Application of Interferometric Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar to Morphotectonic Research in the Bengcuo Area of Tibet

Using ELLS-1/2 radar satellite data, we generated a Digital Elevation Model by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, and the ERS-1/2 DEM that we generated is obviously superior to both the 1/25 ten thousand-scale DEM of the National Fundamental Geographic Information System of China and the 90-m spatial resolution＇s SRTM DEM that America published in 2004 when it showed the characteristics of tiny structure relief. By analyzing the relief characteristics of the Bengcuo fault zone based on ERS-1/2 DEM, we find that the relief on the connection location of the Bengcuo and Pengcuo fault zones has complex characteristics. A structure relief that is similar to the Pengcuo fault zone crosses through the Dazi-Dasha fault on the the Bengcuo fault zone, while the Dazi-Dasha fault crosses through a gully at this place. This indicates that the Dazi-Dasha fault has been active at this place recently. At the same time, the Naka-Naduiduo fault is severed by the gully which was cut through by the Dazi-Dasha fault. Therefore, the Naka-Naduiduo fault was formed earlier than the Dazi-Dasha fault.

Effect of digital elevation models on monitoring slope displacements in open-pit mine by differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar

Displacement monitoring in open-pit mines is one of the important tasks for safe management of mining processes.Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR),mounted on an artificial satellite,has the potential to be a cost-effective method for monitoring surface displacements over extensive areas,such as open-pit mines.DInSAR requires the ground surface elevation data in the process of its analysis as a digital elevation model(DEM).However,since the topography of the ground surface in open-pit mines changes largely due to excavations,measurement errors can occur due to insufficient information on the elevation of mining areas.In this paper,effect of different elevation models on the accuracy of the displacement monitoring results by DInSAR is investigated at a limestone quarry.In addition,validity of the DInSAR results using an appropriate DEM is examined by comparing them with the results obtained by global positioning system(GPS)monitoring conducted for three years at the same limestone quarry.It is found that the uncertainty of DEMs induces large errors in the displacement monitoring results if the baseline length of the satellites between the master and the slave data is longer than a few hundred meters.Comparing the monitoring results of DInSAR and GPS,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the discrepancy between the two sets of results is less than 10 mm if an appropriate DEM,considering the excavation processes,is used.It is proven that DInSAR can be applied for monitoring the displacements of mine slopes with centimeter-level accuracy.

A Review on Applications of Imaging Synthetic Aperture Radar with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Studies

The cryosphere is the frozen part of the Earth’s system. Snow and ice are the main constituents of the cryosphere and may be found in different states, such as snow, freshwater ice, sea ice, perma-frost, and continental ice masses in the form of glaciers and ice sheets. The present review mainly deals with state-of-the-art applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with a special emphasize on cryospheric information extraction. SAR is the most important active microwave remote sensing (RS) instrument for ice monitoring, which provides high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. SAR is an ideal sensor in RS technology, which works in all-weather and day and night conditions to provide useful unprecedented information, especially in the cryospheric regions which are almost inaccessible areas on Earth. This paper addresses the technological evolution of SAR and its applications in studying the various components of the cryosphere. The arrival of SAR radically changed the capabilities of information extraction related to ice type, new ice formation, and ice thickness. SAR applications can be divided into two broad classes-polarimetric applications and interferometric applications. Polarimetric SAR has been effectively used for mapping calving fronts, crevasses, surface structures, sea ice, detection of icebergs, etc. The paper also summarizes both the operational and climate change research by using SAR for sea ice parameter detection. Digital elevation model (DEM) generation and glacier velocity mapping are the two most important applications used in cryosphere using SAR interferometry or interferometric SAR (InSAR). Space-borne InSAR techniques for measuring ice flow velocity and topography have developed rapidly over the last decade. InSAR is capable of measuring ice motion that has radically changed the science of glaciers and ice sheets. Measurement of temperate glacier velocities and surface characteristics by using airborne and space-borne interferometric satellite images have been the significant application in glaciology and cryospheric studies. Space-borne InSAR has contributed to major evolution in many research areas of glaciological study by measuring ice-stream flow velocity, improving understanding of ice-shelf processes, yielding velocity for flux-gate based mass-balance assessment, and mapping flow of mountain glaciers. The present review summarizes the salient development of SAR applications in cryosphere and glaciology.

一种天基双基地InSAR系统的相位同步方法及验证情况

以德国的TanDEM-X双星编队干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)卫星系统为背景,提出了基于点频连续波同步信号双向对传,实现编队卫星InSAR系统相位同步的方法。文中给出了该同步方法实现的框架,对该相位同步方法的原理进行了理论推导,得出了补偿相位差的表达式,并对影响同步精度的因素进行了初步的分析。该方法可用于天基双/多基地合成孔径雷达系统相位同步链路的设计,仿真分析的结果验证了该方法的理论可行性。此外,通过搭建实物系统对系统的工程可实现精度进行了验证,结果表明获取的载波频率相位同步精度与倍频器件的频率精度和一致性密切相关。该相位同步方法为与TanDEM-X相近InSAR系统的设计提供参考。

MCJ-UNet:一种双/多通道联合InSAR相位解缠网络

干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)可实现地表高程的高效获取,在地形测绘中应用广泛。双/多通道InSAR技术可借助不同通道(基线、频点)的高程模糊度差异,解决相位欠采样问题,完成高程陡变区域的干涉相位解缠,实现InSAR技术在测绘困难区域的有效应用。该文即面向高效高精度相位解缠需求,利用深度学习这一有力工具,结合不同通道的相位特征及相互约束关系,提出了一种双/多通道联合干涉相位解缠网络:Multi-Channel-Joint-UNet(MCJ-UNet)。该网络的构建以双通道(双频、双基线)InSAR为基本观测构型,并可实现向多通道构型的扩展,其构建的核心思路主要包括3点:首先,将干涉相位解缠中的模糊数估计问题转化为语义分割问题,并采用UNet网络完成分割处理;其次,引入挤压激励模块(SE)动态调整信息权重,以增强网络不同通道对其所需信息的感知能力;最后,利用多通道联合约束下的相位残差优化损失函数,实现网络调谐。此外,为避免语义分割结果的边缘细节误差对解缠效果的影响,该文还提出了一种基于多通道联合约束的解缠误差自修正方法,以保证解缠质量。模拟地形仿真数据、真实地形仿真数据以及TerraSAR-X实测数据验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于InSAR技术的大跨桥梁温度变形监测研究

以国内某高速铁路钢拱桥为研究对象,选取2017—2018年期间59幅C波段Senti⁃nel-1号雷达卫星影像,利用PS-InSAR技术处理影像获得桥梁的视线向(Line of Sight,LOS)位移,根据SAR成像空间几何关系解算出支座的纵向位移.研究结果表明:支座纵向位移的时空特性与实际桥梁结构相符合,验证了PS-InSAR技术观测桥梁结构位移的可行性.建立支座纵向位移与温度的线性相关模型,并与结构健康监测系统的实测结果进行对比.两者吻合良好,相对误差控制在10%以内,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的可靠性.利用有限元模拟温度作用下桥梁支座的位移变化,并与PS-InSAR位移时间序列进行对比.两者趋势基本一致,LOS向位移误差在[-10,10]mm,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的准确性.

SBAS-InSAR技术融合CNN-LSTM模型的矿区开采沉陷监测与预测

针对传统矿区开采沉陷监测方法耗费人力财力和预测预警模型较少的问题,研究提出一种基于短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Small Baseline Subset-Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术和卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)与长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)相结合的矿区开采沉陷监测预测方法。首先,利用SBAS-InSAR技术对建新煤矿进行矿区开采沉陷监测,获取了该矿区的年平均沉降速率和累计沉降值。用GNSS监测数据与SBAS-InSAR结果进行对比验证,其拟合效果较好。其次,在此基础上利用CNN-LSTM模型预测后6期沉降数据,其结果与CNN和LSTM预测结果进行对比。研究显示,CNN-LSTM模型的平均绝对误差(S_(MAE))和均方根误差(S_(RMSE))比单一的CNN和LSTM分别至少降低了44.8%和40.6%,其决定系数均高于98%。最后,进一步预测前6期和中6期沉降数据,验证了CNN-LSTM预测模型在时间上的一致性。因此,SBAS-InSAR融合CNN-LSTM模型在类似矿山开采沉陷监测和预测中有较好的应用前景。

采空区地表InSAR形变监测与安全稳定性评价

为探明河南省平顶山市某变电站拟建场地的安全稳定性,避免采空区地表沉降或倾斜给变电站造成安全隐患,采用永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)研究平顶山市2015—2022年间的45景Sentinel-1A数据,精细化分析拟建场地的9个代表位置的时序形变特征,进而建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制,完成对场地的安全稳定性评价。研究结果表明:基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法可克服PS点密度低的弊端,有效增加分析可用数据,提升监测结果的准确性;依据基准点校正拟建区内代表点的时序形变后发现,拟建场地整体形变较小且逐渐呈现趋于稳定的趋势,最大沉降量为13.05 mm,最大沉降速度为5.73 mm/a,最大倾斜为0.070 mm/m。基于安全稳定性评价机制分析可知:采空区地表场地移动变形处于稳定状态,变电站地基基础处于安全状态,采空区地表沉降对拟建变电站的影响程度小,综合3种评价指标进行分析,采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级为高,具备建设变电站的可行性。

基于时序InSAR技术的中贵天然气管道天水市段沿线滑坡隐患识别与形变分析

中贵天然气管道天水市段沿线地处黄土高原,地貌类型多样、构造活跃、复杂地质条件下发育多种具有隐蔽性和潜伏性的地质灾害,其中滑坡灾害对中贵天然气管道的安全危害极大,因此,对中贵天然气管道天水段沿线滑坡隐患进行有效识别与分析具有重要意义。采用Sentinel-1A升降轨卫星数据,基于时序合成孔径雷达干涉测量(synthetic aperture radar interferometry,InSAR)对中贵天然气天水段沿线滑坡隐患进行了解译识别、现场复核、发育特征与典型滑坡形变分析。研究区共识别17处滑坡隐患点,现场复核最终确定13处,其余4处为人类工程活动区,其中常沟村和磨峪沟村滑坡形变受降雨影响。统计发现研究区管道沿线滑坡多发生在坡度40°~50°,高差400~600 m,东北坡向和距管道100~150 m范围内,且岩土体强度较低,地层以第四系全新统冲洪积层(Q_(4)^(a1+p1))为主。结果表明:联合升降轨的时序InSAR技术可以有效识别管道沿线滑坡隐患,为油气管线的安全运营及今后油气管道选线提供重要的科学依据和参考。

星载InSAR基线构型测量误差模型与灵敏度分析

为避免双天线InSAR系统基线测量动态监测过程中引入误差,影响基线测量精度,对基线长度与角度测量过程中的可能误差进行定性与定量分析。采用坐标变换法建立系统误差数学模型,明确测量系统的误差来源。提出误差灵敏度概念,对误差项进行定量计算,并对每一自由度的误差源进行灵敏度分析,进一步形成综合误差定量合成结果。根据误差灵敏度系数给出一组精度反演误差分配案例。最后,依据蒙特卡洛法在MATLAB平台闭环验证精度量化分配方法的可行性与稳定性。仿真分析结果表明,激光视觉三轴位置的测量精度要求为300μm(3σ),三轴角度的测量精度要求为50″(3σ),即可满足基线长度精度1 mm(1.6σ),基线角度精度2″(1.6σ)。通过本方法可由测量环境条件输入直接获得基线测量的精度,根据灵敏度系数对误差分配进行反演可以得到系统最优布局,其结果可为测量系统的方案设计与精度分解提供有效指导。

基于云计算的引调水工程星载TD-InSAR地表形变监测

针对时间序列InSAR计算量大、时效性低、传统D-InSAR精度不高的问题,提出了TD-InSAR连续像对干涉测量方法,并利用HyP3云计算平台实现了长距离引调水工程沿线地表形变连续干涉像对快速分析。以珠江三角洲水资源配置工程为研究区,以传统PS-InSAR监测结果为参照数据对TD-InSAR地表形变探测精度进行了验证。试验结果表明:TD-InSAR取得的地表形变速率与PS-InSAR趋势一致,决定系数R 2>0.7,精度相比传统D-InSAR方法提高了52.6%;基于云计算的TD-InSAR地表形变监测方法降低了时序分析的计算量,提高了时序分析的时效性,适用于大范围的地表形变快速普查分析。

2024年新疆乌什Ms 7.1地震InSAR同震形变探测与断层滑动分布反演

2024年1月23日,新疆维吾尔自治区乌什县发生Ms 7.1地震,快速查明其同震形变场与发震断层滑动特征,有助于科学认识此次地震发震机理。利用Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术获取了本次地震的同震形变场,进而基于Okada弹性位错模型,确定了本次地震的震源参数,并基于分布式滑动模型反演了本次地震断层面上的滑动分布。结果表明,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向最大形变量分别为75 cm和48 cm,断层最大滑动量为4.2 m,主要集中在地下3~20 km区域;模型正演结果表明,此次地震在垂直方向最大抬升约53 cm,最大沉降约12 cm;发震断层运动以逆冲为主,兼具少量左旋走滑,根据InSAR结果及地质资料综合判断,本次发震断层为迈丹断裂。

SBAS-InSAR技术在地质灾害调查中的应用

在地质灾害调查中及时识别和排查潜在的隐患灾害点对地质灾害的预防和监测工作至关重要。然而传统的地质灾害排查方法时间和人力成本较高,难以实现对广泛区域的全面排查。本文通过对青海省大通回族土族自治县城关镇区域内的地质灾害情况进行详细的调查,获取了区内的地质灾害分布特征。并进一步采用了哨兵1号(Sentinel-1)雷达数据,利用差分干涉测量短基线集时序分析(SBAS-InSAR)技术进行数据处理,成功揭示了该区域的地表形变情况。通过综合分析,能够准确地识别出重点监测区域的变化信息,从而提高了地质灾害及时预防和应对的效率。

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offset-Based Unwrapping and Improved Multiple-Aperture SAR Interferometry:Application to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR)interferometry(InSAR)has been successfully used to precisely measure surface deformation in the line-of-sight(LOS)direction,while multiple-aperture SAR interferometry(MAI)has provided precise surface deformation in the along-track(AT)direction.Integration of the InSAR and MAI methods enables precise measurement of the two-dimensional(2D)deformation from an interferometric pair;recently,the integration of ascending and descending pairs has allowed the observation of precise three-dimensional(3D)deformation.Precise 3D deformation measurement has been applied to better understand geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.The surface deformation related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake was large and complex near the fault line;hence,precise 3D deformation retrieval had not yet been attempted.The objectives of this study were to①perform a feasibility test of precise 3D deformation retrieval in large and complex deformation areas through the integration of offset-based unwrapped and improved multiple-aperture SAR interferograms and②observe the 3D deformation field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake,even near the fault lines.Two ascending pairs and one descending the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2(ALOS-2)Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2(PALSAR-2)pair were used for the 3D deformation retrieval.Eleven in situ Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements were used to validate the 3D deformation measurement accuracy.The achieved accuracy was approximately 2.96,3.75,and 2.86 cm in the east,north,and up directions,respectively.The results show the feasibility of precise 3D deformation measured through the integration of the improved methods,even in a case of large and complex deformation.

星载InSAR方位向逐行的顺轨有效基线计算方法

本文开展了星载干涉合成孔径雷达(Interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)顺轨有效基线计算方法的改进研究。首先利用多项式拟合卫星轨道方程,使用相干系数法计算待配准图像对的像元偏移量,通过建立顺轨有效基线与方位向行号的函数关系式获得逐行有效基线,解决了在整幅图像使用固定有效基线带来的误差问题。通过TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X实测干涉数据对本文的改进方法进行了应用和检验,同时针对所使用干涉图像对的特殊线性关系建立了快捷实用的线性方程。通过在整幅图像上精细化使用顺轨有效基线会对诸如海流反演方面有效提高反演精度。

基于地形辅助的无人机载InSAR图像分区配准方法

小型化、轻量化的无人机(UAV)为合成孔径雷达(SAR)提供了更加灵活、机动的观测平台,无人机载干涉SAR(InSAR)逐步应用于干涉测量领域。无人机小而轻,易受气流扰动的影响,采用多航过模式进行干涉测量时,飞行航迹非线性且不平行。非线性、不平行的飞行轨迹导致两幅图像之间存在几何畸变。在复杂地形条件下,无人机载InSAR的干涉图像对之间的偏移量大且具有明显的空变特性,给图像配准带来了很大的技术挑战,常规的基于多项式拟合的配准方法不再适用。该文提出了一种利用地形辅助分区的图像配准方法。首先基于航迹信息生成高程门限,利用外部地形对测量区域进行图像分区处理,然后对区域内的偏移量构建多项式变换模型,对各区域边界处的偏移量施加约束,并进行联合求解,最后获得连续的全局偏移量拟合面,通过对辅图像进行重采样实现精配准。基于P波段无人机载InSAR获取的实测数据,初步验证了该方法的有效性。

面向时序InSAR的卫星任务规划框架设计

随着国内自主雷达卫星和差分干涉合成孔径雷达技术(D-InSAR)及衍生的时序InSAR技术的发展,以时间序列上重复观测为主的长周期形变监测的应用与日俱增。对遥感卫星地面任务规划系统来说,规划和管理大量有时序关联的重复任务,从而最大限度地满足观测要求,是提升以形变监测为使命的雷达卫星运控效率的关键。在综合考虑雷达差分干涉任务序列性、一致性、周期性特征的基础上,设计了一种面向雷达卫星时序InSAR类型任务的规划框架,旨在规划序列任务时,考虑序列整体特性,进行序列任务组间的冲突检测。基于此方法,对现有的地面任务规划系统进行了优化升级,验证了框架的有效性。结果证明:该方法可快速、自动进行序列任务冲突消解,可为长周期序列任务的规划和管理提供设计参考。

SBAS-InSAR技术在昆明高铁南站山体形变监测中的应用

山体滑坡对人类安全造成严重影响,传统的滑坡形变监测成本高、耗时长、效率低,采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术对滑坡进行形变监测,既能提升效率又可以节约成本。本文基于SBAS-InSAR技术,对昆明高铁南站2019年1月1日-2019年12月31日的24景Sentinel-1降轨数据进行处理,获取研究区的形变速率为-11.56~13.08 mm/a,利用像元二分模型对Sentinel-2光学数据进行处理,获取该区域2019年的植被覆盖度,结合6个典型形变点对研究区的形变进行了探究。研究结果表明,高铁南站山体西侧为主要形变区,植被覆盖度高的区域形变量较小,植被覆盖度低的区域形变量较大,该研究对昆明高铁南站的安全监测具有重要的意义。

基于SBAS-InSAR的库区活动滑坡变形特征与库水位变化响应关系:以四川省黑水县毛尔盖水电站为例

水库滑坡是水电工程建设中的一种常见地质灾害,当滑坡滑入库区中可能会引起涌浪、江河堵塞甚至溃坝,从而造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡情况,因此如何高效及时地开展对库岸滑坡早期识别与监测具有重要意义。利用短基线集干涉测量技术(small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)对毛尔盖库区开展活动滑坡的探测识别,在此基础上,结合高分辨率光学遥感影像、无人机航空摄影测量以及现场调查对库区典型活动滑坡的变形特征与库水位变化响应关系进行初步分析。结果表明:研究区活动滑坡共65处,其中复活型古老滑坡堆积体36处,新孕育型滑坡29处;结合两类典型滑坡来看,坡体变形与库水位快速下降存在正相关关系,且当库水位日平均降速大于0.67 m/d时,InSAR时间序列曲线均会出现加速变形的情况;对于短时间内发生的大变形滑坡,SBAS-InSAR技术很难有效捕捉到滑坡失稳前的真实加速变形信息导致不能提前识别和监测,因此结合多时相高分辨率光学遥感影像可以起到有效补充的作用。研究成果可为库岸滑坡的早期识别与监测提供参考。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的淮北市地表沉降监测分析

长期高强度的煤炭开采和地下水抽采,导致淮北市地表发生大面积沉降,破坏了耕地以及生态环境,因此对地表沉降监测显得尤为重要。本文通过短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)方法获取了2020年1月5日到2020年12月30日的淮北市地表年形变速率,并且使用水准数据对监测结果进行了精度验证。结果表明:淮北市沉降存在不均匀现象,年形变速率为-55~42 mm,淮北市地表沉降由地下煤炭资源开采和地下水抽采引起,主要地表沉降由采煤引起。研究结果可为地质灾害预防提供数据参考。