Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on 661W cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion via keap1/nrf2 pathway

AIM:To construct an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)induced injury to the optic nerve and to study the oxidative damage mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury in 661W cells and the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1.METHODS:The 661W cells were treated with different concentrations of Na2S2O4 to establish OGD/R model in vitro.Apoptosis,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were measured at different time points during the reperfusion injury process.The injury model was pretreated with graded concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1.Real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to measure the expression levels of cytochrome C(cyt C)/B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl2)/Bcl2 associated protein X(Bax),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),caspase9,nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(nrf2),kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(keap1)and other genes.Western blot was used to detect the expression of nrf2,phosphorylated nrf2(pnrf2)and keap1 protein levels.RESULTS:Compared to the untreated group,the cell activity of 661W cells treated with Na2S2O4 for 6 and 8h decreased(P<0.01).Additionally,the ROS content increased and SOD levels decreased significantly(P<0.01).In contrast,treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 reversed the cell viability and SOD levels in comparison to the Na_(2)S_(2)O_(4)treated group(P<0.01).Moreover,Rg1 reduced the levels of caspase3,caspase9,and cyt C,while increasing the Bcl2/Bax level.These differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).Western blot analysis showed no significant difference in the protein expression levels of keap1 and nrf2 with Rg1 treatment,however,Rg1 significantly increased the ratio of pnrf2/nrf2 protein expression compared to the Na_(2)S_(2)O_(4)treated group(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The OGD/R process is induced in 661W cells using Na_(2)S_(2)O_(4).Rg1 inhibits OGD/R-induced oxidative damage and alleviates the extent of apoptosis in 661W cells through the keap1/nrf2 pathway.These results suggest a potential protective effect of Rg1 against retinal I/R injury.

姜酮通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路减轻OGD/R后氧化应激损伤对HT22细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的:探讨姜酮对氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧(OGD/R)后小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的保护作用,阐明其相关作用机制。方法:培养HT22细胞,设置不同OGD/R时间梯度,建立OGD/R细胞损伤模型。HT22细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+1μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组、OGD/R+10μmol·L^(-1)姜酮、OGD/R+100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组和OGD/R+0.2%二甲亚枫(DMSO)组,CCK-8法检测各组细胞活性并计算各组细胞存活率,确定姜酮最适药物浓度。细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+姜酮组和OGD/R+姜酮+核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)抑制剂(ML385)组,OGD/R+姜酮组细胞经姜酮给药处理4 h后予以OGD 8 h和复糖复氧8 h处理,OGD/R+姜酮+ML385组细胞在姜酮给药前予以10μmol·L^(-1)ML385预处理6 h,CCK-8法检测各组细胞活性,Western blotting法检测各组细胞中Nrf2、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)蛋白表达水平,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组细胞培养上清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果:与对照组比较,HT22细胞经OGD 8 h和复糖复糖8 h处理后细胞存活率低于50%,以OGD 8 h和复糖复糖8 h建立HT22细胞OGD/R模型。与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+不同剂量姜酮组细胞存活率均不同程度升高,其中OGD/R+100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组细胞存活率升高最明显(P<0.01),故选用100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮用于后续实验。与对照组比较,OGD/R组细胞活性明显降低(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bax蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01),MDA水平明显升高(P<0.01);与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+姜酮组细胞活性明显升高(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显升高(P<0.01),MDA水平明显降低(P<0.01);与OGD/R+姜酮组比较,OGD/R+姜酮+ML385组细胞活性明显降低(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01),MDA水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:姜酮可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路减轻OGD/R后氧化应激损伤对HT22细胞凋亡的抑制作用。

马钱苷调节AKT/AMPK/Nrf2通路改善氧葡萄糖剥夺/复氧诱导的神经元铁死亡的机制研究

目的:探讨马钱苷通过调节蛋白激酶B(AKT)/腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)通路改善氧葡萄糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)诱导的神经元铁死亡的机制。方法:将神经元分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+L-马钱苷组、OGD/R+M-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷+ML385组。透射电子显微镜观察神经元线粒体形态;检测铁含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)活性、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)/辅脱氢酶Ⅱ(NADP^(+))及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量;使用CM-H2DCFDA、C11-BODIPY581/591分别检测细胞内和脂质活性氧(ROS)水平;四唑盐(MTT)试剂盒检测细胞活性;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl相关X蛋白(Bax)、剪切的半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cleaved Caspase-3)、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)/AKT、磷酸化的腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)/AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达。结果:OGD/R组神经元线粒体出现碎片化现象,嵴减少,线粒体膜密度有所增加。与对照组比较,OGD/R组GSH/GSSG、NADPH/NADP^(+)、SOD、GPX4相对活性、细胞活力以及Bcl-2水平、p-AKT/AKT、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2水平下降(P<0.05),Fe^(2+)含量、细胞内ROS水平、脂质ROS水平以及4-HNE、MDA水平、LDH释放量、Bax以及cleaved Caspase-3水平上升(P<0.05);马钱苷处理后神经元线粒体中的线粒体嵴变得较为完整,碎片化现象消失,OGD/R+L-马钱苷组、OGD/R+M-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷组较OGD/R组GSH/GSSG、NADPH/NADP^(+)、SOD、GPX4相对活性、细胞活力以及Bcl-2水平、p-AKT/AKT、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2水平上升(P<0.05),Fe^(2+)含量、细胞内ROS水平、脂质ROS水平以及4-HNE、MDA水平、LDH释放量、Bax以及cleaved Caspase-3水平下降(P<0.05),且随着马钱苷剂量的增加,改善效果更显著;OGD/R+H-马钱苷+ML385组以上指标与OGD/R组趋势一致。结论:马钱苷可能通过调节AKT/AMPK/Nrf2通路改善OGD/R诱导的神经元铁死亡。

IcarisideⅡ alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-induced PC12 celloxidative injury by activating Nrf2 / SIRT3signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE To investigate icariside(ICS)Ⅱ protects against PC12 cel damage induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation and explore its mechanism.METHODS The oxidative stress injury model was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) 2 h/24 h in PC12 cells.N-acetyl-lcysteine(NAC),a classical anti-oxidant,was used as positive control.Pharmacodynamic experimental study groups as follows:control,control+ICS Ⅱ50 μmol·L^(-1),OGD/R,OGD/R+ICSⅡ 12.5 μmol·L^(-1),OGD/R + ICS Ⅱ 25 μmol·L^(-1),OGD/R + ICS Ⅱ50 μmol·L^(-1),and OGD/R+NAC 100 μmol·L^(-1) groups.Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) leakage rate were measured by MTT assay and LDH ELISA kit,respectively.Moreover,reactive oxygen species(ROS) ELISA kit was used for detection of intracellular ROS generation,Mito-SOX fluorescence staining was used for detecting production of ROS in mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)was detected by rhodamine 123 dye.In addition,PC12 cells apoptosis was detected by one-step TUNEL assay.Furthermore,the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factors(Nrf2),Keap1,HO^(-1),NQO^(-1),silent information regulator 3(SIRT3),IDH2,Bax,Bcl-2 and caspase 3 were detected by Western blotting analysis.RESULTS The results of MTT and LDH assay showed that OGD/R reduced the cell viability and improved LDH release compared with the control or ICSⅡ 50 μmol·L^(-1) alone(P<0.01).Meanwhile,OGD/R not only increased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS generation,but also elevated the fluorescence intensity of TUNEL staining,at the same time,the MMP was declined when challenged by OGD/R.Furthermore,the Western blotting results showed that OGD/R induced the increase in the expression of cytoplasm-Nrf2,Keap1,Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 level,while the decrease in the expression of nucleus-Nrf2,HO^(-1),NQO^(-1),SIRT3,IDH2 and Bcl-2(P<0.05).However,ICS Ⅱ significantly increased the viability of PC12 cells and reduced LDH leakage(P<0.01).Notably,ICS Ⅱ also suppressed ROS generation both in the intracellular and mitochondria,as well as restored MMP.It was also worthy to note that ICS Ⅱ decreased the expressions of cytoplasmNrf2,Keap1,Bax and the level of cleaved-caspase3,whereas,it increased the expressions of nucleus-Nrf2,HO^(-1),NQO^(-1),SIRT3,IDH2 and Bcl-2(P<0.05).CONCLUSION ICSⅡ reduced OGD/Rinduced oxidative damage in PC12 cells under the laboratory conditions,and its underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of Nrf2/SIRT3 signaling pathway.

Knocking down TRPM2 expression reduces cell injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PC12 cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation

Transient receptor potential melastatin 2(TRPM2) is an important ion channel that represents a potential target for treating injury caused by cerebral ischemia. However, it is unclear whether reducing TRPM2 expression can help repair cerebral injury, and if so what the mechanism underlying this process involves. This study investigated the protective effect of reducing TRPM2 expression on pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD). PC12 cells were transfected with plasmid encoding TRPM2 shRNAS, then subjected to OGD by incubation in glucose-free medium under hypoxic conditions for 8 hours, after which the cells were allowed to reoxygenate for 24 hours. Apoptotic cells, mitochondrial membrane potentials, reactive oxygen species levels, and cellular calcium levels were detected using flow cytometry. The relative expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2(CXCL2), NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain–containing protein 3(NALP3), and caspase-1 were detected using fluorescence-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The rates of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potentials, reactive oxygen species levels, and cellular calcium levels in the TRPM2-shRNA + OGD group were lower than those observed in the OGD group. Taken together, these results suggest that TRPM2 knockdown reduces OGD-induced neuronal injury, potentially by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress levels, mitochondrial membrane potentials, intracellular calcium concentrations, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

红景天苷调节Nrf2/ARE信号通路对氧糖剥夺再灌注诱导的神经元铁死亡的影响

目的 探讨红景天苷调节核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路对氧糖剥夺再灌注(OGD/R)诱导的神经元铁死亡的影响。方法 将小鼠神经元细胞HT22随机分为对照组、模型组、红景天苷低剂量(20μmol/L)组、红景天苷高剂量(40μmol/L)组、红景天苷(40μmol/L)+ML385(Nrf2抑制剂,1μmol/L)组,除对照组外其余组细胞均进行OGD/R诱导。通过MTT和CCK-8法检测各组细胞活性和增殖能力;铁试剂盒检测细胞内铁浓度;商品化试剂盒检测各组细胞GPX4、SOD、MDA、ROS活性;透射电镜观察大鼠神经元超微结构的变化;Western Blot检测GPX4、COX2、ACSL4及NRF2/ARE信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果 与对照组比较,模型组神经元细胞超微结构被破坏,线粒体缩小,嵴消失,外膜破裂,细胞活力和增殖率、GPX4、SOD活性、Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4蛋白表达显著降低,Fe^(2+)浓度、MDA、ROS活性、COX2、ACSL4蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,红景天苷低、高剂量组细胞超微结构明显改善,细胞活力和增殖率、GPX4、SOD活性、Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4蛋白表达显著升高,Fe^(2+)浓度、MDA、ROS活性、COX2、ACSL4蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与红景天苷高剂量组比较,红景天苷+ML385组显著逆转了上述指标变化。结论 红景天苷能够激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路抑制OGD/R诱导的神经元铁死亡。

Melatonin modifies SOX2^+ cell proliferation in dentate gyrus and modulates SIRT1 and MECP2 in long-term sleep deprivation

Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that,after a short-term sleep deprivation,promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus.However,this effect has not been observed in long-term sleep deprivation.The precise mechanism exerted by melatonin on the modulation of neural stem cells is not entirely elucidated,but evidence indicates that epigenetic regulators may be involved in this process.In this study,we investigated the effect of melatonin treatment during a 96-hour sleep deprivation and analyzed the expression of epigenetic modulators predicted by computational text mining and keyword clusterization.Our results showed that the administration of melatonin under sleep-deprived conditions increased the MECP2 expression and reduced the SIRT1 expression in the dentate gyrus.We observed that let-7 b,mir-132,and mir-124 were highly expressed in the dentate gyrus after melatonin administration,but they were not modified by sleep deprivation.In addition,we found more Sox2^+/5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine(BrdU)^+cells in the subgranular zone of the sleep-deprived group treated with melatonin than in the untreated group.These findings may support the notion that melatonin modifies the expression of epigenetic mediators that,in turn,regulate the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus under long-term sleep-deprived conditions.All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Guadalajara,Mexico(approval No.CI-16610)on January 2,2016.

Effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane postconditioning and changes in JNK1/2 pathway activity on rat brain slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro

Recent research shows that the JNK1/2 signaling pathway plays a neuroprotective role against ischemia-reperfusion injury by cross-talk with other pathways.The present study investigated the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane postconditioning on JNK1/2 pathway activity and neuronal cell viability after oxygen and glucose deprivation injury in hippocampal slices in vitro.Techniques used included population spike analysis,propidium iodide fluorescent staining,western blot assay,and the use of JNK1/2-specific pharmacological tools such as anisomycin （agonist） and SP600125 （inhibitor）.We found that both isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibited JNK pathway activity and had neuroprotective effects against oxygen and glucose deprivation injury in slices of rat hippocampus in vitro.Postconditioning with volatile anesthetics exerted neuroprotective effects on nerve cells and preserved the function of the CA1 region by inhibiting JNK1/2 phosphorylation.This suppression of JNK1/2 activity could underlie the observed synergistic neuroprotective effect produced by volatile anesthetic postconditioning.

基于JAK2/STAT3通路探讨活血荣络方对OGD/R后BMEC的干预作用及机制

目的探讨活血荣络方激活Janus酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导和转录激活剂3(Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,JAK2/STAT3)通路对氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion,OGD/R)后脑微血管内皮细胞(brain microvascular endothelial cell,BMEC)的干预作用和机制。方法培养大鼠BMEC(bEnd.3细胞),建立OGD/R模型;将细胞随机分为正常组(10%空白血清)、模型组(10%空白血清)、活血荣络方组(10%活血荣络方含药血清)、丁苯酞组(10%丁苯酞含药血清)、Stattic组(10%空白血清+10μmol/mL Stattic)、联用组(10%活血荣络方含药血清+10μmol/mL Stattic),并分别给予相应的药物干预24 h。采用CCK-8法检测活血荣络方对OGD/R后bEnd.3细胞活性的影响;采用划痕实验和Transwell迁移实验分别检测活血荣络方对OGD/R后bEnd.3细胞划痕愈合和细胞迁移的影响;采用Western blot法检测bEnd.3细胞中JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3、p-STAT3、血管内皮细胞生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)蛋白表达水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组bEnd.3细胞存活率、细胞划痕愈合率、细胞迁移数显著降低(P<0.01),JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3、p-STAT3、VEGFA的表达量升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);与模型组比较,活血荣络方组bEnd.3细胞的存活率、细胞划痕愈合率、细胞迁移数显著升高(P<0.01),JAK2、p-JAK2、p-STAT3、STAT3、VEGFA的表达量升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);与Stattic组比较,联用组bEnd.3细胞的存活率、细胞划痕愈合率、细胞迁移数显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),STAT3、VEGFA的表达量升高(P<0.05)。结论活血荣络方可能激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路并诱导内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和存活,激活VEGFA表达并减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,具有神经保护作用。

Adenosine A_(2A)receptor blockade attenuates excitotoxicity in rat striatal medium spiny neurons during an ischemic-like insult

During brain ischemia,excitotoxicity and peri-infarct depolarization injuries occur and cause cerebral tissue damage.Indeed,anoxic depolarization,consisting of massive neuronal depolarization due to the loss of membrane ion gradients,occurs in vivo or in vitro during an energy failure.The neuromodulator adenosine is released in huge amounts during cerebral ischemia and exerts its effects by activating specific metabotropic receptors,namely:A_(1),A_(2A),A_(2B),and A_(3).The A_(2A)receptor subtype is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons,which are particularly susceptible to ischemic damage.Evidence indicates that the A2Areceptors are upregulated in the rat striatum after stroke and the selective antagonist SCH58261 protects from exaggerated glutamate release within the first 4 hours from the insult and alleviates neurological impairment and histological injury in the following 24 hours.We recently added new knowledge to the mechanisms by which the adenosine A2Areceptor subtype participates in ischemia-induced neuronal death by performing patch-clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons in rat striatal brain slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation.We demonstrated that the selective block of A2Areceptors by SCH58261 significantly reduced ionic imbalance and delayed the anoxic depolarization in medium spiny neurons during oxygen and glucose deprivation and that the mechanism involves voltage-gated K+channel modulation and a presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release by the A2Areceptor antagonist.The present review summarizes the latest findings in the literature about the possibility of developing selective ligands of A2Areceptors as advantageous therapeutic tools that may contribute to counteracting neurodegeneration after brain ischemia.

Dynamic changes in proprotein convertase 2 activity in cortical neurons after ischemia/reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation

In this study, a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia was established by performing 100 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and an in vitro model of experimental oxygen-glucose deprivation using cultured rat cortical neurons was established. Proprotein convertase 2 activity gradually decreased in the ischemic cortex with increasing duration of reperfusion. In cultured rat cortical neurons, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2＇-deoxyuridine 5＇-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling-positive neurons significantly increased and proprotein convertase 2 activity also decreased gradually with increasing duration of oxygen-glucose deprivation. These experimental findings indicate that proprotein convertase 2 activity decreases in ischemic rat cortex after reperfusion, as well as in cultured rat cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation. These changes in enzyme activity may play an important pathological role in brain injury.

Hyperbaric oxygen protects against PC12 and H9C2 cell damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion via the inhibition of cell apoptosis and autophagy

In this study,we investigated the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)on PC12 and H9C2 cell damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion and its possible mechanism.PC12 and H9C2 cell oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion model were established.Cells were divided into a control group,model group,hyperbaric air(HBA)group and HBO group.The cell viability was detected by the CCK8 assay.Hoechst 33342 and PI staining assays and mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)assays were used to detect cell apoptosis.The ultrastructure of cells,including autophagosomes,lysosomes,and apoptosis,were examined using a transmission electron microscope.The expression of autophagy-related proteins was detected by cellular immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry.Our results showed that HBO can significantly improve the vitality of damaged PC12 and H9C2 cells caused by oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion.HBO can significantly inhibit apoptosis of PC12 and H9C2 cells caused by oxygenglucose deprivation/reperfusion.Importantly,we found that the protective mechanism of PC12 and H9C2 cell damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion may be related to the inhibition of the autophagy pathway.In this study,the results of cellular immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry experiments showed that the 4E-BP1,p-AKt and mTOR levels of PC12 and H9C2 cells in the model group decreased,while the levels of LC3B,Atg5 and p53 increased.However,after HBO treatment,these autophagy-related indexes were reversed.In addition,observation of the cell ultrastructure with transmission electron microscopy found that in the model group,a significant increase in the number of autophagic vesicles was observed.In the HBO group,a decrease in autophagic vesicles was observed.The study demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen protects against PC12 and H9C2 cell damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion via the inhibition of cell apoptosis and autophagy.

Mechanism of Yanghe Pingchaun granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats based on IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis

Objective: To investigate the effects of Yanghe Pingchuan Granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and to explore the mechanism of Interleukin-6/Janus kinase 2/ Signal transducing activator of transcription 3(IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signal axis. Methods: We separated 42 healthy male SD rats into two groups, a control group (7) and a model group (35).The model group was sensitized with a combination of ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide for 2 weeks, while the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline.After 2 weeks, the modeling group was randomly divided into Model group, Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, medium and low dose groups and Dexamethasone group, each group consisted of 7 animals. After 4 weeks, OVA atomization and gavage were used for stimulation and treatment. Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, middle and low groups were given 15.48, 7.74, 3.87 g∙kg-1 Yanghe Pingchuan Granules daily, dexamethasone group was given 0.0625 mg∙kg-1 dexamethasone daily, and the other groups were given the same amount of normal saline. HE, PAS and Masson staining were used to observe the lung histopathological changes in rats. The levels of interleukin-6, IL-23 and IL-17A were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in rat lung tissue. Results: The lung tissue structure of the model group was severely damaged compared to the control group, accompanied by a great many of inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were more obvious. The expressions of IL-6, IL- 23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly increased (P<0.01), the protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly increased (P<0.01);Compared with the model group, inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell proliferation, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were significantly reduced in each administration group, and the expressions of IL-6, IL-23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly decreased (P< 0.01). The protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion: Yanghe Pingchuan Granules can significantly alleviate airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and its mechanism may be through inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signal axis.

氧糖剥夺再灌注对神经元Wnt5a/FZD2/Ca^(2+)通路的影响

目的:探讨氧糖剥夺再灌注(OGD/Rep)后神经元细胞内Wnt5a/FZD2/Ca^(2+)通路的变化。方法:采用OGD/Rep模型构建神经元细胞局部缺血/再灌注损伤,分正常组、再灌注(0、3、6、9、12、24 h)组。免疫荧光鉴定皮层神经元细胞,CCK-8法确定神经元细胞OGD时间,Western blotting检测非经典Wnt/Ca^(2+)信号通路中Wnt5a、FZD2、IP3-R和p-CaMKⅡ/CaMKⅡ蛋白的变化,免疫荧光和酶标仪检测细胞内Ca^(2+)和活性氧(ROS)的含量。结果:MAP-2免疫荧光鉴定原代皮层神经元细胞纯度较高。与正常组比较,神经元细胞OGD 3 h后细胞存活率为55.46%;与正常组比较,OGD/Rep后非经典Wnt/Ca^(2+)信号通路相关蛋白Wnt5a(3、6、9、12、24 h)、FZD2(3、6、9 h)、IP3-R(6、9、12、24 h)和p-CaMKⅡ/CaMKⅡ(6 h)的相对表达量上调(P<0.05~P<0.01);与正常组比较,OGD/Rep后神经细胞内Ca^(2+)和ROS的表达量均升高(P<0.01)。结论:神经元细胞OGD/Rep能激活Wnt5a/FZD2/Ca^(2+)信号通路。

蛇葡萄素通过调节JAK2/STAT3信号通路减轻OGD/R诱导的神经元损伤

目的探讨蛇葡萄素(AMP)对氧糖剥夺/再灌注(OGD/R)诱导的神经元损伤的影响及其作用机制,为新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的研究奠定基础。方法分离并体外培养新生SD大鼠神经元细胞,分为5组:对照组(AMP浓度为0μmol/L)、OGD/R组、AMP低剂量组(OGD/R处理+AMP 20μmol/L)、AMP高剂量组(OGD/R处理+AMP 30μmol/L)、JAK2/STAT3激活剂组(OGD/R处理+AMP 30μmol/L+Coumermycin A110μmol/L)。CCK-8法检测不同处理组细胞活力;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试剂盒检测培养基中LDH活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;酶联免疫吸附试验检测白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;试剂盒检测活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平;Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、酶切含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(C-caspase-3)、酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、信号传导及转录活化因子3(STAT3)、磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)表达情况。结果与AMP浓度为0μmol/L比较,AMP浓度为5~30μmol/L时,细胞活力比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),AMP浓度为40μmol/L细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,OGD/R组细胞活力、SOD、IL-10、Bcl-2水平明显下降,LDH活性、细胞凋亡率、ROS荧光强度、MDA、IL-6、TNF-α、Bax、C-caspase-3、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与OGD/R组比较,AMP低、高剂量组神经元细胞活力、SOD、IL-10、Bcl-2水平上升,LDH活性、细胞凋亡率、ROS荧光强度、MDA、IL-6、TNF-α、Bax、C-caspase-3、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3水平下降(P<0.05),而JAK2/STAT3激活剂可逆转AMP对OGD/R诱导的神经元细胞损伤的保护作用。结论AMP通过减少氧化应激和炎症反应减轻OGD/R诱导的神经元细胞损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路磷酸化有关。

茯苓酸通过调节Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路抑制氧糖剥夺/复氧诱导的心肌细胞铁死亡

目的:探究茯苓酸通过调节核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/溶质载体家族7成员11(SLC7A11)/谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)信号通路抑制氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)诱导的心肌细胞铁死亡的机制。方法:体外培养大鼠心肌细胞H9c2,诱导建立细胞OGD/R模型后以0、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0μmol/L茯苓酸处理24 h,通过细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)法检测各处理组细胞活力后筛选出合适的茯苓酸作用浓度。将H9c2细胞随机分为对照组、模型组、茯苓酸组、ML385组(Nrf2抑制剂组)、茯苓酸+ML385组,除对照组外其余各组建立细胞OGD/R模型后以茯苓酸、ML385分组处理,采用CCK-8法与流式细胞实验分别检测各组H9c2细胞活力、凋亡率;采用试剂盒检测各组H9c2细胞培养基上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、促炎因子[前列腺素E2(PGE2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、抗炎因子白细胞介素(IL)-10水平及细胞抗氧化因子[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)]、铁死亡相关指标[铁含量、丙二醛(MDA)]水平;采用免疫印迹实验检测各组H9c2细胞凋亡及Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组细胞凋亡率、LDH释放量、细胞培养基上清中PGE2及TNF-α水平、细胞铁含量、MDA水平及Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),细胞活力、细胞培养基上清中IL-10水平、细胞CAT及GSH水平、Bcl-2及Nrf2、SLC7A11、GPX4蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,茯苓酸组细胞凋亡率、LDH释放量、细胞培养基上清中PGE2及TNF-α水平、细胞铁含量、MDA水平及Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),细胞活力、细胞培养基上清中IL-10水平、细胞CAT及GSH水平、Bcl-2及Nrf2、SLC7A11、GPX4蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);ML385组细胞凋亡率、LDH释放量、细胞培养基上清中PGE2及TNF-α水平、细胞铁含量、MDA水平及Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),细胞活力、细胞培养基上清中IL-10水平、细胞CAT及GSH水平、Bcl-2及Nrf2、SLC7A11、GPX4蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。与茯苓酸组比较,茯苓酸+ML385组细胞凋亡率、LDH释放量、细胞培养基上清中PGE2及TNF-α水平、细胞铁含量、MDA水平及Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),细胞活力、细胞培养基上清中IL-10水平、细胞CAT及GSH水平、Bcl-2及Nrf2、SLC7A11、GPX4蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。结论:茯苓酸可通过激活Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4信号而抑制OGD/R诱导的心肌细胞炎症、脂质过氧化与铁死亡,增强其抗氧化活性及细胞活力,最终减轻其细胞凋亡损伤。

Changes in soluble interleukin-2 receptor level in serum and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen of infertile men caused by antisperm antibody

Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.

Cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury

Hypoxic preconditioning activates endogenous mechanisms that protect against cerebral isch- emic and hypoxic injury. To better understand these protective mechanisms, adult rats were housed in a hypoxic environment （8% 02/92% N2） for 3 hours, and then in a normal oxygen environment for 12 hours. Their cerebrospinal fluid was obtained to culture cortical neurons from newborn rats for 1 day, and then the neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 1.5 hours. The cerebrospinal fluid from rats subjected to hypoxic preconditioning reduced oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury, increased survival rate, upregulated Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression in the cultured cortical neurons, compared with control. These results indicate that cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury by affecting apoptosis-related protein expres- sion in neurons from newborn rats.

Fluence of Glucosidorum Tripterygii Totorum on joint and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective The current study was designed to find out the effect of Glucosidorum Tripterygii Totorum (GTT) on the serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in patient with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Method 29 patients with active AS were selected to take GTT (1mg per kg) three times a day for one year. After that, its curative effect was evaluated. The serum level of sIL-2R of these patients was measured by sandwich ELISA method and was compared with that of normal subjects. Result The serum level of sIL-2R in active AS patients was obviously higher than that of the non-active AS patients. (P<0.01). The total effective rate of GTT on AS was 89.6%, while clinical relief rate 27.6%, obvious effective rate 44.8%, effective rate 17.2% and non-effective rate 10.4%. The patients’ serum level of sIL-2R after therapy was significantly lower than that before therapy except patients with no effect. (P<0.05). Conclusion GTT has positive curative effect on active AS patients and could cause obvious decrease of the serum level of sIL-2R. The serum level of sIL-2R can be used as an important index of activity of AS and as a guide of therapy.

Association of Interleukin-6-174G/C Polymorphism with the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes:A Meta-analysis

Previous studies reported the association between interleukin-6(IL-6)-174G/C gene polymorphism and the risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DN).However,the results remain controversial.In the present study,we conducted a meta-analysis to further examine this relationship between IL-6-174G/C gene polymorphism and T2DN.Three databases(PubMed,SinoMed and ISI Web of Science)were used to search clinical case-control studies about IL-6-174G/C polymorphism and T2DN published until Apr.14,2018.Fixed-or random-effects n lodels were used to calculate the effect sizes of odds ratio(OR)and 95%confide nee intervals(95%CI).Moreover,subgroup analysis was performed in tenns of the excretion rate of albuminuria.All the statistical analyses were con ducted using Stata 12.0.A total of 11 case-control studies were included in this study,involving 1203 cases of T2DN and 1571 cases of T2DM without DN.Metaanalysis showed that there was an association between IL-6-174G/C polymorphism and increased risk of T2DN under the allelic and recessive genetic models(G vs.C:OR=1.10,95%CI 1.03-1」&P=0.006;GG vs.CC+GC:OR=1.11,95%CI 1.02-1.21,P=0.016).In the subgroup analysis by albuminuria,a significant association of IL-6-174G/C polymorphism with risk of T2DN was noted in the microalbuminuria group under the recessive model(OR=1.54,95%CI 1.02-2.32,P=0.038).In conclusion,this meta-analysis suggests that IL-6-174G/C gene polymorphism is associated with the risk of T2DN.