Mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of ultrafine grained zircaloy-4 processed through multiaxial forging at cryogenic temperature

The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of zircaloy-4 subjected to cumulative strains of 1.48,2.96,4.44 and 5.91 through multiaxial forging（MAF） at cryogenic temperature（77 K） were investigated.The mechanical properties of the MAF treated alloy were measured through universal tensile testing and Vickers hardness testing equipment.The zircaloy-4 deformed up to a cumulative strain of 5.91 showed improvement in both ultimate tensile strength and hardness from 474 MPa to 717 MPa and from HV 190 to HV 238,respectively,as compared with the as-received alloy.However,there was a noticeable decrement in ductility（from 18%to 3.5%） due to the low strain hardening ability of deformed zircaloy-4.The improvement in strength and hardness of the deformed alloy is attributed to the grain size effect and higher dislocation density generated during multiaxial forging.The microstructural evolutions of deformed samples were characterized by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.The evolved microstructure at a cumulative strain of 5.91 obtained after MAF up to 12 cycles depicted the formation of ultrafine grains with an average size of 150-250 nm.

Influence of interstitial content on mechanical properties of new type of near α titanium alloy at cryogenic temperature

The influence of interstitial content on mechanical properties of a new type of near α titanium alloy(Ti-Zr-Mo-Nb-Sn) at cryogenic temperature was studied. The results show that interstitial content affects the mechanical properties of the alloy at cryogenic temperature. Interstitial element atoms solving into lattice causes the increasing of degree of distortion,which limits the sliding and twinning of dislocations. Reducing interstitial content is beneficial to generation of dislocation sliding and deformation twins. With interstitial element content reducing,the impact toughness and the elongation of the alloy decrease rapidly while the strength decreases weakly. To obtain good over-all properties at cryogenic temperature,the interstitial element content in this alloy must be controlled to extra low grade.

Research and Prediction on the Properties of Concrete at Cryogenic Temperature Based on Gray Theory

To solve the cryogenic temperature problems faced by all-concrete liquefied natural gas(ACLNG)storage tanks during servicing,a low temperature resistant and high strength concrete(LHC)was designed from the perspectives of reducing water-binder ratio,removing coarse aggregates,optimizing composite mineral admixture and utilizing steel fibers.The variation laws of compressive and tensile strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for C60 concrete and LHC were compared and analyzed under the temperatures from 10 to-165℃through uniaxial compression and tensile tests.The rapid freezing method was adopted to analyze the evolution process of mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates for C60 and LHC in 0-300 freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability test was carried out,and the laws of gas permeability coefficient varied with temperature and cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles were obtained.Then,the grey dynamic model GM(1,1)was used to predict the variation laws of physical and mechanical parameters on the basis of the test data.The test results demonstrate that the compressive strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for both C60 and LHC increase significantly from 10 to-165℃,but the specific variation laws are difierent,and there is a phenomenon that some parameters decrease after reaching a critical temperature range for C60.The uniaxial tensile strength increases first and then decreases as temperature decreases,and finally increases slightly at-165℃for both C60 and LHC.The mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates of LHC are much lower than that of C60 under different freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability coefficient of C60 declines gradually with the drop of temperature,and increases gradually with the number of freeze-thaw cycles while the gas permeability coefficient of LHC basically remains stable and is much lower than that of C60.Therefore,such a conclusion can be drawn that LHC has better properties at cryogenic temperature.On the premise of providing consistent functional mode,GM(1,1)can predict the test data with high accuracy,which well reflects the variation laws of relevant parameters.

Effect of interrupted aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 7A75 aluminum alloy

The effects of interrupted aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 7A75 aluminum alloy extruded bar were investigated through various analyses,including electrical conductivity,mechanical properties,local corrosion properties,and slow strain rate tensile stress corrosion tests.Microstructure characterization techniques such as metallographic microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were also employed.The results indicate that the tensile strength of the alloy produced by T6I6 aging is similar to that produced by T6I4 aging,and it even exceeds 700 MPa.Furthermore,the yield strength increases by 52.7 MPa,reaching 654.8 MPa after T6I6 aging treatment.The maximum depths of intergranular corrosion(IGC)and exfoliation corrosion(EXCO)decrease from 116.3 and 468.5μm to 89.5 and 324.3μm,respectively.The stress corrosion factor also decreases from 2.1%to 1.6%.These findings suggest that the alloy treated with T6I6 aging exhibits both high strength and excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance.Similarly,when the alloy is treated with T6I4,T6I6 and T6I7 aging,the sizes of grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)are found to be 5.2,18.4,and 32.8 nm,respectively.The sizes of matrix precipitates are 4.8,5.7 and 15.7 nm,respectively.The atomic fractions of Zn in GBPs are 9.92 at.%,8.23 at.%and 6.87 at.%,respectively,while the atomic fractions of Mg are 12.66 at.%,8.43 at.%and 7.00 at.%,respectively.Additionally,the atomic fractions of Cu are 1.83 at.%,2.47 at.%and 3.41 at.%,respectively.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A TYPE OF Al-ALLOY WELD

The mechanical properties of a type of Al-alloy weld including strength, fracture tough-ness and ductility were comprehensively studied at different temperatures. The frac-ture behavior and weld micro features were also characterized. The surface crack test method was adopted to study the fracture toughness and a multiple specimen test ap-paratus was designed to perform the cryogenic experiments. The relationship between the mechanical properties and temperature was obtained together with the fracture toughness distribution in the weld.

Mechanical and superconducting properties of nanosize MgO added dip-coated Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈superconducting tape

In this work, 3% to 8% (in weight) of nanosize MgO particles was added to Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi- 2212) high-temperature superconductor to fab-ricate Bi-2212 superconducting material with superior mechanical properties. The mechanical strength of the samples was studied by con-ducting the compression test at room tempera-ture, and the addition of 5% nanosize MgO par-ticles produced the highest strength when com- pared with other samples. The sample with 5% MgO addition also exhibited superior super-conducting properties. The Bi-2212 powder with 5% nanosize MgO addition was used to fabricate Bi-2212 tapes through the dip-coating-then- stacking method. The fully processed tapes were investigated via dc electrical resistance measurements, XRD patterns, SEM micrographs, transport critical current density and tensile tests. The tensile tests were conducted at room and cryogenic (77 K) temperatures. Results of tensile tests and Young’s modulus for the tapes showed that the Bi-2212 tapes with nanosize MgO addition recorded better mechanical prop-erty compared to the non-added samples both at room and cryogenic temperatures. The double- core tape with 5% MgO addition recorded the highest failure point at 160 MPa. In addition to the strengthening effect that was observed in the nanosize MgO added Bi-2212 superconduc-tor tapes, the superconducting properties re-mained intact in the tapes.

Experimental study of pre-cracked concrete subjected to cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles based on an LNG concrete tank

To investigate the mechanical properties of concrete under the leakage condition for a liquefied natural gas storage tank,cryogenic freeze-thaw cycle tests were performed under liquid nitrogen refrigeration and water immersion melting.The effects of the cryogenic temperature,freeze-thaw cycle,pre-crack,and addition of steel fiber on the compressive strength,flexural strength,and splitting tensile concrete strength were analyzed.The experimental results show that the width of pre-cracks tends to expand after freeze-thaw cycles.When the freezing temperature is -80℃,the relative width of the pre-cracks expands by 1 to 2 times.However,when the freezing temperature is -120℃,the relative width of the pre-cracks expands by 2 to 5 times.Compared with the specimens without steel fibers,the specimens with steel fibers can still maintain a relatively complete appearance structure after the mechanical property tests.The compressive strength,flexural strength,and splitting tensile concrete strength decrease with the drop in the freezing temperature.After adding steel fibers,all of the three strengths increased.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy subject to thermal cycling treatment

This work was undertaken to investigate the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of sand-cast Mg-6 Gd-3 Y-0.5 Zr(GW63) alloy subject to thermal cycling treatment. In order to simulate the thermal cycling under extreme service conditions(space or moon environments), the sand-cast and T6 treated GW63 alloys were subjected to thermal cycling treatment which consists of deep cryogenic-elevated temperature cycling treatment(DCET) and deep cryogenic cycling treatment(DCT). Results indicate that there are significant gains in yield strength(YS) and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of the sand-cast GW63 alloy after DCET, whereas the T6 state alloy undergoes a different variation in mechanical properties. However, no appreciable influence is revealed on the mechanical properties of the tested GW63 alloys after DCT. Meanwhile, the DCT and DCET have no obvious effects on the fracture morphology. The DCT enhances the precipitation kinetics via providing favorable nucleation sites for the precipitation of second phases. The elevated temperature process of DCET plays a crucial role in improving the aging-hardening responses and releasing the stress concentration brought by DCT to a great extent, leading to overcome the obstacle of essential phase transformation. The changes in mechanical properties are primarily attributed to the phase transformation of the studied alloys during DCET.

Novel Co-free high performance TRIP and TWIP medium-entropy alloys at cryogenic temperatures

Recently,high-and medium-entropy alloys(HEAs and MEAs) have been found to exhibit excellent cryogenic mechanical properties,but most of them contain high-priced Co element.Therefore,developing HEAs or MEAs with high strength and ductility and relatively low cost is urgent.In this work,novel Cofree Fex Mn(75-x) Ni(10)Cr(15)(x=50 and 55 at.%) MEAs were developed,which exhibit a good combination of low cost,high strength and ductility at cryogenic temperature.It was found that the Fe(50)Mn(25)Ni(10)Cr(15)MEA exhibits a combination of cryogenic tensile strength of^0.98 GPa and ductility of^83 %.The excellent cryogenic mechanical properties were attributed to joint of twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effects.The present study sheds light on developing low cost MEAs with high perfo rmance for cryogenic-tempe rature applications.

固溶温度对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金材料性能的影响

为研究不同固溶温度对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学性能、断口形貌、金相组织和耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响,对6056铝合金热轧盘条在470~600°C范围内进行固溶处理、室温水淬及人工时效,进行室温拉伸性能测试和耐晶间腐蚀试验,并结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析。结果表明:随着固溶温度升高,6056铝合金显微组织中Mg2Si更充分地溶解到基体,而未溶的富Fe和富Cu相没有明显变化。拉伸强度随着固溶温度升高而提升,在540℃左右到达峰值,固溶温度升高到570℃和600℃时,强度变化很小,但伸长率随着固溶温度升高先提高后降低,耐晶间腐蚀性能随着固溶温度升高而降低。

Tensile deformation of fine-grained Mg at 4K,78K and 298K

The impact of grain size, ranging from 0.9 μm to 9 μm, on the mechanical properties of commercially pure Mg is investigated at temperatures of 4K, 78K, and 298K. The mechanisms governing plastic flow are influenced by both grain size and temperature. At 4K and 78K, dominant deformation modes in Mg involve dislocation glide and extension twinning, regardless of grain size. The interactions between basal and non-basal dislocations and dislocations with grain boundaries promote an unusually high rate of work hardening in the plastic regime, leading to premature failure. The yield stress follows the Hall-Petch relationship σy~ k/√d, with the slope k increasing with decreasing temperature. At 298K, in addition to dislocation glide and twinning, grain boundary sliding(GBS) becomes significant in samples with grain sizes below 3 μm, considerably enhancing the material's deformability. GBS activation provides an additional recovery mechanism for dislocations accumulating at grain boundaries, facilitating their absorption during sliding and rotation. Analysis of σ Θ relationship suggests that the basal slip is the dominant dislocation mode in Mg at 298K. Decreasing grain size suppresses dislocation activity and twinning and increases GBS, resulting in lower Θ and σ Θ values. Suppressing conventional deformation modes coupled with enhanced GBS yields stress softening, breaking down the Hall-Petch relationship in Mg below 3 μm grain size, leading to an inverse Hall-Petch behaviour. The work reports new data on the strength, ductility, work hardening and fracture behaviour, and their variations with Mg grain size across different temperature regimes.

Detwinning and Anneal-Hardening Behaviors of Pre-Twinned AZ31 Alloys under Cryogenic Loading

Detwinning behavior of a pre-twinned magnesium alloy AZ31 at cryogenic temperature was investigated,also with a focus on the annealing hardening behavior of samples with different fractions of pre-twins.Pre-compression along the transverse direction with strains of 1.7%,3.0%,and 6.0% was applied to generated[1012]twins.Mechanical behavior,microstructure,and texture evolution during subsequent tension were examined.Our results show that low temperature did not change the fact that detwinning still pre-dominated in the pre-twinned samples under reverse loading.However,a relatively harder migration of twin boundaries was found at cryogenic temperature.An annealing hardening of 27-40 MPa was observed in the pre-twinned samples,and such a hardening effect shows a close relation with the fraction of pre-twins or the level of pre-strains.The annealing hardening effect disappeared if the matrix was consumed by twins along with the increased pre-compression strains.The corresponding reasons for the annealing hardening behavior were discussed.

选择性激光熔化打印等原子比NiCoCr中熵合金力学性能与温度的相关性

研究工艺参数对选择性激光融化制备的等原子比NiCoCr中熵合金致密度、显微组织和力学性能的影响,以及该合金的力学性能与温度的相关性。结果表明,显微组织和力学性能不与激光的体积能量密度呈线性相关,其主要是受扫描速度和激光功率影响。扫描速度为800 mm/s且激光功率为250W为最佳的工艺参数,但是在该工艺参数下的体积能量密度仅为57 J/mm^(3),低于最高能量密度68 J/mm^(3)。以最佳工艺制备的样品在77、200和293 K温度下测得的屈服强度分别为~819、~709和~618 MPa。通过计算揭示力学性能的温度相关性方程,并得到实验验证。

VNbTa难熔多主元合金的低温力学性能研究

通过拉伸测试,研究了等原子比体心立方结构VNbTa中熵合金的低温变形行为。结果表明,该合金具有优异的低温应变硬化能力,这导致其有27%的断裂伸长率的同时抗拉强度高达1930 MPa。微观结构演化分析揭示,变形过程形成的扭折带及{112}<111>变形孪晶有效调节了剪切应变,促进了合金塑性和强度的提高。此外,螺型位错缠结、位错带及位错带的交互也对合金强度和加工硬化能力有重要贡献。因此,VNbTa中熵合金优异的低温力学性能归因于{112}<111>变形孪晶、扭折带、螺型位错滑移及交互的协同作用。

SiMoV蠕墨铸铁高温变形行为研究

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、高温力学性能测试等试验方法,研究了SiMoV蠕墨铸铁在500~800℃温度范围内的高温变形行为。结果表明,随着温度的升高,应力应变曲线中的屈服阶段应变范围并未发生明显的增长改变,而缩颈阶段至断裂过程的应变区间长度明显增加,材料出现软化现象。同时,抗拉强度和屈服强度随温度升高急剧下降,800℃下屈服强度和抗拉强度相较500℃降幅度高达740%和935%。而延伸却呈现相反趋势,增长479%。裂纹起源为蠕虫状石墨尖端,其高温强度的下降除了受铁素体基体组织特性影响,也与高温下蠕虫状石墨的氧化形成二次裂纹扩展存在关联性。

温度对混凝土结构力学性能影响的研究进展

混凝土材料因为性能优异、取材广泛,应用范围不断扩展。火灾高温、高纬度和极地严寒环境以及液化天然气储罐等情形使得混凝土结构所承受的温度跨越1000℃左右的高温到-165℃的低温。因此,为保证工程结构在不同环境中的安全性,需要充分了解掌握温度对混凝土材料及结构性能影响。长期以来,研究者针对不同温度下混凝土结构的性能,开展大量研究工作,形成较为系统的理论体系和设计方法。文中梳理了高温对普通混凝土、钢纤维混凝土和钢筋材料性能及构件力学性能影响的研究成果,介绍了混凝土、钢筋和钢筋混凝土构件低温性能的研究进展,从高性能混凝土材料和构件高温性能、混凝土结构抗火设计方法、受火混凝土结构损伤评估与加固、混凝土材料低温力学性能和损伤机理以及构件行为等方面指出研究工作发展趋势。

690镍基合金焊条熔敷金属的组织与性能研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验、弯曲试验和晶间腐蚀试验分析了690镍基合金ENiCrFe-7焊条中各元素对熔敷金属组织、缺陷和力学性能的影响,研制符合核电设备使用要求的焊条.研究表明:焊缝熔敷金属中的沿晶裂纹引起焊缝金属拉伸性能、冲击韧性和弯曲性能的降低;随着焊缝中Nb,Ti元素含量的增加,焊缝析出相(Nb,Ti)(C,N)和NbC的数量增加,焊缝中滑移晶界受到析出相的钉扎,裂纹扩展受到抑制,焊缝熔敷金属的强度、塑性和弯曲性能得到提高;Nb和Ti的加入减小了Cr_(23)C_6析出数量,抑制了晶间腐蚀裂纹的产生.新研制的镍基焊条满足核电设备对焊缝熔敷金属的性能要求.

混合型固化剂对环氧树脂室温和低温力学性能的影响

研究了一种刚性和柔性胺混合型固化剂(芳香胺DETD和聚醚胺D-400)固化环氧树脂浇铸体的力学性能、材料断裂表面的微观形貌和玻璃化转变温度等性能。结果表明:当D-400加入量占固化剂总量的40%时,其室温拉伸强度呈现最大值,为82.52 MPa,弹性模量为2.30 GPa,与未加D-400的体系相比分别提高了6.3%和14.4%,其低温冲击强度提高了14%。对冲击断面形貌进行扫描电子显微分析表明:D-400的加入致使断口形貌变得粗糙,抗开裂能力得到提高。热分析实验结果显示,体系的玻璃化转变温度随着D-400含量的增加而降低。此外,还探讨了环氧树脂体系低温增韧机制。

贝氏体、珠光体钢轨闪光焊接头力学性能研究

分别对U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨和U75V珠光体钢轨的闪光焊接头进行了力学性能试验及对比。结果表明:贝氏体钢接头强度略高于母材,但塑性下降较为明显。贝氏体钢接头的平均抗拉强度为1404 MPa,断后伸长率为5.9%;珠光体钢接头的平均抗拉强度为925 MPa,断后伸长率为9%。贝氏体钢焊缝的平均冲击功为30.4 J,是珠光体钢焊缝(12.7J)的2倍以上。贝氏体钢母材的冲击功为110 J,是其焊缝的3.6倍。珠光体钢焊缝的冲击功与母材在相同水平。贝氏体钢轨闪光焊接头拉伸断口和冲击断口的缺陷是以沿晶裂纹为主,其次是焊缝夹杂物。珠光体钢轨闪光焊微观缺陷是以焊缝夹杂物为主,极少数情况下出现沿晶断裂。

铝合金在低温下的力学性能

阐述了铝合金在低温下的力学性能随温度的变化规律 :在低温下拉伸性能提高、韧性改善、疲劳强度增加 ,且介质不同铝合金表现出不同的力学性能。并分析了这些力学性能变化规律的机理 ,同时对在极低温下某些铝合金锯齿变形的现象、特征、形成机理以及对力学性能的影响作了分析说明。