed to address the deficiency. In this paper, the Wobbe index (WI) as well as the combustion potential (CP) were introduced for analyzing the interchangeability of an NGbiogas mixture, and a mathematical framework was put forward for modeling and simulating NG grid with a decentralized biogas injection. Results show that the maximum admissible amount of biogas in mixture was 10.5% by volume. A medium pressure network was used to interrogate the comprehensive effect of distributed biogas injection, which showed an impact on both gas quality and hydraulic regime across the grid.

信号转接通道管理程序设计

着重论述了机载制导武器通用检测设备软件平台中信号转接通道管理程序的设计,分析现有控制方式对软硬件的设计要求,采用IVI替换机制,建立连接关系映射文件,实现信号转接通道控制功能中与硬件和电路接线密切连接的部分从固化程序中分离。

制造企业EDI应用的安全问题和防护措施

在现代制造企业中,许多公司企业都广泛应用了EDI的系统,如何确保交易的安全,已经成为各个企业急需解决的问题,本文在第一部分将介绍制造企业在EDI应用上的安全问题,第二部分将会提出EDI的防护的防卫策略。本文以工作上实际应用的角度探讨和研究制造企业EDI应用的安全问题和防护措施以期望对企业EDI安全关注的研究者有些许裨益。

基于认知的战场地理环境仿真对象数据模型

针对目前战场环境认知主动服务的迫切要求,使得传统战场环境数据模型难以满足其需求,需要构建一种面向认知的战场环境仿真数据模型。分析了面向任务的战场地理空间认知过程的特点,构建认知过程概念模型;分析战场环境对象认知结构特征,通过面向对象方法对战场地理环境仿真对象进行层次化结构划分,并使用SEDRIS统一描述对象数据模型;基于工作流的认知驱动机制,对认知过程和仿真对象数据模型进行集成,建立动态数据模型。基于该模型设计战场环境信息系统数据服务框架并应用,验证其合理性与可扩展性。

信息交换技术在关务系统中的应用研究与实现

实现海关H2000报关业务处理系统与企业关务系统的数据交换,从企业端关务系统获取文件经过本流程处理后发送到H2000系统进行处理,根据处理结果返还到企业端关务系统。本文定义了系统的各个组成部分,对各个部分的结构、相互关系以及它们如何协调与合作进行了描述,在数据交换关务系统中的应用实践,实现了多个系统的集成与整合。

Interchange between grooming and infant handling in female Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)

In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.

涡轮叶片精铸蜡型陶芯定位布局优化求解算法研究

为求解陶芯的定位布局优化方案,提高涡轮叶片精铸蜡型陶芯的定位精度以保证精铸叶片成品率,本文提出并研究了基于不同算法对蜡型陶芯定位点布局进行优化。基于陶芯定位误差传递方程,采用Greedy算法和Interchange算法对蜡型陶芯定位点布局方案进行求解;并对两种算法的计算精度和计算时间进行对比研究。结果表明,Greedy算法具有较好的计算精度,Interchange算法时间较短。该研究对工程实践中求解定位点布局优化方案有重要的意义。

Influence of Atmospheric Refraction on Horizontal Angle Surveying

Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.