Fault Interior Structure Index Construction and Quantitative Seismic Interpretation of Fault Facies

Fault zones have always drawn attention from the industry,and the performance of a quantitative interpretation of the fault interior structure on seismic data has remained as a big challenge.In this work,we focus on quantitatively populating the heterogeneity of the fault interior structure in a three-dimensional space on seismic data.To realize this goal,we take the South Wuerxun sub-depression in Hailar Basin as an example of a faulted basin.First,based on a heterogeneity analysis using the drilling and logging information from wells,we establish fault zone geologic models and perform seismic forward modeling to determine the relationship between different fault zone models with different fault dips,internal fillings,and P wave responses.Next,the fault interior structure index(FIS)is constructed,and the response features on the FIS from the fault facies and the host rock are observed.Finally,the FIS is applied to perform the quantitative interpretation and prediction of the heterogeneity in the FIS on seismic data.The results show that the FIS response from the fault zone is higher than that of the host rock in plane,indicating that the former is quantitatively separated from the surrounding host rocks.The FIS values greater than 26 represent the feedback from the fault facies,whereas those less than 26 represent the response from the host rocks.The FIS shows segmented features in the strike,banded in dip on plane.On the slip surface,the FIS indicates the shale smear zone and the location where low-graded and small-scaled faults are densely developed.The heterogeneity prediction result is proven by oil and gas exploration activities.The study results imply that the FIS could indicate a favorable path of the hydrocarbon migration in the fault zone and evaluate the fault sealing parts.The method can explore the quantitative characterization of fault facies and has essential popularization and application values in similar geological application fi elds,including hydrocarbon exploration,development of faulted reservoirs,and geological engineering evaluation related to faults.

Structure and physical properties of the Earth's interior

The studies on the structure and physical properties of the Earths interior done by Chinese geophysicists from 1999 to 2002 were reviewed in this paper. It includes several research areas: the structure of the Earths interiors using seismic tomography, anisotropy of the upper mantle in China and its adjacent areas, quality factor Qb for S waves, subduction zone, mantle discontinuities, physical properties of Earths materials and others. The review concerns mainly the contents, the methods and the results of the studies. It can be seen that new progress in the study on the structure and physical properties of the Earths interior has been made in the last 4 years in China. It is shown on three aspects: advancement made on some preexistent areas; pioneering on some new fields and new methods adopted.

Study on the Interior Market Network Structure and Its Efficiency in a Knowledge Based Company

A knowledge based company is the microcosmic foundation of the knowledge economy, the design of its organization structure should amplify the company competence to be agile to the knowledge elements. This paper expounds an interior market network structure which is fit for the company intellectual capital operation, and analyses this organization pattern about the reasons of existence, the effectiveness of growing up in scale, the economies of knowledge distribution and the efficiency of operation, and it will provide some beneficial theoretical guidance about how can a company improve its competition competence in the knowledge environment through organization innovation.

Structural Geology and Tectonics in Marine Science:Perspectives in the Research of Deep Sea and Deep Interior

The fields of structural geology and tectonics have witnessed great progress over the last decade and are poised for further expansion in the future. One of the significant breakthroughs is the establishment of the 'Beyond Plate Tectonics Theory' where a combination of conceptual models and numerical modeling on plume tectonics and plate tectonics has enabled new insights into the structural and tectonic architecture and processes in the deep interior and deep sea. This paper synthesizes developments of structural geology and tectonics from a macroscopic perspective in deep interior and deep sea. Four key techniques are also reviewed: satellite altimetry for surface structures in deep-sea multi-beam sea-floor mapping; tomography for tectonics of the deep interior; diverse modeling approaches and software for unfolding dynamic evolution; and techniques for HT/HP experiments on material rheology and in situ component measurements.

Return to the Moon:New perspectives on lunar exploration

Lunar exploration is deemed crucial for uncovering the origins of the Earth-Moon system and is the first step for advancing humanity’s exploration of deep space.Over the past decade,the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program(CLEP),also known as the Chang’e(CE)Project,has achieved remarkable milestones.It has successfully developed and demonstrated the engineering capability required to reach and return from the lunar surface.Notably,the CE Project has made historic firsts with the landing and on-site exploration of the far side of the Moon,along with the collection of the youngest volcanic samples from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane.These achievements have significantly enhanced our understanding of lunar evolution.Building on this success,China has proposed an ambitious crewed lunar exploration strategy,aiming to return to the Moon for scientific exploration and utilization.This plan encompasses two primary phases:the first crewed lunar landing and exploration,followed by a thousand-kilometer scale scientific expedition to construct a geological cross-section across the lunar surface.Recognizing the limitations of current lunar exploration efforts and China’s engineering and technical capabilities,this paper explores the benefits of crewed lunar exploration while leveraging synergies with robotic exploration.The study refines fundamental lunar scientific questions that could lead to significant breakthroughs,considering the respective engineering and technological requirements.This research lays a crucial foundation for defining the objectives of future lunar exploration,emphasizing the importance of crewed missions and offering insights into potential advancements in lunar science.

Structural analysis of rubble-pile asteroids applied to collisional evolution

Solar system small bodies come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes,which are achieved following very individual evolutional paths through billions of years.Nevertheless,some common mechanisms can still be found during these processes,e.g.,rubble-pile asteroids tend towards fluid equilibrium as they are reshaped by external disturbances.This paper focuses on the reshaping process of rubble-pile asteroids driven by meteorite impacts.A mesoscale cluster of solid spheres is employed as the principal model for a rubble-pile asteroid,for which little is actually known about their interior structure.We take this simple model as a rough guide to the qualitative aspects of the reshaping processes,and it can reveal,to some degree,the inner workings of rubble-pile asteroids.In our study,numerous possible equilibrium configurations are obtained via Monte Carlo simulation,and the structural stability of these configurations is determined via eigen analysis of the geometric constructions.The eigen decomposition reveals a connection between the cluster’s reactions and the types of external disturbance.Numerical simulations are performed to verify the analytical results.The gravitational N-body code pkdgrav is used to mimic the responses of the cluster under intermittent non-dispersive impacts.We statistically confirm that the stability index I S,the total gravitational potential P G,and the volume of inertia ellipsoid V E show consistent tendency of variation.A common regime is found in which the clusters tend towards crystallization under intermittent impacts,i.e.,only the configurations with high structural stability survive under the external disturbances.The results suggest the trivial non-disruptive impacts might play an important role in the rearrangement of the constituent blocks,which may strengthen these rubble piles and help to build a robust structure under impacts of similar magnitude.The final part of this study consists of systematic simulations over two parameters,the projectile momentum and the rotational speed of the cluster.The results show a critical value exists for the projectile momentum,as predicted by theory,below which all clusters become responseless to external disturbances;and the rotation proves to be significant for it exhibits an“enhancing”effect on loose-packed clusters,which coincides with the observation that several fast-spinning asteroids have low bulk densities.