Fractal features of size distribution of Chinese intercity bus hubs

Size distribution characteristics of intercity bus hubs in China from 1997 to 2（104 were analyzed regarding highway passenger volume as a size index of intercity bus hubs. Yearly fractal dimensions of intercity bus hub sizes were exactly calculated by a novel model. Fractal dimensions of the 200 biggest intercity bus hubs from 2000 to 2004 were 1. 486 2 to 1. 511 8, and that is consistent with fractal dimensions of Chinese urban system sizes. It showed that the size distribution of intercity bus hubs had fractal structure. Fractal dimensions from 1997 to 2004 indicated that intercity bus hub size distribution grew from bi-fractal to single fractal. It is concluded that the intercity bus hub system is in evolutionary progress, and the Central Government should support large intercity bus hubs more to optimize system structure.

An abnormal carbody swaying of intercity EMU train caused by low wheel-rail equivalent conicity and damping force unloading of yaw damper

Low-frequency carbody swaying phenomenon often occurs to railway vehicles due to hunting instability,which seriously deteriorates the ride comfort of passengers.This paper investigates low-frequency carbody swaying through experimental analysis and numerical simulation.In the tests,the carbody acceleration,the wheel-rail profiles,and the dynamic characteristics of dampers were measured to understand the characteristics of the abnormal carbody vibration and to find out its primary contributor.Linear and nonlinear numerical simulations on the mechanism and optimization measures were carried out to solve this carbody swaying issue.The results showed that the carbody swaying is the manifest of carbody hunting instability.The low equivalent conicity and the decrease of dynamic damping of the yaw damper are probably the cause of this phenomenon.The optimization measures to increase the equivalent conicity and dynamic damping of the yaw damper were put forward and verified by on-track tests.The results of this study could enrich the knowledge of carbody hunting and provide a reference for solving abnormal carbody vibrations.

Design of unballasted track bridges on Beijing——Tianjin intercity railway

Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway is the first newly-built passenger dedicated line with operating speed of 350 km/h in our country. During design,new ideas of bridge construction were carried out to ensure the requirements of safety,comfort and stability of the train under high-speed condition. At the same time,concepts of environmental adaptability,service to transportation and comprehensive benefits were observed. On the whole line,long-bridge schemes were adopted and the most advanced technologies of unballasted track were utilized on bridges,the length of which accounts for 87.7 % of the total line. The success of design and construction of the bridges on this rail has accumulated valuable experience for high-speed railway construction on a large scale in the future,and made it a marking,demonstrating,and model project to follow.

Wheel wear comparison between motor car and trailer of intercity train

To analyze wheel wear discrepancy between motor car and trailer of an intercity train,a novel wheel wear rates calculation model was proposed,which was composed of the intercity train dynamics model,wheel-rail three-dimensional rolling contact FEM model and the wear model.The simulated results were contrasted with measured results in field test.The simulated results showed the motor car wheels had larger rotation rate and longitudinal creepage than the trailer wheels.Meanwhile,the motor car wheels encountered larger vertical forces and longitudinal forces from bogie because of the heavier car body and the impact of traction torque.The traction torque acting on motor car wheel could increase the slip rates in the rear part of wheel contact patch and weaken the spinning phenomenon of relative slip.Larger contact pressure and slip rates caused the higher wear rates of motor car wheel than those of trailer wheel.The overall trends of wheel wear depth in simulated and tested results were similar.And they both showed the motor car wheel encountered the more serious wear than the trailer wheel.These models can be used to study the effect of the traction characteristics curves on the wear of wheel.

Observation and evaluation of bridge settlement in Beijing—Tianjin intercity railway

Specific requirements and methods of settlement monitoring which were used in bridge of unballasted track passenger dedicated line or high-speed railway are introduced systematically,and mathematical model and determinant conditions of settlement were proposed simultaneously,taking Beijing—Tianjin intercity railway as an example.

Study on Urbanization Development Strategy along Wuhan to Xianning Intercity Rail

As the development of＂two-oriented society＂ in Wuhan urban agglomeration, the intercity railway will be an important way of driving the development of urbanization in Wuhan urban agglomeration. Intercity railway shortens the time in traffic between surrounding cities of Wuhan and it brings a lot of people, materials and information. It has also brought opportunities and challenges to the areas along intercity railway. The question is how to seize the development opportunities and coordinate the contradiction between development and environmental protection, and taking a new type urbanization. The paper, studying on the areas along Wuhan to Xianning intercity railway, made a summary of the objective law of urbanization and the influence to the along areas by the intercity railway, meanwhile, had experienced from the developed areas which along the intercity railway both in China and abroad. Then the paper proposed the urbanization development strategy from the aspect of land use, industry, population and transportation on the basis of analysis to be economic base and development conditions of the areas.

Intercity Information

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Temporal-spatial dynamic characteristics of vehicle emissions on intercity roads in Guangdong Province based on vehicle identity detection data

Estimating intercity vehicle emissions precisely would benefit collaborative control in multiple cities.Considering the variability of emissions caused by vehicles,roads,and traffic,the 24-hour change characteristics of air pollutants(CO,HC,NO_(X),PM_(2.5))on the intercity road network of Guangdong Province by vehicle categories and road links were revealed based on vehicle identity detection data in real-life traffic for each hour in July 2018.The results showed that the spatial diversity of emissions caused by the unbalanced economywas obvious.The vehicle emissions in the Pearl River Delta region(PRD)with a higher economic level were approximately 1–2 times those in the non-Pearl RiverDelta region(non-PRD).Provincial roads with high loads became potential sources of high emissions.Therefore,emission control policies must emphasize the PRD and key roads by travel guidance to achieve greater reduction.Gasoline passenger cars with a large proportion of traffic dominated morning and evening peaks in the 24-hour period and were the dominant contributors to CO and HC emissions,contributing more than 50%in the daytime(7:00–23:00)and higher than 26%at night(0:00–6:00).Diesel trucks made up 10%of traffic,but were the dominant player at night,contributed 50%–90%to NO_(X) and PM_(2.5) emissions,with amarked 24-hour change rule of more than 80%at night(23:00–5:00)and less than 60%during daytime.Therefore,targeted control measures by time-section should be set up on collaborative control.These findings provide time-varying decision support for variable vehicle emission control on a large scale.

System and prospects of China＇s intercity rail transit technology

City clusters and metropolitan areas in China are flourishing in the midst of the deepening urbanization in the country, thereby resulting in the emergence of intercity rail transit. Intereity railways connect mainline and urban railways for an integrated regional transportation system that underpins and leads the development of city clusters and metropolitan areas. This study explores the development mode and service characteristics of intercity rail transit, as well as proposes overviews on this system and prospects of its future technology in China.

德国铁路公司与DHL合作模式研究

德国铁路公司和德国快递企业DHL于2005年合作利用铁路运送快件,并取得了良好的合作效果。双方合作的成功实施主要依赖于运输设备的良好改进、智能化信息追踪系统的采用、列车时刻的合理安排及货场的科学选址;通过合作,强化了DHL承担社会责任的形象,提升了德国铁路公司和DHL的服务水平,推进了德国铁路公司的现代物流建设进程;在分析合作背景、合作方式及合作效果的基础上,得出结论:公铁联运是铁路公司和快递企业实现双赢的重要途径,合理的物流园区规划有助于推动多种运输方式顺畅衔接并保证货物高效中转,压缩运输时限、发展集装化运输是创新铁路运输组织的关键。

City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China:Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China's city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.

Evaluation and optimization analysis of high-speed rail network structure in Northeast China under the background of northeast revitalization

The construction of high-speed rail(HSR)network has promoted the social-economic ties of cities,accelerated the compression of time and space,and changed the pattern of regional development.In this paper,with the adoption of the operation frequency data of HSR from 12306 website,and based on the HSR connection strength model and social network analysis model,as well as according to the HSR connection strength,HSR network density,centrality,agglomeration subgroup,and other indicators,we analyzed the characteristics of HSR network structure in Northeast China.Results show that the number of HSR cities in Northeast China is small,cities in HSR network generally exhibit weak connectivity,and the existence of HSR network marginalizes cities such as Ulanhot,Baicheng,and Songyuan,which significantly reduce the overall network connectivity of Northeast China.The overall centrality of HSR network in Northeast China is characterized by“one axis,four edges”;specifically,the one axis is located in Harbin-Dalian transportation line and the four edges are located on both sides of the main axis of Harbin-Dalian transportation line.Eight agglomeration subgroups(four double city subgroups and four multi city subgroups)have formed in Northeast China.The core status of Shenyang in HSR network is improved significantly,and“one axis and two wings”HSR network in Liaoning Province is improved significantly.With the gradual expansion of Chaoyang-Fuxin,Dandong-Benxi,and Jilin-Yanji branch networks,the“point axis”HSR network mode in Northeast China has gradually developed and matured.In the future,it is recommended to rely on eight agglomerating subgroups to encrypt HSR network structure,create secondary node central cities,and gradually build a new pattern of opening up in Northeast China.

Carbon emissions reduction potentiality for railroad transportation based on life cycle assessment

This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework,focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal.Specifically,the entire life cycle carbon emissions of High-Speed Rail(HSR),battery electric vehicles,conventional internal combustion engine vehicles,battery electric buses,and conventional internal combustion engine buses are analyzed.The life cycle is segmented into vehicle manufacturing,fuel or electricity production,operational,and dismantlingrecycling stages.This analysis is applied to the Beijing-Tianjin intercity transportation system to explore emission reduction strategies.Results indicate that HSR demonstrates significant carbon emission reduction,with an intensity of only 24%-32% compared to private vehicles and 47%-89% compared to buses.Notably,HSR travel for Beijing-Tianjin intercity emits only 24% of private vehicle emissions,demonstrating the emission reduction benefits of transportation structure optimization.Additionally,predictive modeling reveals the potential for carbon emission reduction through energy structure optimization,providing a guideline for the development of effective transportation management systems.

ComplexTrans-Global Rail-Road Transportation System Economical and Clustered Individual and Individualised Public Transport also Prevents the Spread of Covid 19

Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.

Systematic Research and Innovation Practice on New Concepts of Construction for Xiong'an Railway Station

As the first major transport infirastructure in Xiong'an New Area,Beijing-Xiong an Intercity Railway is an important step for China State Railway Group Co.A Ltd.to quickly implement the major strategic plan of CPC Central Committee and the State Council.for the establishment of Xiong'an New Area.Xiong'an Station with double-floor spacious waiting areas and the wonderfiul integration of overpass and station building is the first modern integrated transport hub of this kind in China.Based on the characteristics of Xiong'an Station and in the light of the relevant new theories,methods and technologies,systematic studies and innovative practices on the new concept of building up a"well-connected,filly-integrated,environmen-frindly,passenger-oriented,economically-efficient,uurally-rich,intelligent and convenient"passenger station are carried oul,which achieve good results of application and help accumulate valuable experiences for the construction of passenger stations of Chinese high-speed railways in the new era.

Modification of Montmorillonite through Intercalative Polymerization

Montmorillonite (MMT) was modified through intercalative polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde catalyzed by oxalic acid. The modified montmorillonite was delaminated at large, as demonstrated by XRD and TEM studies. It can disperse easily in epoxy resin to form exfoliated nanocomposites. The nanoscale silicate platelets dispersed in water can be metallized by silver deposition.

Interaction between Ternary Rare Earth Complexes of Cinnamic Acid and Phenanthroline with DNA by Spectroscopy

The interaction of ternary complexes [RE(phen)(cin)_3(H_2O)](RE= Nd (III),Ce(III),Eu(III))with calf thymus DNA was investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy, ethidium bromide(EB)-DNA quenching fluorescent spectra and resonance light scattering. All experimental results indicate that the three complexes bind to DNA by the electrostatic mode and the intercalative mode. It is predicted that these complexes show high anticancer activity or other biologic activity.

Flame Retardant and Pyrolytic Behaviors of Polyamide 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite

Na +-montmorillonite(Na +-MMT) was converted to organic montmorillonite(OMMT) using modifier which was synthesized at authors’ laboratory. PA6/OMMT nanocomposite was prepared via in situ intercalative polymerization. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94V flame retardancy and thermal stability of PA6/OMMT using thermal gravity analysis (TGA) were measured. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique was used to analyze the pyrolytic residuum and the cone calorimeter (CONE) was applied to determine a number of combustion parameters which were closely related to fire safety, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, effective combustion heat, total heat release, specific extinction area and the time of ignition. In addition, the elemental composition of the surface pyrolytic residuum and the corresponding X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were obtained, and the morphology of the residuum from CONE measurement was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and DNA-binding Properties of a New Copper(Ⅱ) Schiff Base Complex

A new asymmetric bidentate copper（Ⅱ） complex,CuL 2（HL=2-（（E）-（4-bromophenylimino）methyl）-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol）,has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c with a=11.218（3）,b=9.355（3）,c=13.449（4）,β=108.722（4）°,V=1336.8（6）3,Z=2,Dc=2.008 g/cm 3,μ（MoKα）=7.024 mm-1,F（000）=806,S=0.999,the final R=0.0342 and wR=0.0641for2611observed reflections （I〉2σ（I））.The central copper（Ⅱ） is four-coordinate and bonds to two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms from two Schiff base ligands.The complex is linked into a two-dimensional supramolecular structure by weak intermolecular interactions.In addition,DNA-binding properties of the metal complex were investigated using spectrometric titrations and viscosity measurements.The results show that the complex binds with calf-thymus DNA（CT-DNA）,presumably via a partial intercalative mode.The intrinsic binding constant of the Cu（Ⅱ） complex with DNA is 7.335×10 3 M-1.

The Intercalative Binding Between Rivanol and DNA

Rivanol(RVN) binds to the double helical DNA with a high affinity. Strong hypochromism and appreciable red shifts in the absorption spectra can be observed when RVN binds to CT DNA. The results of absorption spectra, KI quenching studies, fluorescence polarization measurements, competitive binding studies. and thermal denaturation experiments suggested that the interaction between RVN and DNA be intercalative.