Elemental Geochemistry of the Interlayer Oxidation Zonein the Shihongtan Sandstone Type Uranium Deposit, Xinjiang

According to the oxidation intensity of ore-hosting sandstone, the interlayer oxidation zone of the Shihongtan sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Turpan-Hami basin can be divided into 4 geochemical subzones, namely, intenselyoxidized, weakly-oxidized, redox and unoxidized primary subzones. The elemental geochemical characteristics of the four subzones have been studied in detail, and the results show that U, together with other elements such as Re, Mo, Se, Sr, S, REE, Corganic etc., is enriched in the redox subzone. Re and U have similar geochemical properties in the reductionoxidation process. The geochemical properties of Mo and Se are similar to those of U in the reduction condition, but different from those of U in the oxidation condition. It is proposed that the ore-hosting layers can provide a curtain mount of uranium for uranium mineralization.

Characterizing large-scale weak interlayer shear zones using conditional random field theory

The shear behavior of large-scale weak intercalation shear zones(WISZs)often governs the stability of foundations,rock slopes,and underground structures.However,due to their wide distribution,undulating morphology,complex fabrics,and varying degrees of contact states,characterizing the shear behavior of natural and complex large-scale WISZs precisely is challenging.This study proposes an analytical method to address this issue,based on geological fieldwork and relevant experimental results.The analytical method utilizes the random field theory and Kriging interpolation technique to simplify the spatial uncertainties of the structural and fabric features for WISZs into the spatial correlation and variability of their mechanical parameters.The Kriging conditional random field of the friction angle of WISZs is embedded in the discrete element software 3DEC,enabling activation analysis of WISZ C2 in the underground caverns of the Baihetan hydropower station.The results indicate that the activation scope of WISZ C2 induced by the excavation of underground caverns is approximately 0.5e1 times the main powerhouse span,showing local activation.Furthermore,the overall safety factor of WISZ C2 follows a normal distribution with an average value of 3.697.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

Quantitative Characterization of Interlayer Interference in Multi-Layered Sandstone Reservoirs Offshore China

X oilfield is a typical multi-layer sandstone reservoir in offshore China. In the early stage, in order to obtain economic oil production, directional well was used to adopt a set of multi-layer combined production, which resulted in serious interlayer interference, water injection inrush and low reserve utilization. Based on the theory of single-phase unstable seepage flow and the theory of oil-water two-phase non-piston displacement, the author innovatively established a mathematical model of interlayer dynamic interference in multilayer sandstone reservoirs, revealed the influence law of main controlling factors such as permeability, viscosity, starting pressure gradient and reservoir type on interlayer interference, and innovatively formed a quantitative characterization theory of interlayer interference in multilayer combined oil production. The technical demarcation of offshore multi-zone combined oil production reservoir system is formulated and the recombination of oil field development system is guided.

深部沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板离层破坏特征及控制研究

含软弱夹层顶板对深部沿空掘巷稳定性具有重要影响,为有效控制深部高偏应力沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板离层破坏,基于含软弱夹层组合体试件力学试验及受采动影响下沿空掘巷数值模拟试验,获得了软弱夹层层厚、层数和层位对顶板的影响以及偏应力条件下含软弱夹层顶板离层演化规律,阐释了含软弱夹层顶板沿空掘巷失稳主要原因,结合顶板支护载荷和煤柱支撑载荷下的悬臂梁力学模型,对含软弱夹层顶板控制要点进行分析,进而提出离层控制方法。结果表明:随着软弱夹层厚度和层数增加,对组合体力学特性劣化影响逐渐变大,软弱夹层位于低位时对组合体试件的劣化影响强于高位,组合体试件破裂均由软弱夹层产生,并随着层厚、层数和层位的不同呈现差异化破裂发育特征。沿空掘巷后主剪切破裂带由顶板左肩角产生并与软弱夹层邻近岩层破裂区相互连接,导致软弱夹层离层严重,主剪切破裂带发育形态和顶板非协调变形程度随主应力偏转角度以及软弱夹层层厚、层数和层位变化,揭示了含软弱夹层顶板沿空掘巷失稳机理。推导了顶板支护载荷和煤柱支撑载荷下的巷道顶板离层解析式,发现软弱夹层在锚固区内的离层量比在锚固区外减少79%,离层大小各主控因素影响程度及其控制优化顺序依次为煤柱支撑载荷—顶板支护载荷—顶板弹性模量。针对深部沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板的离层规律和控制要点,提出了“提高煤柱承载能力、减少顶板裂隙发育、增加软弱夹层顶板变形协调性”的离层联合控制方法。现场离层监测显示顶板最大离层量为10 mm,表明该方法能有效控制含软弱夹层顶板离层。

鄂尔多斯盆地店头地区直罗组下段古层间氧化带特征及铀成矿模式

鄂尔多斯盆地店头地区铀矿化的形成和分布与古层间氧化带关系密切。文章通过宏观-微观岩石矿物学和地球化学对店头地区古层间氧化带进行了识别和划分,总结了古层间氧化带的空间展布特征,分析了古层间氧化带的形成过程及不同成矿阶段铀的迁移、富集沉淀规律,进而探讨了铀成矿模式及找矿方向。研究表明,研究区古层间氧化带自南东向北西发育,依次可划分为氧化带、氧化还原过渡带、还原带;平面上,铀矿化主要位于氧化还原过渡带内;垂向上,铀矿化产于灰绿色与灰色砂岩过渡界面。结合含矿层构造-埋藏演化,建立了研究区砂岩型铀矿多阶段成矿模式,认为后续铀矿勘查应重点聚焦主河道与氧化还原过渡带,尤其是两者的叠合部位更有利于厚大矿体的产出。

岩性差异对裂缝穿层扩展的率相关断裂特征影响

薄互层致密砂岩储层由于层间岩性差异、纵向非均质性强等原因,导致主裂缝难以垂向扩展,提高裂缝扩展速率可有效促进裂缝穿层扩展。为研究裂缝穿层断裂过程中的率效应机制,采用人工预制水泥-砂岩试件进行了三点弯断裂试验,通过数字图像法监测了裂缝扩展至层间接触界面处时的断裂过程区(fracture process zone,FPZ)发育特征;基于断裂动力学理论,提出了考虑率效应的裂缝扩展路径预测模型。研究结果表明:低速扩展时裂缝形态曲折,FPZ呈现短、宽的现象,高速扩展时裂缝平直,FPZ呈现长、窄的特点;FPZ存在离散性,且存在相互吸引的特点,裂缝从低弹性模量岩石向高弹性模量岩石低速扩展时层间接触界面处会提前产生高应变区,导致裂缝扩展至层间接触界面处时沿层扩展,高速扩展无此现象;岩石抗拉强度与裂缝穿越单元体的平均抗拉强度呈正相关关系,低扩展速率裂缝优先沿微缺陷扩展,导致岩石抗拉强度降低,高扩展速率裂缝优先沿自相似方向扩展,穿过大量高强度单元导致岩石抗拉强度增加;裂缝与层间接触界面夹角越大,裂缝越容易穿层扩展,裂缝与层间接触界面夹角为30°时,夹角影响效果最大,夹角超过30°时影响效果逐渐下降。研究结果对水力压裂参数优化、增加水力裂缝高度、提高薄互层致密砂岩油气产量具有重要意义。

顺层深路堑边坡滑带土强度特性和基底预留厚度预警分析

含软弱夹层的顺层深路堑边坡在边坡工程中普遍存在,滑带土强度和基底预留厚度(开挖边坡基底到软弱夹层的距离)是影响其稳定性的2个关键性因素。以杨宣(杨柳-宣城)高速K42路堑边坡为例,分析了边坡变形演化过程和基底隆起变形特征,通过适合研究大剪切位移下土体抗剪强度的环剪试验揭示了边坡深部滑带土的特性,应用滑带土的饱和残余强度参数进行了边坡开挖基底预留厚度分析。结果表明:K42滑带土有明显的应变软化特性,且法向应力越小滑带土应变软化特性表现越明显;由峰值抗剪强度到残余抗剪强度,黏聚力和内摩擦角均表现出衰减效应,且黏聚力衰减程度大于内摩擦角;滑带土残余抗剪强度参数中的残余黏聚力随剪切速率的变化很小,而残余内摩擦角和剪切速率呈对数函数φ=0.1303ln v+7.3197关系变化,当剪切速率<2 mm/min时,滑带土残余抗剪强度参数对剪切速率较为敏感,反之敏感性较差;最后,依据边坡不同临界状态的回归方程h_(1)、h_(2)、h_(3)将不同坡率下的基底预留厚度分成A(失稳)、B(欠稳定)、C(基本稳定)以及D(稳定)4个区,并且在此基础上建立了基底预留厚度判据和边坡开挖基底预留厚度预警模型。

Development characteristics of interlayer oxidation zone type of sandstone uranium deposits in the southwestern Turfan-Hami basin

The Turfan-Hami basin is the key area for the exploration of sandstone uranium deposits of the leachable interlayered oxidation zone type. The aim of this study is to shed light on the development characteristics of this type of uranium deposits and provide new clues to further exploration. Detailed study led to the following conclusions: (1) uranium orebodies are hosted mainly in the lower Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation and the lower Lower Jurassic Badaowan Formation; (2) the formation of uranium orebodies is closely related to organic matter; (3) the front of the interlayered oxidation zone is snake-shaped in plane and imbricated in the section; the more the interlayered oxidation zone and zonation are developed, the better the uranium mineralization will be; according to lithological and geochemical characteristics, the oxidation zone, the oxidation-reduction transitional zone and the reduction zone can be distin-guished; (4) the development of interlayered oxidation zone is controlled by geological structure, underground water, sandstone permeability and other factors; (5) sandstone uranium orebodies hosted in the interlayered oxidation zone are very complicated in spatial distribution, of which some are rolled and plated in shape and some are highly variable in shape.

Basical characteristics of fluid geologic process of interlayer oxidation zone sandstone-typeuranium deposit

This paper reveals the physicochemical properties such as component, formulation, genesis, tem- perature, pH, Eh, salinity and pressure of all main alteration fluid of interlayer oxidation zone sand- stone-type uranium deposits after studying the geologic process and geochemistry of internal typical sandstone-type uranium deposits such as Shihongtan deposit in the Turpan-Hami basin, 512 deposit in the Yili basin, Dongsheng deposit in the Ordos basin. The composition of fluid can be divided into two parts based on the analysis of inclusion: one can be affirmed as atmospheric water with ordinary temperature epigenesist according to the character of hydrogen and oxygen isotope of inclusion, the other is natural gas containing gaseous hydrocarbon like CH4, and CO2 as well as a little H2S, CO, H2, N2 and so on, it always contains a small quantity of hydrocarbon liquid in petroliferous basins. The fluid property of oxidation alteration zone is always oxidation alkaline, and neutrality or weak acid-weak alkaline and reducibility during the metallizing process, but at secondary reduction or deoxidization zone it becomes strong reduction alkaline. Oxygenic groundwater in the fluid is the activate and mig- ratory medium of uranium element, but the gaseous hydrocarbon like CH4 as well as H2, H2S, CO from natural gas is the important sedimentary reducer of uranium mineral; the transformation of pH,Eh in fluid environment is the main reason for the formation of uranium metallization.

CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道结构层间界面损伤演化研究

为更准确模拟CRTSⅡ型轨道板与CA砂浆层间界面损伤行为,基于简化指数型内聚力模型表征界面非线性拉力-位移关系,推导混合模式下指数型内聚力模型表达式,并通过相关试验数据验证模型的正确性。基于提出的混合模式指数型内聚力模型,建立考虑层间和板间损伤的CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道有限元模型。考虑窄接缝完全损伤病害,分析层间离缝长度、整体温升和正温度梯度对CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道结构上拱变形、接缝应力和界面损伤的影响规律。研究结果表明:提出的混合模式指数型内聚力模型可以准确模拟界面Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合型断裂行为;窄接缝完全损伤后,在正温度作用下轨道板间接缝处的上拱变形最大,且界面损伤以接缝为中心向两边扩展并逐渐减小;接缝压应力随整体温升和正温度梯度的增加线性增大;当离缝长度为10个扣件间距,在整体温升40℃作用下界面会产生开裂;考虑夏季高温天气,为防止轨道板上拱变形过大,层间离缝长度应控制在5个扣件间距以内。

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床氧化带发育样式与岩石地球化学特征

砂岩型铀矿床的形成受氧化带空间展布、规模及强度的影响,对其氧化带发育样式及其岩石地球化学特征的精细解剖,有助于揭示区域铀成矿规律,为下一步勘探提供理论依据。巴彦乌拉铀矿床是二连盆地发现的大型砂岩型铀矿床,文章通过钻孔岩心观察、连井剖面、样品薄片鉴定以及环境指标分析,认为巴彦乌拉铀矿床铀元素的富集程度主要由后生氧化作用的发育程度决定,宏观上,矿体赋存在赛汉组上段古河谷砂体中,受由北向南的潜水-层间氧化作用控制;微观上,铀矿化的富集与矿物组合、岩石地球化学特性及特征元素的分布呈现出明显的规律性。不同的氧化带样式决定了铀矿体的产出部位和形态,而铀含量增高的地方恰好为ΔEh、S_(全)、S^(2-)、C_(有)、CO_(2)、Fe_(2)O_(3)等环境指标的增高部位,表明铀成矿与岩石地球化学障密切相关。

云南永平热水塘铅锌多金属矿地质特征及控矿因素

永平热水塘铅锌多金属矿体呈脉状、条带状产于侏罗系上统坝注路组构造破碎褪色蚀变带中。矿体受层位及岩性、断层破碎带、层间构造等因素控矿。矿床赋存于张扭性-压扭性转换的沉积环境,构造-岩浆热流对矿源层富化改造,在流体、热液和盐卤水作用下,形成沉积岩容矿的热液脉型铅锌多金属矿床。

穿越破碎带夹层的嵌岩桩承载性能模型试验研究

为研究穿越破碎带夹层的嵌岩桩承载和变形性能,以武穴长江公路大桥为背景,将实际地层按1∶100缩尺比制作地层模型,设计、制作力学性质与真实桩近似的模型单桩(模型桩长534、585、635、685、785 mm,沉渣厚度0、0.5、2 mm),考虑沉渣厚度、穿越破碎带夹层后是否嵌岩、桩长等影响因素,分析各级荷载作用下模型单桩的桩顶沉降、轴力和侧摩阻力分布规律。试验结果表明:模型单桩桩顶沉降量对沉渣厚度敏感,在相同荷载下,有沉渣模型单桩的沉降量明显大于无沉渣模型单桩;沉渣厚度为0.5 mm时,模型单桩的荷载~沉降曲线前段呈缓变特征,沉渣厚度为2 mm时,模型单桩的荷载~沉降曲线呈“台阶型”特征。沉渣厚度0.5 mm条件下,荷载较小时,各模型单桩的荷载~沉降曲线基本一致,但穿越破碎带夹层的非嵌岩桩的承载性能明显弱于嵌岩桩;穿越破碎带夹层的嵌岩桩越长极限承载力越大,但增长幅度呈减缓趋势;基于桩顶沉降控制法确定该组模型单桩的有效桩长为635 mm。

越城岭东侧泥盆系地层中白钨矿成因分析

桂北越城岭东侧泥盆系白钨矿床产于越城岭加里东期花岗岩体外接触带,矿体呈层状、似层状或透镜状赋存于泥盆系唐家湾组白云岩中,矿床类型为比较少见的一种中低温热液的碳酸盐岩型矿床,矿石以交代结构和细脉浸染状构造为主,矿石矿物主要为白钨矿、黄铁矿等。矿石矿物主要形成阶段为热变质和碳酸盐阶段。电子探针分析表明:白钨矿呈粒状主要发育于方解石脉脉壁,部分被包含于方解石脉中,小部分被包含于白云石脉中。表明含钙、钨的热液沿裂隙运移,在一定的温度压力环境下停留,白钨矿先结晶析出,剩余富含钙质热液在温度缓慢降低过程中结晶形成晶型良好,颗粒较大的方解石。后期再次受力发生破碎,被白云石脉填充胶结。研究认为,本矿床白钨矿成矿与方解石脉、白云石脉发育关系密切,成矿物质可能来源于越城岭花岗岩体或寒武系等较老地层,矿石中未见石英等硅酸盐矿物分布,围岩蚀变主要以碳酸盐化等中低温热液蚀变为主,为比较少见的一类中低温钨矿床。下文结合实践,主要就该矿地质特征及矿床成因进行分析探讨,以期能对该区同类型矿床的找矿工作提供一些参考作用。

平庄盆地黑水地区砂岩型铀矿层间氧化带特征与铀矿化关系

近年来,在平庄盆地北部黑水地区砂岩型铀矿地质调查工作中,已发现多个工业孔及低品位铀矿化孔,表明该地区具有较好的铀成矿前景。该地区铀矿赋矿层位为孙家湾组上段,铀矿化与层间氧化带的发育特征密切相关。文章通过岩心观察、地质剖面、地球化学指标参数分析手段,分析了该区的氧化带空间分布特征、岩石地球化学类型、氧化带与铀矿化关系。研究认为该区的砂岩型铀矿受层间氧化带控制显著,氧化带的分带特征明显,平面上铀矿体分布于氧化还原过渡带内,垂向上分布于氧化带与还原带接触部位,铀矿体的形成与岩石地球化学环境密切相关。

软弱夹层厚度对巷道围岩稳定性影响研究

为得出软弱夹层厚度对巷道围岩稳定性影响规律,以3上712工作面运输巷为工程背景,采用数值模拟和现场监测等综合研究方法,研究了不同软弱夹层厚度与巷道围岩变形特征及应力分布之间关系,并对3上712工作面运输巷提出了支护优化措施。结果表明,随着软弱夹层厚度的增加,巷道顶板上方下位坚硬岩层区域应力值逐渐减小,巷道顶板塑性区破坏面积逐渐增大;且不同软弱夹层厚度会导致不同的顶板破裂形态,巷道含软弱夹层顶板出现了明显的非连续破坏,顶板破裂区具有明显的隔层扩展特性。经现场实践,巷道位移量在40 d后基本趋于稳定,巷道的顶板、两帮及底鼓量分别达到53 mm、46 mm、41 mm,有效控制了巷道围岩变形量。

新疆砂岩型铀矿床中稀土元素地球化学特征对比分析——以伊犁盆地铀矿床与巴什布拉克铀矿床为例

通过对伊犁盆地层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床稀土元素地球化学行为特征的分析和蚀源区岩石对比,初步认为该区稀土元素主要来自蚀源区的安山岩和花岗岩,与玄武岩无关;对ΣREE的研究表明,在层间氧化岩石带中ΣREE有所亏损;通过对REE的分异性的研究,认为在不同的分带中REE的分异程度不同,在矿石带中分异程度最大,更加富集LREE,并且随着岩石粒径的增大,LREE和HREE的分异也有增大的趋势;通过对巴什布拉克砂岩型铀矿床稀土元素地球化学特征分析表明,矿石ΣREE明显低于围岩的ΣREE,矿石和围岩ΣREE差别较大,这可能是由于该矿床在成岩成矿和搬运过程中有大量的REE被淋滤流失掉的缘故,但围岩的REE分布模式和矿石的REE分布模式基本一致,这也反映了该区成岩成矿的继承性特征。通过对伊犁盆地流体和岩石的pH值分布情况研究表明,层间氧化岩石带和原生还原岩石带的pH值相似,而矿石带的pH值偏低,这与在偏碱性条件下,REE和U的络合物容易形成,并且REE和U的络合物随着pH值的降低而迁移和沉淀富集是相吻合的。

新疆十红滩层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿同位素地球化学研究

文章在对吐哈盆地十红滩层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿床地下水和粘土矿物的氢、氧同位素,钙质砂岩的碳、氧同位素,黄铁矿和长石的铅、硫同位素组成进行分析测试的基础上,系统总结了矿床的地球化学特征;认为形成层间氧化带和铀矿化的层间水主要来自大气降水,研究区水与有机烃类气体同位素交换、强烈的蒸发作用和水岩反应是控制地下水和矿物中同位素分馏的主要机制,层间氧化带和铀富集成矿是地下水在低温、常压下对围岩长期作用的结果,钙质砂岩的碳和黄铁矿的硫均主要为生物有机成因,盆地深部的煤成油、气也参与了成矿作用。

夹层对厚油层采收率影响研究

厚油层存在明显的韵律性,隔夹层的存在,增加了开采指标预测的难度。从渗流力学基本原理出发,推导了厚油层内夹层对垂向渗流控制作用的数学公式——层间传导率校正系数的函数表达式,量化了夹层参数与厚油层垂向流动能力之间的内在关系,以及对水驱采收率的影响规律。研究了不同夹层类型,包括泥岩、砂质泥岩、泥质砂岩,及其发育厚度对开发指标的影响。研究结果表明,油藏采用逐层上返方式开采时,泥岩夹层所起的遮挡作用越强,防止层间窜流的效果越好;砂泥岩夹层次之,其对层间油水运移的遮挡作用受到厚度的限制;泥质砂岩夹层最差,已经不适合采用逐层上返开采,建议采用传统方式开采。研究结果对量化认识厚油层夹层的作用,准确预测采收率具有指导意义。