Inequality in Intergenerational Mobility of Education in China

This paper investigates trends in intergenerational patterns of educational attainment of those born in China between 1941 and 1990. Employing the 2008 Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia Survey, we find that intergenerational correlation is lower in rural and migrant than in urban populations. The higher mobility observed in rural and migrant populations stems from the fact that the majority of these children complete only junior high school with some children in the youngest cohorts moving down the education ladder relative to theirparents. In contrast, urban children seem to at least maintain their parents＂ education level The persistence of intergenerational transmission of education at high levels in urban areas combined with some mobility, upward or downward, in rural areas is likely to aggravate China ＂s rural-urban disparity. Policies should focus more on the underlying gaps in education opportunities and the improvement in education of the rural and migrant populations.

Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility of Education

Using data from the 2013 Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP2013),we analyze intergenerational educationa1 mobility and the distribution of benefits among different groups in the course of educational expansion.Overall,educational expansion has raised educational mobility,reduced the possibility of downward intergenerational educational mobility,and increased the possibility of upward intergenerational mobility.However,the degree to which different types of households have benefited from the expansion of education is closely related to the urban-rural gap and the level of parenta1 education.The expansion of basic education has been more advantageous to the children of less-educated parents,whereas the expansion of higher education has mainly benefited the children of households with higher levels of parental education and to urban children.If,therefore,China is to promote the balanced development of educational modernization and build a nation that is an educational power,it needs to make active adjustments at the policy leve1.

Tuition Fees for Higher Education and Intergenerational Mobility in China

This paper studies the impact of an increase in higher education tuition on intergenerational mobility in China.We develop a theoretical model for the parental decision about the investment on education of children to illustrate the impact from the perspective of borrowing constraint.We consider the Chinese college tuition and subsidy reform around 1986 as a quasi-natural experiment for identifying the policy effect of the reform on intergenerational educational mobility by using the data from the census of 2000 and the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS).We find that an increase in the education burden induced by the reform of college tuition has reduced intergenerational educational mobility,and it is more noticeable in regions with a relatively higher increment in the tuition fee.Our results are robust with consideration of the co-residence bias,government investment in elementary education,and the higher education expansion.

Intergenerational Income Mobility in China and Underlying Mechanism

Based on ten rounds of CHNS data from 1989 to 2015,this paper employed dual measurement indicators of the intergenerational elasticity(IGE)of earnings and the income rank association(IRA)coefficient to measure intergenerational income mobility in China.Our findings suggest that China’s intergenerational income mobility was relatively stable from 1991-2004 and started to increase after 2004.Our study based on income grouping found that the intergenerational income immobility decreased after 2004 for all income groups;however,the high-income and low-income groups were far more immobile than other income groups;the middle-income group served as a key driver of the relatively high intergenerational income mobility in China.Furthermore,we investigated China’s intergenerational income transmission mechanism with a human capital analysis framework.We found that fathers’non-education factors played a dominant role in intergenerational income transmission;under the effects of the social institutional environment,the non-education transmission mechanism started to diminish after 2004,significantly contributing to intergenerational income mobility.

Education and intergenerational income mobility in urban China

This study examines the relationship between education and intergenerational income mobility in urban China based on the data of Chinese Urban Household Education and Employment Survey(CHUHEES)—2004”by Institute of Economics of Education of Peking University.It analyzes the characteristics of the intergenerational income mobility of Chinese urban household through such indices as intergenerational income inheritance and mobility,and intergenerational income elasticity,exploring the role of education to promote intergenerational income mobility through pathanalysis and binary logistic regression.It also analyzes the changing tendency along with the progress of the market reform in China and tries to provide theoretical explanations for the empirical results.According to the findings,there is rather obvious intergenerational income transmission in urban China,and most children still resort in the same income group with their fathers.As a kind of important mechanism of intergenerational mobility,education is instrumental to promote children of disadvantage group to upgrade of their economic status,showing its strong functions to promote intergenerational upward mobility.With the improvement of the level of marketization together with appropriate social policy,the role of education to promote the intergenerational income mobility and social equity is getting stronger.

Three Kinds of Religion in Hungary Lessons of Three By-elections in Local Political Context

There has been a long tradition in the history of Hungarian intellectuals that dates as far back as the 1930s.It became well-known as the clash between the“populist”(nepies)and“urbanite”(urbanus)camps as two factions of the intellectual classes or status groups.However,the author’s historical investigations show that this clash originated during the first reform period of Hungarian history(1830-1848),when the“Centralists”under the leadership of József Eötvös confronted the“Municipalists”whose leading figure was Lajos Kossuth.The former group represented the Western Europe oriented faction,who heavily called into question the county system,while the members of the latter group warranted it as the bulwark of the Hungarian constitution.The conflict was renewed between the two world wars as“westernizing”urbanites opposed the“Magyar”-oriented populists.Also,after the regime change in the 1990s,this old clash posited itself politically first as the strife between the Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Free Democrats and later on it got the form of a European-oriented Leftist-Liberal wing facing the moderate Right.The desperate struggle between the two political wings appeared at the local level as well.The author describes a paradigmatic case of the overall contradiction in a case study.During the local elections in a Hungarian village the post-communist mayor was forced to run against a traditionally religious mayor,while the entire village population,including civil society,followed the desperate clash up to an unserviceable stage.At this point,a third mayor candidate stepped in competing with both former enemies and won the exceptional election.The new mayor transcended both the post-communist era and the oppositional mayor of traditional religious background,for as the great-grand child of a landowner in the period preceding the Second World War who was persecuted in the Communist era;this mayor restituted the continuity with the ancient landowner class.And at the same time,while jettisoning the old-fashioned religion,she exhibited a certain attachment to a new type,as it were,a postmodern religiosity.

lntergenerational Mobility Modes and Changes in Social Class in Contemporary China

Using data from three China General Social Surveys, this paper analyzes changes in the basic situation of intergenerational mobility among social classes in China over the past 60 years. General social mobility was found to have increased, but social openness tended to show a wave-like pattern of change. Despite this, intergenerational inheritance was the main form of intergenerational mobility in every period. With the transformation of the socioeconomic system, the main mechanism of social exclusion changed from ＂systemic exclusion＂ to ＂market exclusion,＂ leading to changes in the structure of social opportunity. As a result, the form taken by intergenerational mobility varied significantly. This is chiefly evident in the gradual decline in the dominance of intergenerational inheritance among particular strata, with cross-class cyclical mobility becoming more difficult. On the one hand, changes in the social exclusion mechanism may increase social openness, making society more dynamic and strengthening social legitimacy. On the other hand, as the dominant class learns how to use market exclusion to achieve class reproduction, class solidification may still be possible in a future Chinese society.