The Effects of Degradation Phenomena of the Steel-Concrete Interface in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Reinforced concrete (RC) constructions are the innovation of sustainable constructions replacing masonry constructions. Despite this, the use of concrete and steel to improve the performance of structural members in service is a recurring problem due to the immediate or overtime appearance of cracks. The objective of this work was therefore to assess the damage phenomena of the steel-concrete interface in order to assess the performance of an RC structure. Samples of approximately 30 cm of reinforcement attacked by rust were taken from broken reinforced concrete columns and beams in order to determine the impact of corrosion on high adhesion steel (HA) and therefore on its ability to resist. The experimental results have shown that the corrosion degradation rates of reinforcing bars of different diameters increase as the diameter of the reinforcing bars decreases: 5% for HA12;23.75% for HA8 and 50% for HA6. Using the approach proposed by Mangat and Elgalf on the bearing capacity as a function of the progress of the corrosion phenomenon, these rates made it possible to assess the new fracture limits of corroded HA steels. For HA6 respectively HA8 and HA12, their initial limit resistances will decrease by 4/4, 3/4 and 1/4. Based on the results of this study and in order to guarantee their durability, an RC structure can be dimensioned by taking into account the effects of reinforcement corrosion.

Analysis of free vibration characteristic of steel-concrete composite box-girder considering shear lag and slip

Based on Hamilton principle,the governing differential equations and the corresponding boundary conditions of steel-concrete composite box girder with consideration of the shear lag effect meeting self equilibrated stress,shear deformation,slip,as well as rotational inertia were induced.Therefore,natural frequency equations were obtained for the boundary types,such as simple support,cantilever,continuous girder and fixed support at two ends.The ANSYS finite element solutions were compared with the analytical solutions by calculation examples and the validity of the proposed approach was verified,which also shows the correctness of longitudinal warping displacement functions.Some meaningful conclusions for engineering design were obtained.The decrease extent of each order natural frequency of the steel-concrete composite box-girder is great under action of the shear lag effect.The shear-lag effect of steel-concrete composite box girder increases when frequency order rises,and increases while span-width ratio decreases.The proposed approach provides theoretical basis for further research of free vibration characteristics of steel-concrete composite box-girder.

Closed-form solution for shear lag effects of steel-concrete composite box beams considering shear deformation and slip

Based on the consideration of longitudinal warp caused by shear lag effects on concrete slabs and bottom plates of steel beams,shear deformation of steel beams and interface slip between steel beams and concrete slabs,the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the steel-concrete composite box beams under lateral loading were derived using energy-variational method.The closed-form solutions for stress,deflection and slip of box beams under lateral loading were obtained,and the comparison of the analytical results and the experimental results for steel-concrete composite box beams under concentrated loading or uniform loading verifies the closed-form solution.The investigation of the parameters of load effects on composite box beams shows that:1) Slip stiffness has considerable impact on mid-span deflection and end slip when it is comparatively small;the mid-span deflection and end slip decrease significantly with the increase of slip stiffness,but when the slip stiffness reaches a certain value,its impact on mid-span deflection and end slip decreases to be negligible.2) The shear deformation has certain influence on mid-span deflection,and the larger the load is,the greater the influence is.3) The impact of shear deformation on end slip can be neglected.4) The strain of bottom plate of steel beam decreases with the increase of slip stiffness,while the shear lag effect becomes more significant.

Research on Bond-Slip Constitutive Relation for Steel Reinforced Concrete Members

The constitutive relation of bond-slip on steel and concrete interface is proposed for short steel reinforced concrete （SRC） column. Based on the experimental research on bond-slip performance, a mechanical model of short SRC column in pulling or pushing test is established. By means of the elasto-plasticity theory the explicit formulation of bond-slip constitutive relation τ-s in different anchor-hold place of push and pull member is investigated under the conditions of balance and boundary. The study shows that the constitutive relation is relevant to the embedment length and the thickness of concrete cover. The results are continuous descriptions of bond-slip constitutive relation and can be used to analyze the non-linear performance of SRC members. Results indicate that the principle of the method is correct and it performs well for short SRC column.

Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams

This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of steel-concrete composite beams

Proposes a simplified finite element model for steel-concrete composite beams. The effects of slip can be taken into account by creating a special matrix of shear connector stiffness and using the iteration method. Meanwhile, the effect of material non-linearity of steel and concrete on rigidity and strength of composite beams is considered. With the age-adjusted effective modulus method, the analysis for the whole process of shrinkage and creep under long-term load can be performed. The ultimate load, deflection, stress and slip of continuous composite beams under short-term and long-term load are computed using the proposed finite element model. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results and existing values based on other numerical methods, and are found to be in good agreement.

A new 3-D element formulation on displacement of steel-concrete composite box beam

Slip of a composite box beam may reduce its stiffness, enlarge its deformation and affect its performance. In this work, the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of composite box beams were established. Analytic solutions of combined differential equations were also established. Partial degree of freedom was adopted to establish a new FEA element of three-dimensional beam, taking into account the slip effect. Slip and its first-order derivative were introduced into the nodes of composite box beams as generalized degree of freedom. Stiffness matrix and load array of beam elements were established. A three-dimensional nonlinear calculation program was worked out. The results show that the element is reliable and easy to divide and is suitable for special nonlinear analysis of large-span composite box beams.

Connection between Concrete Layers with Different Strengths

As part of a research intending to develop steel-concrete hybrid girder using ultra high performance concrete with compressive strength of 80 MPa, this study conducts loading test on this girder to investigate the methods for its composition with a slab using 30 MPa-concrete and the corresponding interfacial behavior. Prior to the loading test, the design formula of the Eurocode for the shear resistance developed in concrete-to-concrete interface is examined for the interface between concrete layers of different strengths. The effect of the surface roughness on the shear resistance is examined using this formula and finite element analysis to verify the applicability of the formula. Based upon the results, loading test is conducted on girder specimens to evaluate the actual behavior with respect to the interfacial surface condition. The test results reveal that the specimen with rough interface could not develop perfectly composite behavior and experienced adhesive failure. In case of simultaneous action of flexure and shear, it appears that conservative design should be applied without consideration of the interfacial condition when determining the arrangement of shear reinforcement.

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

By the nonlinear finite element analysis （FEA） method, the mechanical properties of the steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） deep beams were discussed in terms of the crack load and ultimate bearing capacity. In the simulation process, the ANSYS parametric design language （APDL） was used to set up the finite element model; the model of bond stress-slip relationship between steel bar and concrete was established. The nonlinear FEA results and test results demonstrated that the steel fiber can not only significantly improve the cracking load and ultimate bearing capacity of the concrete but also repress the development of the cracks. Meanwhile, good agreement was found between the experimental data and FEA results, if the unit type, the parameter model and the failure criterion are selected reasonably.

氯盐环境下UHPC-NC界面黏结性能试验研究

氯盐环境作为一种较为常见的化学侵蚀环境,研究其对超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)和普通混凝土(normal concrete,NC)界面耐久性能的影响对于UHPC加固混凝土结构和UHPC-NC组合结构的工程应用均具有重大的现实意义.基于此,通过在常规环境以及氯盐环境下的推出试验,获得了干湿循环次数(0次、25次、50次)、氯盐浸泡天数(0 d、50 d、100 d)及界面处理方式(钢丝刷刷毛、高压水射流冲毛、表面缓凝处理)对UHPC-NC界面黏结强度、界面黏结刚度及界面黏结滑移曲线的影响.结果表明:在100 d试验周期内,干湿循环及氯盐浸泡作用造成的界面黏结强度损失率不超过20%;氯盐环境作用时长的增加会导致界面黏结刚度的降低;随着界面粗糙度的增加,UHPC-NC试件的界面黏结强度以及界面黏结刚度均会增加;界面粗糙度的提高有助于界面抗氯盐侵蚀能力的提升.受到界面处理方法的影响,UHPC-NC试件经历干湿循环及氯盐浸泡后,荷载滑移曲线呈现2种不同的形式,分别对应光滑界面(钢丝刷刷毛界面)和其他界面(高压水射流冲毛界面和缓凝剂处理界面).各组试件的黏结滑移曲线在荷载到达峰值前趋于一致;荷载到达峰值后,前者存在荷载骤降段及持荷段,后者则随着滑移量的增加荷载不断降低.根据UHPC-NC黏结滑移曲线特征,提出了黏结滑移建议模型.

钢-混组合梁荷载-温度效应的统一解析模型

基于欧拉伯努利梁理论,提出非均布荷载、轴向力、梁端弯矩和非线性温度分布共同作用下的有滑移组合梁统一解析模型,推导组合梁挠度、界面剪力、滑移及截面应力的计算公式,开展简支组合梁和连续组合梁算例分析,讨论界面刚度和温度作用对界面滑移和挠度的影响.研究结果表明,组合梁温度作用产生的挠度与界面滑移由等效温度滑移应变和等效温度曲率决定,可以通过将桥面板与钢梁的温度分布各自分解为有效温度、竖向线性温差和残余温度等相互独立的3部分进行计算.简支梁和2跨连续梁算例在温度作用下的界面滑移沿梁长呈现反对称分布,滑移主要集中在距端部小于2 m的范围内,受滑移的影响,组合梁端部桥面板底面的拉应力水平较高,可以超过2 MPa,增加了底面混凝土开裂的风险.提出了温度作用下界面滑移组合梁的挠度影响系数,可以用于组合梁挠度的快速计算,其大小不仅与界面完全连接与界面无连接时组合梁的抗弯刚度比和组合效应系数有关,还受温度作用系数的直接影响.

高强钢管超高性能混凝土界面黏结滑移性能试验

目的为了研究高强钢管超高性能混凝土的黏结滑移性能,方法考虑径厚比、长径比和钢纤维掺量3个参数的影响,设计并制作15根构件进行试验研究,通过推出试验,得到轴向荷载与加载端位移的荷载-位移曲线,以及高强钢管与超高性能混凝土之间的黏结强度,根据试验结果,对影响黏结强度的参数进行定性定量分析。结果结果表明:随着高强钢管长径比和径厚比的增加,黏结强度减小;随着钢纤维掺量增加,试件黏结强度先增加后减小,即当钢纤维掺量从1%增加到2%时,黏结强度增加,但当钢纤维掺量从2%增加到3%时,黏结强度反而降低;试件荷载-滑移曲线表现为两种形式,一是有明显的峰值点,峰值点后曲线急速下降(部分出现尾部上升的现象),二是曲线无明显峰值点,拐点后曲线持续缓慢增长。高强钢管超高性能混凝土的黏结破坏分为黏结阶段、滑动阶段和抗摩擦阶段。结论以长径比、径厚比、含钢率和套箍系数为参数,结合试验数据并对其进行回归分析,得到适用于高强钢管超高性能混凝土黏结强度的计算模型,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,计算值与试验值吻合较好,可为实际工程提供一定参考。

高温后钢管高强混凝土柱的黏结性能

为了研究高温后钢管高强混凝土柱的黏结性能,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,并与已有试验结果进行验证,吻合良好。研究表明:钢管高强混凝土柱的黏结应力随着温度的升高呈现出先增加后减小的趋势;黏结应力随着混凝土强度的增大而增大,随着径厚比的增大而减小;长径比在2.74~7.72的范围内,随着长径比的增加,黏结力逐渐增加;黏结界面破坏的速度随温度的增加而减缓;随着温度的增加耗能因子呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

常泰长江大桥组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究

常泰长江大桥索塔锚固结构采用钢箱-核芯混凝土组合结构,为研究该新型组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造的受力特性,进行钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究。制作2个锚固结构足尺节段试验模型,通过压剪试验研究锚固结构的荷载~滑移曲线及应力、应变分布等受力特性,并通过有限元模型分析锚固结构的传力机理和各组件的内力分配比例,推导剪力钉剪力计算方法。结果表明:在2.14倍单索最大索力荷载作用下,锚固结构保持弹性状态,钢壁板未产生明显滑移,钢-混界面最大滑移不超过0.25 mm,该锚固结构中钢-混传剪构造至少具有2.14倍的安全系数;荷载作用下,剪力钉剪力从上至下逐渐增大,锚腹板附近底部3排剪力钉剪力较大,钢-混传剪构造至少存在剪力钉和界面摩擦力2种传剪机制,钢-混传剪构造的承载能力显著提高;钢-混传剪构造受力过程分为粘结力传力阶段和局部滑移阶段,剪力钉剪力分布不仅与沿剪切方向长度分布有关,也与荷载的大小线性相关。

BFRP筋回收轮胎钢纤维混凝土黏结性能分析

对玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)筋在回收轮胎钢纤维(RTSF)混凝土中的黏结性能进行了试验和分析研究.对不同RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度的试件进行了拉拔试验,研究其对黏结破坏模式、黏结滑移响应和黏结强度的影响,并提出了BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移理论模型.结果表明:BFRP筋RTSF混凝土黏结破坏类型包括拔出破坏、劈裂破坏以及拔出且劈裂破坏;BFRP筋直径对黏结破坏模式无显著影响,而RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度均对黏结强度有较大影响,且RTSF体积掺量与极限黏结强度呈正相关,BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度对其影响与之相反;当RTSF体积掺量从0增大至1.5%时,其极限黏结强度最大可提高约23.87%.与已有模型相比,所提出的黏结滑移理论模型对BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移曲线具有更高的拟合精度.

考虑粘结滑移本构模型的托换梁承载特性分析

粘结滑移有限元分析是掌握型钢混凝土托换梁变形特性的关键手段。采用有限元分析软件建立了考虑和不考虑型钢与混凝土粘结滑移两种有限元模型,分析了托换梁荷载-挠度曲线、型钢应变及箍筋应变的变化规律。结果表明:不考虑粘结滑移时,托换梁的极限荷载、跨中挠度与试验值差值百分比范围分别为1.0%~6.8%和11.3%~24.5%,受剪段中部、梁跨中位置的腹板应变和内、外侧箍筋应变与试验值的差值百分比分别为23.1%、46.4%、15.8%和45.8%;考虑粘结滑移后,托换梁的极限荷载、跨中挠度与试验值差值百分比范围分别为0.7%~4.5%和5.7%~18.2%,受剪段中部、梁跨中位置的腹板应变和内、外侧箍筋应变与试验值的差值百分比分别为2.7%、1.3%、11.6%和27.7%;考虑型钢与混凝土粘结滑移的有限元模型可更准确地模拟梁的承载力和变形。

桥梁施工中钢抱箍滑移原因与防滑措施研究

为研究桥梁施工中钢抱箍滑移原因并提出针对性的应对措施,对钢抱箍受力进行理论分析。针对钢-混界面进水及螺栓施拧不足造成的滑移,进行钢-混界面摩擦系数和螺栓拧紧力矩系数测试及定量分析,根据测试结果并结合现场经验提出钢抱箍防滑措施。结果表明:实测干燥状态下钢-混界面的静摩擦系数为0.62,大于常用设计值(0.3~0.4),钢抱箍偏安全;界面润湿后,静摩擦系数有所降低,但仍高于常用设计值,说明钢-混界面进水会降低钢抱箍承载能力,但降低程度还不足以导致钢抱箍滑移。螺栓拧紧力矩系数取值不当是钢抱箍滑移的主要原因,拧紧力矩系数常用设计值仅为测试值的1/1.7~1/3.6,偏不安全;拧紧力矩系数取值跟螺栓轴线与承压板法线间的夹角有关,建议现场对其进行实测,以保证螺栓预紧力与设计相符。钢抱箍设计时,摩擦系数可偏安全地取0.45,螺栓拧紧力矩系数可在参考范围内取大值,并结合1.5~2.0的安全系数确定螺栓数量,以避免钢抱箍滑移。

考虑滑移的钢-混凝土组合箱梁畸变效应研究

通过引入滑移转角位移函数,建立考虑滑移的畸变翘曲正应力,基于势能驻值原理,推导考虑滑移效应的畸变微分方程。定义了一个畸变的滑移影响系数κ,此系数仅与混凝土与钢材材料特性、栓钉类型及栓钉布置形式有关,并给出均布荷载和集中荷载作用下的微分方程初参数解。建立一个考虑滑移的钢-混凝土组合箱梁的Ansys有限元模型,均布荷载作用下畸变应力与畸变角与本文理论吻合良好,验证了本文理论的正确性。将考虑滑移与不考虑滑移的结果进行对比,分析表明,均布荷载作用下考虑滑移的畸变角与畸变翘曲均小于不考虑滑移的情况,且考虑滑移的畸变角更加接近于有限元计算结果。重新定义了考虑滑移的畸变矩和畸变双力矩且考虑滑移影响的结果均大于不考虑滑移的结果。

考虑波形腹板剪切的端部固支组合梁挠度分析

波形钢腹板组合梁因其优良性能得到广泛应用,其挠度问题是研究的重点之一,近年来我国对波形钢腹板组合梁挠度计算方法的研究虽有长足的进步,但多集中于静定结构,并且端部固支的超静定结构体系在桥梁工程中应用广泛。为了探讨不同支承下波形钢腹板组合梁滑移附加挠度变化的规律,并为波形钢腹板组合梁的后续研究提供理论基础和参考,在足够刚度的前提下将端部固支波形钢腹板梁简化为两端固支和一端固支一端活动铰支的端部约束条件,推导了其考虑滑移和腹板剪切变形影响时的跨中挠度计算公式,找到适用于实际桥型的挠度计算方法;基于试验梁和有限元模型对本文公式进行了验证,结果表明:端部固支波形钢腹板组合梁的滑移附加挠度占比随剪切刚度的变化趋势显著区别于一端固定铰支一端活动铰支的抛物线型而呈线性变化;不对称约束放大了波形钢腹板组合梁腹板的剪切变形和滑移效应。